Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) found in animal feeds is converted to M1 (AFM1) in animals. It contaminates all dairy products made from the milk of these animals. In this study, AFM1 levels were investigated by competitive ELISA, which is a highly sensitive method in 84 butter samples collected from various markets based on the legal toxin limit of 0.05 μg/kg (50 ng/L) in Turkey. While the presence of AFM1 at different levels was detected in 79 (94%) of the 84 butter samples examined, it was determined that the legal limit was exceeded in 67 (79.7%) of these samples. When the results are evaluated from a seasonal perspective, 37 (88.1%) of 42 butter samples collected in January-February and all (100%) in May were contaminated with AFM1 at various levels. As a result of the study, it was thought that the AFM1 levels determined in butter samples may be a severe public health problem and that the AFB1 levels of animal feeds and store conditions should be controlled regularly. The fact that toxin levels were higher in the spring than in the winter was interpreted as the animals being unable to go to the pasture due to weather conditions and continuing to feed on store feed.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
Araştırma niteliğine bağlı olarak etik izin gerekmemiştir.
References
- Açu, M., & Özdestan Ocak, Ö. (2019). Gıdalarda aflatoksin düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan analiz yöntemleri. Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd.537820.
- Ansari, F., Pourjafar, H., & Christensen, L. (2019). A study on the aflatoxin M1 rate and seasonal variation in pasteurized cow milk from northwestern Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(6), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7141-1
- Aranega, J.P., & Oliveira, C.A. (2022). Occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures: A systematic review. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 14(3), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v14i3.1079
- Becker‐Algeri, T.A., Castagnaro, D., de Bortoli, K., de Souza, C., Drunkler, D.A., Badiale-Furlong, E. (2016). Mycotoxins in bovine milk and dairy products: A review. Journal of Food Sscience, 81(3), 544-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13204
- Bilandžić, N., Varga, I., Varenina, I., Solomun Kolanović, B., Božić Luburić, D., Đokić, M., Sedak, M., Cvetnić, L., Cvetnić, Z. (2022). Seasonal occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk during a five-year period in Croatia: Dietary exposure and risk assessment. Foods, 11(13), 1959. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131959
- Cimbalo, A., Alonso-Garrido, M., Font, G., & Manyes, L. (2020). Toxicity of mycotoxins in vivo on vertebrate organisms: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 137, 111161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111161
- Ekici, H., Yildirim, E., &Yarsan, E. (2016). The effect of seasonal variations on the occurrence of certain mycotoxins inconcentrate feeds for cattle collected from some provinces in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 40(3), 298-303. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1501-71
- Gill, U.A., Durrani, A. Z., & Usman, M. (2022). An assessment and control of AFM 1 in milk and main dairy products in Lahore, Pakistan. In Bovine Science-Challenges and Advances- [Internet]; Abubakar, M., Ed.; IntechOpen. http://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99184
- Iqbal, S. Z., Asi, M.R., & Jinap, S. (2013). Variation of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and milk products collected during winter and summer seasons. Food Control, 34(2), 714-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.009
- Kaur, S., Bedi, J.S., Dhaka, P., Vijay, D., & Aulakh, R.S. (2021). Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 through consumption of market milk and milk products in Ludhiana, Punjab. Food Control, 126(9), 107991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107991
- Li, S., Min, L., Wang, G., Li, D., Zheng, N., & Wang, J. (2018). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from manufacturers of infant milk powder in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050879
- Monter Arciniega, A., Cruz-Cansino, N., del, S., Ramírez-Moreno, E., Zafra-Rojas, Q., Cervantes-Elizarrarás, A., & Ariza-Ortega, J.A. (2022). Pathologies associated to the consumption of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products. Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSa, 10(20), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v10i20.8510
- Özkan, N.A., & Onmaz, N.E. (2019). Perakende olarak satışa sunulan kaymak ve tereyağlarda aflatoksin M1 varlığı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.648571
- Sujayasree, O.J., Chaitanya, A.K., Bhoite, R., Pandiselvam, R., Kothakota, A., Gavahian, M., Mousavi, K., Khaneghah, A.M. (2022). Ozone: An advanced oxidation technology to enhance sustainable food consumption through mycotoxin degradation. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 44(46), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2021.1948388 Tekinşen K.K., & Uçar G. (2008). Aflatoxin M1 levels in butter and cream cheese consumed in Turkey. Food Control 19, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.01.003
- Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği (2023). Madde 5: Maksimum limitlerin uygulanması ve piyasaya arzı /Ek 1: Gıdalardaki belirli bulaşanlar için maksimum limitler. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/11/20231105-1.htm (erişim tarihi: 15.03.2024).
- Var, I., & Kabak, B. (2009). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products consumed in Adana, Turkey. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 62(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00440.x
- Waithaka, Ng’ang’a, Z., & Niyonshuti, E. (2022). Animal feeds mycotoxins and risk management. In Mycotoxins and Food Safety-Recent Advances [Internet]; Alina Mark R., Ed.; IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102010
- Yang, C., Song G., & Lim W. (2020). Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed on farm animals. Journal of Hazardous Material, 389(2020), 122087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122087
Abstract
Hayvan yemlerinde bulunan Aflatoksin B1 (AFB1), hayvanlarda M1'e (AFM1) dönüşerek bu hayvanların sütünden elde edilen tüm süt ürünlerini kontamine eder. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki yasal toksin sınırı olan 0.05 μg/kg (50 ng/L) temel alınarak çeşitli marketlerden 42’si Ocak-Şubat ve 42’si Mayıs aylarında toplanan 84 tereyağı örneğinde AFM1 düzeyleri duyarlılığı yüksek olan kompetitif ELISA yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. İncelenen 84 tereyağı örneğinin 79’ unda (%94) farklı düzeylerde AFM1 varlığı saptanırken, bu örneklerinin 67’sinde (%79.7) yasal sınırın aşıldığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar mevsimsel açıdan değerlendirildiğinde, Ocak-Şubat aylarına (kış) ait 42 tereyağı örneğinin 37’sinin (%88.1), Mayıs ayında (ilkbahar) toplanan 42 tereyağı örneğinin tümünün (%100) çeşitli düzeylerde AFM1 ile kontamine olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, tereyağlarında belirlenen AFM1 düzeylerinin ciddi halk sağlığı sorunu oluşturabileceği, bu duruma sebep olabilecek hayvan yemlerinin AFB1 düzeylerinin ve bu yemlerin saklandığı depo koşullarının düzenli kontrolünün sağlanması gerektiği düşünülmüştür. İlkbaharda toksin düzeylerinin kış mevsimine göre daha yüksek olması, hava koşulları nedeniyle hayvanların meraya çıkamadığı ve depo yemleri ile beslenmeye devam ettikleri şeklinde yorumlanmıştır.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
Araştırma niteliğine bağlı olarak etik izin gerekmemiştir.
References
- Açu, M., & Özdestan Ocak, Ö. (2019). Gıdalarda aflatoksin düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan analiz yöntemleri. Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd.537820.
- Ansari, F., Pourjafar, H., & Christensen, L. (2019). A study on the aflatoxin M1 rate and seasonal variation in pasteurized cow milk from northwestern Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(6), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7141-1
- Aranega, J.P., & Oliveira, C.A. (2022). Occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures: A systematic review. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 14(3), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v14i3.1079
- Becker‐Algeri, T.A., Castagnaro, D., de Bortoli, K., de Souza, C., Drunkler, D.A., Badiale-Furlong, E. (2016). Mycotoxins in bovine milk and dairy products: A review. Journal of Food Sscience, 81(3), 544-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13204
- Bilandžić, N., Varga, I., Varenina, I., Solomun Kolanović, B., Božić Luburić, D., Đokić, M., Sedak, M., Cvetnić, L., Cvetnić, Z. (2022). Seasonal occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk during a five-year period in Croatia: Dietary exposure and risk assessment. Foods, 11(13), 1959. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131959
- Cimbalo, A., Alonso-Garrido, M., Font, G., & Manyes, L. (2020). Toxicity of mycotoxins in vivo on vertebrate organisms: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 137, 111161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111161
- Ekici, H., Yildirim, E., &Yarsan, E. (2016). The effect of seasonal variations on the occurrence of certain mycotoxins inconcentrate feeds for cattle collected from some provinces in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 40(3), 298-303. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1501-71
- Gill, U.A., Durrani, A. Z., & Usman, M. (2022). An assessment and control of AFM 1 in milk and main dairy products in Lahore, Pakistan. In Bovine Science-Challenges and Advances- [Internet]; Abubakar, M., Ed.; IntechOpen. http://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99184
- Iqbal, S. Z., Asi, M.R., & Jinap, S. (2013). Variation of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and milk products collected during winter and summer seasons. Food Control, 34(2), 714-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.009
- Kaur, S., Bedi, J.S., Dhaka, P., Vijay, D., & Aulakh, R.S. (2021). Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 through consumption of market milk and milk products in Ludhiana, Punjab. Food Control, 126(9), 107991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107991
- Li, S., Min, L., Wang, G., Li, D., Zheng, N., & Wang, J. (2018). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from manufacturers of infant milk powder in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050879
- Monter Arciniega, A., Cruz-Cansino, N., del, S., Ramírez-Moreno, E., Zafra-Rojas, Q., Cervantes-Elizarrarás, A., & Ariza-Ortega, J.A. (2022). Pathologies associated to the consumption of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products. Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSa, 10(20), 7-15. https://doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v10i20.8510
- Özkan, N.A., & Onmaz, N.E. (2019). Perakende olarak satışa sunulan kaymak ve tereyağlarda aflatoksin M1 varlığı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.648571
- Sujayasree, O.J., Chaitanya, A.K., Bhoite, R., Pandiselvam, R., Kothakota, A., Gavahian, M., Mousavi, K., Khaneghah, A.M. (2022). Ozone: An advanced oxidation technology to enhance sustainable food consumption through mycotoxin degradation. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 44(46), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2021.1948388 Tekinşen K.K., & Uçar G. (2008). Aflatoxin M1 levels in butter and cream cheese consumed in Turkey. Food Control 19, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.01.003
- Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği (2023). Madde 5: Maksimum limitlerin uygulanması ve piyasaya arzı /Ek 1: Gıdalardaki belirli bulaşanlar için maksimum limitler. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/11/20231105-1.htm (erişim tarihi: 15.03.2024).
- Var, I., & Kabak, B. (2009). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products consumed in Adana, Turkey. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 62(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00440.x
- Waithaka, Ng’ang’a, Z., & Niyonshuti, E. (2022). Animal feeds mycotoxins and risk management. In Mycotoxins and Food Safety-Recent Advances [Internet]; Alina Mark R., Ed.; IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102010
- Yang, C., Song G., & Lim W. (2020). Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed on farm animals. Journal of Hazardous Material, 389(2020), 122087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122087
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Food Properties, Public Health Nutrition, Meat Technology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | July 14, 2024 |
| Publication Date | July 15, 2024 |
| Submission Date | March 18, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | June 1, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 |
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