Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 342 - 352, 02.10.2025

Halime Selen , Rumeysa Kaya

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25029

Abstract

References

  • Abacı, A., Kılıçkap, M., Göksülük, H., Karaaslan, D., Barçın, C., Kayıkçıoğlu, M. et al. (2018). Türkiye’de metabolik sendrom sıklığı verileri: Kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerine yönelik epidemiyolojik çalışmaların sistematik derleme, meta-analiz ve meta-regresyonu. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Arşivi, 46(7), 591-601. https://doi.org/10.5543/tkda.2018.00878
  • Abdelbasset, W.K., Nambi, G., Alsubaie, S.F., Elsayed, S.H., Eid, M.M., Soliman, G.S. et al. (2021). A low-fat diet combined with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is more effective than a low-fat diet or aerobic exercise alone on dyslipidemia and depression status in obese patients: a randomised controlled trial. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders), 21(12), 2289-2295. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530321666210406161226
  • Ahima, R.S. (2015). Overview of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic Syndrom, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12125-3_1-1
  • Akeren, Z., Semerci Çakmak, V. & Demirağ, H. (2024). Kronik hastaların metabolik sendrom bilgi düzeyleri ve farkındalıkları. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 8(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.1423727
  • Attlee, A., Hasan, H., AlQattan, A., Sarhan, N., Alshammari, R., Ali, S. et al. (2019). Relationship of salivary adipocytokines, diet quality, physical activity, and nutrition status in adult Emirati females in United Arab Emirates. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.006
  • Bakırhan, H., & İncedal Irgat, S. (2023). Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk: are the mediterranean diet, the heart-healthy diet, and phytochemicals associated with lower cardiovascular risks?. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 52(12), 2611-2620. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i12.14322
  • Bozbulut, R., Ertaş Öztürk, Y., Döğer, E., Bideci, A., & Köksal, E. (2020). Increased obesity awareness and adherence to healthy lifestyle-diet reduce metabolic syndrome risk in overweight children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 39(5), 432-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2019.1691951
  • Castro-Barquero, S., Ruiz-León, A.M., Sierra-Pérez, M., Estruch, R., & Casas, R. (2020). Dietary strategies for metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review. Nutrients, 12(10), 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102983
  • Cleeman, J.I. (2001). Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 285(19), 2486-2497.
  • Cortez, R.M.A., Batista, A.M.O., Rocha, M.R., Santos, I.M.S., Moura, J.R.A., & Silva, A.R.V. (2018). Students’ knowledge of metabolic syndrome after educational intervention. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71(suppl 4), 1493-1499. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0342
  • El-Hayek Fares, J., Al-Hayek, S., Jaafar, J., Djabrayan, N., & Farhat, A.G. (2018). Factors affecting body composition of Lebanese university students. Nutrition & Food Science, 48(2), 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-08-2017-0172
  • Fahed, G., Aoun, L., Bou Zerdan, M., Allam, S., Bou Zerdan, M., Bouferraa, Y. et al. (2022). Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), 786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020786
  • Göktaş, Z., Dikmen, D., & Rakıcıoğlu, N. (2022). Validation of MEDFICTS dietary assessment questionnaire in Turkish population. Public Health Nutrition, 25(1), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021002299
  • Holmes, A.L., Sanderson, B., Maisiak, R., Brown, A., & Bittner, V. (2005). Dietitian services are associated with improved patient outcomes and the MEDFICTS dietary assessment questionnaire is a suitable outcome measure in cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(10), 1533-1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.08.001
  • Ibrahim, M.O. (2021). Association between major socio-demographic and psychosocial factors with the dietary pattern among elderly people in Amman, Jordan. Clinical Nutrition and Hospital Dietetics, 41(2), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.12873/412mohammed
  • Ismael, S.A. (2021). Effects of low carbohydrate diet compared to low fat diet on reversing the metabolic syndrome, using NCEP ATP III criteria: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Nutrition, 7, 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-021-00466-8
  • Joshi, A., Mehta, S., Grover, A., Talati, K., Malhotra, B., & Puricelli Perin, D.M. (2013). Knowledge, attitude, and practices of individuals to prevent and manage metabolic syndrome in an Indian setting. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 15(8), 644-653. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2012.030
  • Karaman, M.E., & Akbulut, T. (2023). Metabolik sendrom bilgi ve farkındalık ölçeği (MSBFÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1244624
  • Kobo, O., Leiba, R., Avizohar, O., & Karban, A. (2019). Normal body mass index (BMI) can rule out metabolic syndrome: An Israeli cohort study. Medicine, 98(9), e14712. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014712
  • Lewis, S.J., Rodbard, H.W., Fox, K.M., Grandy, S., & SHIELD Study Group. (2008). Self‐reported prevalence and awareness of metabolic syndrome: Findings from SHIELD. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 62(8), 1168-1176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01770.x
  • Lo, S.W.S., Chair, S.Y., & Lee, I.F.K. (2016). Knowledge of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults: Implications for health education. Health Education Journal, 75(5), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896915608205
  • Low Fat Lifestyle (2010). https://www.lowfatlifestyle.com/lifestyle_diets/ahaguidelines.htm (accessed 20.02.2025).
  • Mermer, M., Yildiran, H., & Mercan, K. (2024). Turkish validation study of the MEDFICTS dietary assessment questionnaire in adults. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 39(4), 350-360. https://doi.org/10.1097/TIN.0000000000000355
  • National Cholesterol Education Program (1994). Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Circulation, 89, 1333-1445. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.89.3.1333
  • National Cholesterol Education Program (2002). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Final Report. Circulation, 106, 3143-3421.
  • Noubiap, J.J., Nansseu, J.R., Lontchi-Yimagou, E., Nkeck, J.R., Nyaga, U.F., Ngouo, A.T. et al. (2022). Geographic distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components in the general adult population: A meta-analysis of global data from 28 million individuals. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 188, 109924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109924
  • Rao, M.U., Siddharthan, S., Sowmya, R., Sathivel, A., Zin, T., & Raj, N.B. (2021). Assessment of Malaysian University undergraduate's knowledge and awareness on metabolic syndrome and conditions related to it. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 14(4), 1893-1898. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00334
  • Seo, Y., Kim, J.-S., Park, E.-S., & Ryu, E. (2018). Assessment of the awareness and knowledge of cancer survivors regarding the components of metabolic syndrome. Plos One, 13(6), e0199142. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199142
  • Srinath, U., Shacklock, F., Scott, L.W., Jaax, S., & Kris-Etherton, P.M. (1993). Development of MEDFICTS—a dietary assessment instrument for evaluating fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 93(9), A105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8223(93)91352-Q
  • Tari Selcuk, K., Atan, R.M., Dal, N., & Arslan, S. (2024). Picky eating in adults: Investigating its relationship with MEDFICTS diet assessment questionnaire score and visceral adiposity index. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 17(3), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.3233/MNM-240
  • Uysal Yeler, G., & Göktaş, Z. (2023). Beslenme eğitiminin besin seçimi, kolesterol alım düzeyi ve vücut kompozisyonuna etkisi. Abant Sağlık Bilimleri ve Teknolojileri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-9. Wang, Q., Chair, S.Y., Wong, E.M.-L., Taylor-Piliae, R.E., Qiu, X.C.H., & Li, X.M. (2019). Metabolic syndrome knowledge among adults with cardiometabolic risk factors: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010159
  • WHO (2025). A Healthy Lifestyle – WHO Recommendations. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations (accessed 20.02.2025).
  • Yahia, N., Brown, C., Rapley, M., & Chung, M. (2014). Assessment of college students’ awareness and knowledge about conditions relevant to metabolic syndrome. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 6, 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-6-111
  • Yu-Poth, S., Zhao, G., Etherton, T., Naglak, M., Jonnalagadda, S., & Kris-Etherton, P.M. (1999). Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(4), 632-646. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.4.632

Evaluation of the relationship between metabolic syndrome knowledge, awareness and the MEDFICTS diet compliance among nutrition and dietetics students

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 342 - 352, 02.10.2025

Halime Selen , Rumeysa Kaya

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25029

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome knowledge and awareness and MEDFICTS diet compliance among Nutrition and Dietetics students based on sex, body mass index (BMI), and academic year. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between January 1-31, 2025, with 204 students aged 18-25 from the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University. Study data were collected using a questionnaire that included sociodemographic information, along with the "Metabolic Syndrome Knowledge and Awareness Scale (MSKAS)" and the "MEDFICTS Diet Assessment Questionnaire." The MSKAS consisted of subdimensions including identification, general health, awareness, and prevention, while the MEDFICTS diet was evaluated based on the total score. Since there was no cutoff point for MSKAS, higher scores indicated a higher level of metabolic syndrome knowledge and awareness. In the MEDFICTS diet questionnaire, an increase in score indicated higher intake of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol in the diet. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female students in terms of MSKAS, its subdimensions, and MEDFICTS diet scores (p>0.05). The general health scores of students with a normal BMI were found to be significantly higher than those who were overweight or obese (p=0.016). However, MEDFICTS diet scores did not show a significant difference based on BMI (p>0.05). Fourth-year students had significantly higher identification and total MSKAS scores than all other years (p<0.001), while their awareness scores were significantly higher than those of second- and third-year students (p=0.006). However, MEDFICTS diet scores did not show a significant difference based on students' academic year (p>0.05). Although a negative correlation was observed between MSKAS, its subdimensions, and MEDFICTS diet scores, this relationship was not statistically significant. To prevent metabolic syndrome, it is essential to increase awareness and promote healthy eating habits. Therefore, there is a need for public health studies to increase awareness of metabolic syndrome.

Keywords

Body mass index Dyslipidemia MEDFICTS diet Metabolic syndrome Metabolic syndrome knowledge and awareness Nutrition

Ethical Statement

For the study to be conducted, ethical approval was obtained from the Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Scientific Research Ethics Committee on December 26, 2024, with the approval number 481.

References

  • Abacı, A., Kılıçkap, M., Göksülük, H., Karaaslan, D., Barçın, C., Kayıkçıoğlu, M. et al. (2018). Türkiye’de metabolik sendrom sıklığı verileri: Kardiyovasküler risk faktörlerine yönelik epidemiyolojik çalışmaların sistematik derleme, meta-analiz ve meta-regresyonu. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Arşivi, 46(7), 591-601. https://doi.org/10.5543/tkda.2018.00878
  • Abdelbasset, W.K., Nambi, G., Alsubaie, S.F., Elsayed, S.H., Eid, M.M., Soliman, G.S. et al. (2021). A low-fat diet combined with moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is more effective than a low-fat diet or aerobic exercise alone on dyslipidemia and depression status in obese patients: a randomised controlled trial. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders), 21(12), 2289-2295. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530321666210406161226
  • Ahima, R.S. (2015). Overview of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic Syndrom, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12125-3_1-1
  • Akeren, Z., Semerci Çakmak, V. & Demirağ, H. (2024). Kronik hastaların metabolik sendrom bilgi düzeyleri ve farkındalıkları. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 8(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.1423727
  • Attlee, A., Hasan, H., AlQattan, A., Sarhan, N., Alshammari, R., Ali, S. et al. (2019). Relationship of salivary adipocytokines, diet quality, physical activity, and nutrition status in adult Emirati females in United Arab Emirates. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(1), 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.006
  • Bakırhan, H., & İncedal Irgat, S. (2023). Dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk: are the mediterranean diet, the heart-healthy diet, and phytochemicals associated with lower cardiovascular risks?. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 52(12), 2611-2620. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v52i12.14322
  • Bozbulut, R., Ertaş Öztürk, Y., Döğer, E., Bideci, A., & Köksal, E. (2020). Increased obesity awareness and adherence to healthy lifestyle-diet reduce metabolic syndrome risk in overweight children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 39(5), 432-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2019.1691951
  • Castro-Barquero, S., Ruiz-León, A.M., Sierra-Pérez, M., Estruch, R., & Casas, R. (2020). Dietary strategies for metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review. Nutrients, 12(10), 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102983
  • Cleeman, J.I. (2001). Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 285(19), 2486-2497.
  • Cortez, R.M.A., Batista, A.M.O., Rocha, M.R., Santos, I.M.S., Moura, J.R.A., & Silva, A.R.V. (2018). Students’ knowledge of metabolic syndrome after educational intervention. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71(suppl 4), 1493-1499. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0342
  • El-Hayek Fares, J., Al-Hayek, S., Jaafar, J., Djabrayan, N., & Farhat, A.G. (2018). Factors affecting body composition of Lebanese university students. Nutrition & Food Science, 48(2), 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-08-2017-0172
  • Fahed, G., Aoun, L., Bou Zerdan, M., Allam, S., Bou Zerdan, M., Bouferraa, Y. et al. (2022). Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), 786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020786
  • Göktaş, Z., Dikmen, D., & Rakıcıoğlu, N. (2022). Validation of MEDFICTS dietary assessment questionnaire in Turkish population. Public Health Nutrition, 25(1), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021002299
  • Holmes, A.L., Sanderson, B., Maisiak, R., Brown, A., & Bittner, V. (2005). Dietitian services are associated with improved patient outcomes and the MEDFICTS dietary assessment questionnaire is a suitable outcome measure in cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(10), 1533-1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.08.001
  • Ibrahim, M.O. (2021). Association between major socio-demographic and psychosocial factors with the dietary pattern among elderly people in Amman, Jordan. Clinical Nutrition and Hospital Dietetics, 41(2), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.12873/412mohammed
  • Ismael, S.A. (2021). Effects of low carbohydrate diet compared to low fat diet on reversing the metabolic syndrome, using NCEP ATP III criteria: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Nutrition, 7, 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-021-00466-8
  • Joshi, A., Mehta, S., Grover, A., Talati, K., Malhotra, B., & Puricelli Perin, D.M. (2013). Knowledge, attitude, and practices of individuals to prevent and manage metabolic syndrome in an Indian setting. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 15(8), 644-653. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2012.030
  • Karaman, M.E., & Akbulut, T. (2023). Metabolik sendrom bilgi ve farkındalık ölçeği (MSBFÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1244624
  • Kobo, O., Leiba, R., Avizohar, O., & Karban, A. (2019). Normal body mass index (BMI) can rule out metabolic syndrome: An Israeli cohort study. Medicine, 98(9), e14712. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014712
  • Lewis, S.J., Rodbard, H.W., Fox, K.M., Grandy, S., & SHIELD Study Group. (2008). Self‐reported prevalence and awareness of metabolic syndrome: Findings from SHIELD. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 62(8), 1168-1176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01770.x
  • Lo, S.W.S., Chair, S.Y., & Lee, I.F.K. (2016). Knowledge of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults: Implications for health education. Health Education Journal, 75(5), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896915608205
  • Low Fat Lifestyle (2010). https://www.lowfatlifestyle.com/lifestyle_diets/ahaguidelines.htm (accessed 20.02.2025).
  • Mermer, M., Yildiran, H., & Mercan, K. (2024). Turkish validation study of the MEDFICTS dietary assessment questionnaire in adults. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 39(4), 350-360. https://doi.org/10.1097/TIN.0000000000000355
  • National Cholesterol Education Program (1994). Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Circulation, 89, 1333-1445. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.89.3.1333
  • National Cholesterol Education Program (2002). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Final Report. Circulation, 106, 3143-3421.
  • Noubiap, J.J., Nansseu, J.R., Lontchi-Yimagou, E., Nkeck, J.R., Nyaga, U.F., Ngouo, A.T. et al. (2022). Geographic distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components in the general adult population: A meta-analysis of global data from 28 million individuals. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 188, 109924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109924
  • Rao, M.U., Siddharthan, S., Sowmya, R., Sathivel, A., Zin, T., & Raj, N.B. (2021). Assessment of Malaysian University undergraduate's knowledge and awareness on metabolic syndrome and conditions related to it. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 14(4), 1893-1898. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00334
  • Seo, Y., Kim, J.-S., Park, E.-S., & Ryu, E. (2018). Assessment of the awareness and knowledge of cancer survivors regarding the components of metabolic syndrome. Plos One, 13(6), e0199142. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199142
  • Srinath, U., Shacklock, F., Scott, L.W., Jaax, S., & Kris-Etherton, P.M. (1993). Development of MEDFICTS—a dietary assessment instrument for evaluating fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 93(9), A105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8223(93)91352-Q
  • Tari Selcuk, K., Atan, R.M., Dal, N., & Arslan, S. (2024). Picky eating in adults: Investigating its relationship with MEDFICTS diet assessment questionnaire score and visceral adiposity index. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 17(3), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.3233/MNM-240
  • Uysal Yeler, G., & Göktaş, Z. (2023). Beslenme eğitiminin besin seçimi, kolesterol alım düzeyi ve vücut kompozisyonuna etkisi. Abant Sağlık Bilimleri ve Teknolojileri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-9. Wang, Q., Chair, S.Y., Wong, E.M.-L., Taylor-Piliae, R.E., Qiu, X.C.H., & Li, X.M. (2019). Metabolic syndrome knowledge among adults with cardiometabolic risk factors: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010159
  • WHO (2025). A Healthy Lifestyle – WHO Recommendations. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations (accessed 20.02.2025).
  • Yahia, N., Brown, C., Rapley, M., & Chung, M. (2014). Assessment of college students’ awareness and knowledge about conditions relevant to metabolic syndrome. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 6, 111. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-6-111
  • Yu-Poth, S., Zhao, G., Etherton, T., Naglak, M., Jonnalagadda, S., & Kris-Etherton, P.M. (1999). Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(4), 632-646. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.4.632
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Nutrition
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Halime Selen 0000-0002-3705-0875

Rumeysa Kaya 0009-0007-3183-9406

Early Pub Date September 21, 2025
Publication Date October 2, 2025
Submission Date February 20, 2025
Acceptance Date June 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Selen, H., & Kaya, R. (2025). Evaluation of the relationship between metabolic syndrome knowledge, awareness and the MEDFICTS diet compliance among nutrition and dietetics students. Food and Health, 11(4), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25029
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