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LAKTOZ İNTOLERANSIN PREVALANSI, TEŞHİSİ VE LAKTOZSUZ BESLENME TAVSİYELERİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 281 - 290, 01.10.2019

Furkan Demirgül , Recep Demirgül

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH19028

Öz

Laktoz,
sadece sütte bulunan bir disakkarit olup, emmeyi bıraktıktan sonra çoğu kişide
laktozu parçalayan laktaz enziminin sentezi durmakta veya azalmaktadır. Laktoz
intolerans olarak bilinen bu durum sütün sindirilememesiyle sonuçlanmakta ve
dünyada çok sık görülmektedir. Laktaz geni üzerinde meydana gelen tek nükleotit
polimorfizmleri nedeniyle bazı kişilerde laktaz enzimi yaşam boyu
sentezlenebilmektedir. Laktaz kalıcılığı olarak adlandırılan bu durumun
prevalansı etnik gruplara göre değişmektedir. Laktoz intoleransın teşhisinde
çeşitli yöntemler uygulanmasına rağmen, çoğu zaman semptomların gözlenmesi
hastalık teşhisi için yeterli olmaktadır. Laktoz intolerans olanlar ömür boyu
sürecek laktozsuz bir diyet uygulamalıdır. Süt kalsiyum gibi bazı önemli besin
öğeleri açısından zengin bir kaynak olduğu için, laktoz intolerans hastalarının
kalsiyum gibi ihtiyaçlarını peynir ve yoğurt gibi laktoz içeriği düşük olan
gıdalardan karşılamaları önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, laktoz intolerans hakkında
bilgi verilerek, laktoz intoleransın prevalansı ve teşhis yöntemleri ile
laktozsuz beslenme üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu çalışma ile laktoz intolerans
farkındalığının hem hastalar tarafından hem de gıda endüstrisinin paydaşları
tarafından arttırılması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Süt Laktoz intolerans Laktaz kalıcılığı Laktozsuz beslenme

Kaynakça

  • Adolfsson, O., Meydani, S.N., Russell, R.M. (2004). Yogurt and gut function. Am J Clin Nutr., 80, 245-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.2.245
  • Bersaglieri, T., Sabeti, P., Patterson, N., Vanderploeg, T., Schaffner, S., Drake, J., Rhodes, M., Reich, D.E., Hirschhorn, J.N. (2004). Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(6), 1111-20. https://doi.org/10.1086/421051
  • Brown-Esters, O., Mc Namara, P., Savaiano, D., (2012). Dietary and biological factors influencing lactose intolerance. International Dairy Journal, 22, 98-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.09.01 Campbell, A.K., Matthews, S.B., Vassel, N., Cox, C.D., Naseem, R., Chaichi, J., Holland, I.B., Green, J., Wann, K.T. (2010). Bacterial metabolic 'toxins': A new mechanism for lactose and food intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome. Toxicology, 278, 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.0010
  • Campbell, A.K., Waud, J.P., Matthews, S.B. (2005). The molecular basis of lactose intolerance. Science Progress, 88(3), 157-202. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685005783238408
  • Chandan, R.C., Shah, N.P. (2006). Functional Foods and Disease Prevention. Manufacturing Yogurt and Fermented Milks Edited by Ramesh C. Chandan, Blackwell Publishing, 311-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470277812.ch20
  • Cook, C.J. (2014). The role of lactase persistence in precolonial development. Journal of Economic Growth, 19, 369-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-014-9109-5
  • Corgneau, M., Scher, J., Ritié-Pertusa, L., Le, D.T.L., Petit, J., Nikolova, Y., Banon, S., Gaiani, C. (2015). Recent advances on lactose ıntolerance: Tolerance thresholds and currently available solutions. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(15), 3344-3356. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1123671
  • de Vrese, M., Stegelmann, A., Richter, B., Fenselau, S., Laue, C., Schrezenmeir, J. (2001). Probiotics-compensation for lactase insufficiency. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2), 421-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.2.421s
  • Demirgül, F., Sağdıç, O. (2018). Fermente süt ürünlerinin insan sağlığına etkisi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 13, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.377798
  • Di Rienzo, T., D'angelo, G., D'aversa, F., Campanale, M.C., Cesario, V., Montalto, M., Gasbarrini, A., Ojetti, V. (2013). Lactose intolerance: from diagnosis to correct management. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17(Suppl 2), 18-25.
  • Enattah N.S., Jensen, T.G., Nielsen, M., Lewinski, R., Kuokkanen, M., Rasinpera, H., El-Shanti, H., Seo, J.K., Alifrangis, M., Khalil, I.F., Natah, A., Ali, A., Natah, S., Comas, D., Mehdi, S.Q., Groop, L., Vestergaard, E.M., Imtiaz, F., Rashed, M.S., Meyer, B., Troelsen, J., Peltonen L. (2008). Independent introduction of two lactase-persistence alleles into human populations reflects different history of adaptation to milk culture. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 82, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.012
  • Flatz, G., Rotthauwe, H.W. (1973). Lactose nutrition and natural selection. The Lancet, 302(7820), 76-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)93267-4
  • Gaskin, D.J., Ilich, J.Z., (2009). Lactose maldigestion revisited: diagnosis, prevalence in ethnic minorities, and dietary recommendations to overcome it. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 3(3), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827609331555
  • Hertzler, S.R., Savaiano, D.A. (1996). Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(2), 232-236. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.2.232
  • Hertzler, S.R., Savaiano, D.A., Dilk, A., Jackson, K.A., Bhriain, S.N., Suarez, F.L. (2017). Chapter 40 - Nutrient Considerations in Lactose Intolerance. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease, Fourth Edition, 875-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802928-2.00040-0
  • Ingram, C.J., Elamin, M.F., Mulcare, C.A., Weale, M.E., Tarekegn, A, T.O., Raga, Bekele, E., Elamin, F.M., Thomas, M.G., Bradman, N., Swallow, D.M. (2007). A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: multiple causes for lactase persistence? Human Genetics, 120(6), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-006-02
  • Ingram, C.J., Mulcare, C.A., Itan, Y., Thomas, M.G., Swallow, D.M. (2009). Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence. Human Genetics, 124(6), 579-591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-008-0593-691-1
  • Itan, Y., Jones, B.L., Ingram, C.J.E., Swallow, D.M., Thomas, M.G. (2010). A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-36
  • Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M.A., Burger, J., Thomas, M.G. (2009). The origins of lactase persistence in Europe. PLoS Computational Biology, 5(8), e1000491. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000491
  • Jacobi, A. (1901). Milk-sugar in infant feeding. Transactions of the American Pediatric Society, 13, 150-160.
  • Johnson, A.O., Semenya, J.G., Buchowski, M.S., Enwonwu, C.O., Scrimshaw, N.S. (1993). Adaptation of lactose maldigesters to continued milk intakes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(6), 879-881. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/58.6.879
  • Kuhn, N.J., White, A. (2009). The topography of lactose synthesis. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 14(3), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-009-9136-6
  • Laland, K.N., Odling-Smee, J., Myles, S. (2010). How culture shaped the human genome: bringing genetics and the human sciences together. Nature Reviews | Genetics, 11, 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2734
  • Lewinsky, R.H., Jensen, T.G., Moller, J., Stensballe, A., Olsen J., Troelsen, J.T. (2005). T-13910 DNA variant associated with lactase persistence interacts with Oct-1 and stimulates lactase promoter activity in vitro. Human Molecular Genetics,14(24), 3945-3953. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi418
  • Liebert, A., López, S., Jones, B.L., Montalva, N., Gerbault, P., Lau, W., Thomas, M.G., Bradman, N., Maniatis, N., Swallow, D.M. (2017). World wide distributions of lactase persistence alleles and the complex effects of recombination and selection. Human Genetics, 136, 1445-1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1847-y
  • Lomer, M.C.E., Parkes, G.C., Sanderson, J.D. (2007). Review article: Lactose intolerance in clinical practice - myts amd realities. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03557.x
  • Mądry, E., Fidler, E., Walkowiak, J. (2010). Lactose intolerance-current state of knowledge. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 9(3), 343-350.
  • Mattar, R., Mazo, D.F.C., Carrilho, F.J. (2012). Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology, 5, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S32368
  • Matthews, S.B., Waud, J.P., Roberts, A.G., Campbell, A.K. (2005). Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 81, 167-173.
  • Misselwitz, B., Pohl, D., Frühauf, H., Fried, M., Vavricka, S.R., Fox, M. (2013). Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 1(3), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640613484463 Mulcare, C.A. (2006). The evolution of the lactase persistence phenotype. London: University of London, The Centre for Genetic Anthropology, The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, PhD Thesis.
  • Mulcare, C.A., Weale, M.E., Jones, A.L., Connell, B., Zeitlyn, D., Tarekegn, A., Swallow, D.M., Bradman, N., Thomas M.G. (2004). The T allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) does not predict or cause the lactase-persistence phenotype in Africans. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(6), 1102-1110. https://doi.org/10.1086/421050
  • Silanikove, N., Leitner, G., Merin, U. (2015). The interrelationships between lactose intolerance and the modern dairy industry: global perspectives in evolutional and historical backgrounds. Nutrients, 7, 7312-7331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095340 Swagerty, D.L., Walling, A.D., Klein, R.M. (2002). Lactose intolerance. American Family Physician, 65(9), 1845-1850.
  • Szilagyi, A. (2015). Adaptation to lactose in lactase non persistent people: effects on ıntolerance and the relationship between dairy food consumption and evalution of diseases. Nutrients, 7, 6751-6779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085309
  • Tishkoff, S.A., Reed, F.A., Ranciaro, A., Voight, B.F., Babbitt, C.C., Silveman, J.S., Powell, K., Mortensen, H.M., Hirbo, J.B., Osman, M., Ibrahim, M., Omar, S.A., Lema, G., Nyambo, T.M., Ghori, J., Bumpstead, S., Pritchard, J.K., Wray, G.A., Deloukas, P. (2007). Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe. Nature Genetics, 39(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1946
  • Topçu, A., Saldamli, I. (2006). Proteolytical, chemical, textural and sensorial changes during the ripening of Turkish white cheese made of pasteurized cows' milk. International Journal of Food Properties, 9(4), 665-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910500542238
  • Ugidos-Rodriguez, S., Matallana-Gonzalez, M.C., Sanchez-Mata, M.C. (2018). Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: a review. Food & Function, 9(8), 4056-4068. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FO00555A
  • Vesa, T.H., Marteau, P., Korpela, R. (2000). Lactose intolerance. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19:sup2, 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718086
  • Yıldırım, D., Özen, H. (2017). Laktoz intoleransı tıbbi beslenme tedavisi olgu sunumu. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 45(3), 294-297.

THE PREVALENCE AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE AND LACTOSE-FREE DIET RECOMMENDATIONS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 281 - 290, 01.10.2019

Furkan Demirgül , Recep Demirgül

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH19028

Öz

Lactose is a disaccharide found only in milk, and
after weaning, the synthesis of lactase, which breaks down lactose, stops or
decreases in most individuals. This condition, known as lactose intolerance,
results in the inability of the digestion of milk and is very common in the
world. Because of the single nucleotide polymorphisms occurring on the lactase
gene, the lactase enzyme can be synthesized for life in some individuals. The
prevalence of this condition called lactase persistence varies according to
ethnic groups. Although there are various methods for the diagnosis of lactose
intolerance, observation of symptoms is often sufficient for the diagnosis of
the disease. Those who have lactose intolerance should apply a life-long
lactose-free diet. Since milk is a rich source of some important nutrients such
as calcium, it is important for lactose intolerance patients to meet their
needs like calcium from foods with low lactose content such as cheese and
yogurt. In this study, information about lactose intolerance was given and
lactose intolerance prevalence, diagnosis methods, and lactose-free diet were
examined. This study aims to increase the lactose intolerance awareness of both
patients and food industry stakeholders.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Milk Lactose intolerance Lactase persistence Lactose-free diet

Kaynakça

  • Adolfsson, O., Meydani, S.N., Russell, R.M. (2004). Yogurt and gut function. Am J Clin Nutr., 80, 245-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.2.245
  • Bersaglieri, T., Sabeti, P., Patterson, N., Vanderploeg, T., Schaffner, S., Drake, J., Rhodes, M., Reich, D.E., Hirschhorn, J.N. (2004). Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(6), 1111-20. https://doi.org/10.1086/421051
  • Brown-Esters, O., Mc Namara, P., Savaiano, D., (2012). Dietary and biological factors influencing lactose intolerance. International Dairy Journal, 22, 98-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.09.01 Campbell, A.K., Matthews, S.B., Vassel, N., Cox, C.D., Naseem, R., Chaichi, J., Holland, I.B., Green, J., Wann, K.T. (2010). Bacterial metabolic 'toxins': A new mechanism for lactose and food intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome. Toxicology, 278, 268-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.0010
  • Campbell, A.K., Waud, J.P., Matthews, S.B. (2005). The molecular basis of lactose intolerance. Science Progress, 88(3), 157-202. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685005783238408
  • Chandan, R.C., Shah, N.P. (2006). Functional Foods and Disease Prevention. Manufacturing Yogurt and Fermented Milks Edited by Ramesh C. Chandan, Blackwell Publishing, 311-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470277812.ch20
  • Cook, C.J. (2014). The role of lactase persistence in precolonial development. Journal of Economic Growth, 19, 369-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-014-9109-5
  • Corgneau, M., Scher, J., Ritié-Pertusa, L., Le, D.T.L., Petit, J., Nikolova, Y., Banon, S., Gaiani, C. (2015). Recent advances on lactose ıntolerance: Tolerance thresholds and currently available solutions. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(15), 3344-3356. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1123671
  • de Vrese, M., Stegelmann, A., Richter, B., Fenselau, S., Laue, C., Schrezenmeir, J. (2001). Probiotics-compensation for lactase insufficiency. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2), 421-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.2.421s
  • Demirgül, F., Sağdıç, O. (2018). Fermente süt ürünlerinin insan sağlığına etkisi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 13, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.377798
  • Di Rienzo, T., D'angelo, G., D'aversa, F., Campanale, M.C., Cesario, V., Montalto, M., Gasbarrini, A., Ojetti, V. (2013). Lactose intolerance: from diagnosis to correct management. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17(Suppl 2), 18-25.
  • Enattah N.S., Jensen, T.G., Nielsen, M., Lewinski, R., Kuokkanen, M., Rasinpera, H., El-Shanti, H., Seo, J.K., Alifrangis, M., Khalil, I.F., Natah, A., Ali, A., Natah, S., Comas, D., Mehdi, S.Q., Groop, L., Vestergaard, E.M., Imtiaz, F., Rashed, M.S., Meyer, B., Troelsen, J., Peltonen L. (2008). Independent introduction of two lactase-persistence alleles into human populations reflects different history of adaptation to milk culture. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 82, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.012
  • Flatz, G., Rotthauwe, H.W. (1973). Lactose nutrition and natural selection. The Lancet, 302(7820), 76-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)93267-4
  • Gaskin, D.J., Ilich, J.Z., (2009). Lactose maldigestion revisited: diagnosis, prevalence in ethnic minorities, and dietary recommendations to overcome it. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 3(3), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827609331555
  • Hertzler, S.R., Savaiano, D.A. (1996). Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(2), 232-236. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.2.232
  • Hertzler, S.R., Savaiano, D.A., Dilk, A., Jackson, K.A., Bhriain, S.N., Suarez, F.L. (2017). Chapter 40 - Nutrient Considerations in Lactose Intolerance. Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease, Fourth Edition, 875-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802928-2.00040-0
  • Ingram, C.J., Elamin, M.F., Mulcare, C.A., Weale, M.E., Tarekegn, A, T.O., Raga, Bekele, E., Elamin, F.M., Thomas, M.G., Bradman, N., Swallow, D.M. (2007). A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: multiple causes for lactase persistence? Human Genetics, 120(6), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-006-02
  • Ingram, C.J., Mulcare, C.A., Itan, Y., Thomas, M.G., Swallow, D.M. (2009). Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence. Human Genetics, 124(6), 579-591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-008-0593-691-1
  • Itan, Y., Jones, B.L., Ingram, C.J.E., Swallow, D.M., Thomas, M.G. (2010). A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-36
  • Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M.A., Burger, J., Thomas, M.G. (2009). The origins of lactase persistence in Europe. PLoS Computational Biology, 5(8), e1000491. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000491
  • Jacobi, A. (1901). Milk-sugar in infant feeding. Transactions of the American Pediatric Society, 13, 150-160.
  • Johnson, A.O., Semenya, J.G., Buchowski, M.S., Enwonwu, C.O., Scrimshaw, N.S. (1993). Adaptation of lactose maldigesters to continued milk intakes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58(6), 879-881. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/58.6.879
  • Kuhn, N.J., White, A. (2009). The topography of lactose synthesis. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 14(3), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-009-9136-6
  • Laland, K.N., Odling-Smee, J., Myles, S. (2010). How culture shaped the human genome: bringing genetics and the human sciences together. Nature Reviews | Genetics, 11, 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2734
  • Lewinsky, R.H., Jensen, T.G., Moller, J., Stensballe, A., Olsen J., Troelsen, J.T. (2005). T-13910 DNA variant associated with lactase persistence interacts with Oct-1 and stimulates lactase promoter activity in vitro. Human Molecular Genetics,14(24), 3945-3953. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi418
  • Liebert, A., López, S., Jones, B.L., Montalva, N., Gerbault, P., Lau, W., Thomas, M.G., Bradman, N., Maniatis, N., Swallow, D.M. (2017). World wide distributions of lactase persistence alleles and the complex effects of recombination and selection. Human Genetics, 136, 1445-1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-017-1847-y
  • Lomer, M.C.E., Parkes, G.C., Sanderson, J.D. (2007). Review article: Lactose intolerance in clinical practice - myts amd realities. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03557.x
  • Mądry, E., Fidler, E., Walkowiak, J. (2010). Lactose intolerance-current state of knowledge. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 9(3), 343-350.
  • Mattar, R., Mazo, D.F.C., Carrilho, F.J. (2012). Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology, 5, 113-121. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S32368
  • Matthews, S.B., Waud, J.P., Roberts, A.G., Campbell, A.K. (2005). Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 81, 167-173.
  • Misselwitz, B., Pohl, D., Frühauf, H., Fried, M., Vavricka, S.R., Fox, M. (2013). Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 1(3), 151-159. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640613484463 Mulcare, C.A. (2006). The evolution of the lactase persistence phenotype. London: University of London, The Centre for Genetic Anthropology, The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, PhD Thesis.
  • Mulcare, C.A., Weale, M.E., Jones, A.L., Connell, B., Zeitlyn, D., Tarekegn, A., Swallow, D.M., Bradman, N., Thomas M.G. (2004). The T allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) (C-13.9kbT) does not predict or cause the lactase-persistence phenotype in Africans. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(6), 1102-1110. https://doi.org/10.1086/421050
  • Silanikove, N., Leitner, G., Merin, U. (2015). The interrelationships between lactose intolerance and the modern dairy industry: global perspectives in evolutional and historical backgrounds. Nutrients, 7, 7312-7331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095340 Swagerty, D.L., Walling, A.D., Klein, R.M. (2002). Lactose intolerance. American Family Physician, 65(9), 1845-1850.
  • Szilagyi, A. (2015). Adaptation to lactose in lactase non persistent people: effects on ıntolerance and the relationship between dairy food consumption and evalution of diseases. Nutrients, 7, 6751-6779. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7085309
  • Tishkoff, S.A., Reed, F.A., Ranciaro, A., Voight, B.F., Babbitt, C.C., Silveman, J.S., Powell, K., Mortensen, H.M., Hirbo, J.B., Osman, M., Ibrahim, M., Omar, S.A., Lema, G., Nyambo, T.M., Ghori, J., Bumpstead, S., Pritchard, J.K., Wray, G.A., Deloukas, P. (2007). Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe. Nature Genetics, 39(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1946
  • Topçu, A., Saldamli, I. (2006). Proteolytical, chemical, textural and sensorial changes during the ripening of Turkish white cheese made of pasteurized cows' milk. International Journal of Food Properties, 9(4), 665-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910500542238
  • Ugidos-Rodriguez, S., Matallana-Gonzalez, M.C., Sanchez-Mata, M.C. (2018). Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: a review. Food & Function, 9(8), 4056-4068. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FO00555A
  • Vesa, T.H., Marteau, P., Korpela, R. (2000). Lactose intolerance. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19:sup2, 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718086
  • Yıldırım, D., Özen, H. (2017). Laktoz intoleransı tıbbi beslenme tedavisi olgu sunumu. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 45(3), 294-297.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Review Articles
Yazarlar

Furkan Demirgül 0000-0002-0141-0058

Recep Demirgül 0000-0001-8809-1522

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirgül, F., & Demirgül, R. (2019). LAKTOZ İNTOLERANSIN PREVALANSI, TEŞHİSİ VE LAKTOZSUZ BESLENME TAVSİYELERİ. Food and Health, 5(4), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH19028
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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