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Nutritional behaviours, feeding problems and meal patterns of children diagnosed with autism Spectrum disorder: A cross-sectional study

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 219 - 230

Yaren Sağlam , Hande Bakırhan

Abstract

Various nutritional problems are experienced in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and it is important to evaluate the severity of feeding problems as it may affect the prognosis. This study was conducted to determine the nutritional behaviours, feeding problems, and meal patterns of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It was conducted with 50 children with ASD and 50 healthy children aged between 3-11 years. Nutritional behaviours, feeding problems, and meal patterns were assessed using a questionnaire, and the Brief Autism Mealtime Behaviour Inventory (BAMBI) was employed to evaluate children's mealtime behaviour and feeding problems. It was determined that children with ASD were similar to their healthy peers in terms of meal patterns and frequency, and 92.0% of them had regular meals. The total number of daily meals (main and snack) was 4.9±0.89. It was found that half of the children with ASD had a normal appetite, 58.0% had foods they did not consume, and 54.0% had a crying fit/tantrum when they were not allowed to eat their favorite food. The total BAMBI score of the children with ASD was found to be 49.0±8.87. The presence of unconsumed foods was encountered more frequently in children with ASD (p<0.05), and it was determined that 71.4% of children with ASD aged 5-7 years and 66.7% of children with ASD aged eight years and above had nutritional problems. Feeding problems, food refusal, food obsession/selectivity, crying fits/tantrums during eating were more common in children with ASD compared to their healthy peers (p<0.05). Probiotics, zinc, calcium, iron, magnesium, selenium and vitamin B12 supplements are more common in children with ASD (p<0.05). In conclusion, the findings of our study confirm the seriousness of nutritional problems in children with ASD.

Keywords

Autism spectrum disorder Feeding problems Nutritional behaviors Meal pattern Nutritional supplements

Ethical Statement

The ethical permission for the study was obtained by the decision of the Istanbul Medipol University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee dated 01.06.2021 and numbered E-10840098-772.02-2513.

References

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  • Berding, K., & Donovan, S.M. (2016). Microbiome and nutrition in autism spectrum disorder: current knowledge and research needs. Nutrition Reviews, 74(12), 723-736. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuw048
  • Blennerhassett, C., Richards, M., Clayton, S. (2023). Caregiver-implemented feeding interventions for autistic children with food selectivity: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-023-00378-2
  • Burnett, A.J., Russell, C.G., Farrow, C., Spence, A.C., Worsley, A., & Lacy, K.E. (2024). The effects of age on associations between pre-school children's eating behaviour traits and diet quality. Appetite, 203, 107675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107675
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  • Gray, H.L., Chiang, H.M. (2017). Brief report: Mealtime behaviors of Chinese American children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 892-897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2993-0
  • Güler Topal, B., Öngün Yılmaz, H. (2024). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda besin desteklerinin rolü. Ases International Journal of Health and Sports Sciences, 2(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14576553
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  • Lukens, C.T., Linscheid, T.R. (2008). Development and validation of an inventory to assess mealtime behavior problems in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0401-5
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  • Marí-Bauset, S., Llopis-González, A., Zazpe, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., Morales Suárez-Varela, M. (2017). Comparison of nutritional status between children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children in the Mediterranean Region (Valencia, Spain). Autism, 21(3), 310-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316636976
  • Martínez-González, A.E., Andreo-Martínez, P. (2019). The role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal symptoms of children with ASD. Medicina, 55(8), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080408
  • Martins, B.P., Bandarra, N.M., Figueiredo-Braga, M. (2020). The role of omega-3 in human neurodevelopment, including autism spectrum disorders and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder–a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60(9), 1431-1446. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1573800
  • Meral, B.F. (2017). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda beslenme problemleri ve bilimsel dayanaklı davranışsal müdahaleler. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 18(3), 493508. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.323301
  • Meral, B.F., Fidan, A. (2014). A study on Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.230
  • Meral, B.F., Fidan, A. (2015). Measuring the impact of feeding covariates on health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.11.009
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Otizm spektrum bozukluğu tanılı çocukların beslenme davranışları, beslenme sorunları ve öğün düzeni: Kesitsel bir çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 219 - 230

Yaren Sağlam , Hande Bakırhan

Abstract

Otizm spektrum bozukluğunda (OSB) çeşitli beslenme sorunları yaşanmaktadır ve prognozu etkileyebileceğinden beslenme sorunlarının ciddiyetinin değerlendirilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu araştırma, OSB’li çocukların beslenme davranışlarını, sorunlarını ve öğün düzenini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yaşları 3-11 yıl arasında olan 50 OSB’li çocuk ve 50 sağlıklı çocuk ile yürütülmüştür. Beslenme davranışları, sorunları ve öğün düzenleri anket formu ile değerlendirilmiş, çocukların öğün zamanında davranış ve beslenme sorunlarını saptamak için ise Otizm Öğün Davranış Kısa Ölçeği (BAMBI) kullanılmıştır. OSB’li çocukların öğün düzeni ve sayısı bakımından sağlıklı akranlarıyla benzerlik gösterdiği, %92,0’sinin ana ve ara olmak üzere toplam öğünlerinin düzenli ve günlük toplam (ana ve ara) öğün sayısının 4,9±0,89 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. OSB’li çocukların yarısının iştahının normal düzeyde olduğu, %58,0’inin tüketmediği besinler olduğu ve %54,0’ünün çok sevdiği yiyeceği yemesine izin verilmediğinde ağlama krizi/öfke nöbeti geçirdiği bildirilmiştir. OSB’li çocukların BAMBI toplam puanı 49,0±8,87 olarak bulunmuştur. Tüketmediği besinlerin varlığı OSB’li çocuklarda daha sık karşılaşılmış olup (p<0,05), 5-7 yaş OSB’li çocukların %71,4’ünün, sekiz yaş ve üzeri OSB’li çocukların %66,7’sinin beslenme sorunu yaşadığı saptanmıştır. Beslenme sorunları, besin reddi, besin takıntısı/seçiciliği, yeme esnasında ağlama krizleri/öfke nöbetleri OSB’li çocuklarda sağlıklı akranlarına kıyasla daha sık görülmektedir (p<0,05). Probiyotik, çinko, kalsiyum, demir, magnezyum, selenyum, B12 vitamini takviyesi kullanımı OSB’li çocuklarda daha yaygındır (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak çalışmamızın bulguları OSB’li çocukların beslenme sorunlarının ciddiyetini doğrulamaktadır.

Keywords

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu Beslenme sorunları Beslenme davranışları Öğün düzeni Besin takviyesi

Ethical Statement

Çalışmanın etik izni 01.06.2021 tarihli, E-10840098-772.02-2513 sayılı İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu kararı ile alınmıştır.

References

  • Aktitiz, S., Yalçın, E., Göktaş, Z. (2019). Otizm spektrum bozuklukları tedavisinde beslenme yaklaşımları. Health Academy Kastamonu, 4(2), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.25279/sak.435435
  • Aponte, C.A., Romanczyk, R.G. (2016). Assessment of feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 21, 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.09.007
  • Ashcroft, J., Semmler, C., Carnell, S., van Jaarsveld, C. H., & Wardle, J. (2008). Continuity and stability of eating behaviour traits in children. European journal of clinical nutrition, 62(8), 985–990. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602855
  • Asil, E., Uçar, A., Tunay, Ç.Z., Bütün Ayhan, A. (2022). Nutritional problems and body mass index of Turkish children with autism. Nutrition & Food Science, 52(6), 1029-1041. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-12-2021-0389
  • Berding, K., & Donovan, S.M. (2016). Microbiome and nutrition in autism spectrum disorder: current knowledge and research needs. Nutrition Reviews, 74(12), 723-736. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuw048
  • Blennerhassett, C., Richards, M., Clayton, S. (2023). Caregiver-implemented feeding interventions for autistic children with food selectivity: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-023-00378-2
  • Burnett, A.J., Russell, C.G., Farrow, C., Spence, A.C., Worsley, A., & Lacy, K.E. (2024). The effects of age on associations between pre-school children's eating behaviour traits and diet quality. Appetite, 203, 107675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107675
  • Castro, K., Perry, I.S., Ferreira, G.P., Marchezan, J., Becker, M., & Riesgo, R. (2019). Validation of the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI) Questionnaire. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2536–2544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04006-z
  • Cekici, H., Sanlier, N. (2019). Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutritional neuroscience, 22(3), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1358481 da Costa, M. P., Severo, M., Oliveira, A., Lopes, C., Hetherington, M., & Vilela, S. (2022). Longitudinal bidirectional relationship between children's appetite and diet quality: A prospective cohort study. Appetite, 169, 105801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105801
  • Gok, S., Ozturk, S.N., Karaca, R., İlbars, S., Nogay, N.H. (2021). Evaluation of sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal problems and eating behaviors in Turkish children with autistic disorder and PDD-NOS. Advances in Autism, 7(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-12-2019-0049
  • Gray, H.L., Chiang, H.M. (2017). Brief report: Mealtime behaviors of Chinese American children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 892-897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2993-0
  • Güler Topal, B., Öngün Yılmaz, H. (2024). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda besin desteklerinin rolü. Ases International Journal of Health and Sports Sciences, 2(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14576553
  • Handayani, M., Herini, E.S., Takada, S. (2012). Eating behavior of autistic children. Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 2(1), 281-294. https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v2i1.3962
  • Harris, H.A., Mou, Y., Dieleman, G.C., Voortman, T., Jansen, P.W. (2022). Child autistic traits, food selectivity, and diet quality: A population-based study. The Journal of Nutrition, 152(3), 856–862. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab413
  • Jansen, E., Thapaliya, G., Beauchemin, J., D'Sa, V., Deoni, S., Carnell, S., & RESONANCE Consortium (2023). The development of appetite: Tracking and age-related differences in appetitive traits in childhood. Nutrients, 15(6), 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061377
  • Kars, S., Abaoğlu, H., Huri, M. (2019). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda beslenme aktivitesinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 6(3), 232-242. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.650711
  • Kaynar, A.N., Öngün Yılmaz, H. (2020). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda beslenme durumunun belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 151-62. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.544033
  • Kazek, B., Brzóska, A., Paprocka, J., Iwanicki, T., Kozioł, K., Kapinos-Gorczyca, A., et al. (2021). Eating behaviors of children with autism-pilot study, part II. Nutrients, 13(11), 3850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113850
  • Kral, T.V., Souders, M.C., Tompkins, V.H., Remiker, A.M., Eriksen, W.T., Pinto-Martin, J.A. (2015). Child eating behaviors and caregiver feeding practices in children with autism spectrum disorders. Public Health Nursing, 32(5), 488–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12146
  • Lukens, C.T., Linscheid, T.R. (2008). Development and validation of an inventory to assess mealtime behavior problems in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0401-5
  • Madore, C., Leyrolle, Q., Lacabanne, C., Benmamar-Badel, A., Joffre, C., Nadjar, A., & Layé, S. (2016). Neuroinflammation in autism: Plausible role of maternal inflammation, dietary omega 3, and microbiota. Neural Plasticity, 2016, 3597209. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3597209
  • Marí-Bauset, S., Llopis-González, A., Zazpe, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., Morales Suárez-Varela, M. (2017). Comparison of nutritional status between children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children in the Mediterranean Region (Valencia, Spain). Autism, 21(3), 310-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316636976
  • Martínez-González, A.E., Andreo-Martínez, P. (2019). The role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal symptoms of children with ASD. Medicina, 55(8), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080408
  • Martins, B.P., Bandarra, N.M., Figueiredo-Braga, M. (2020). The role of omega-3 in human neurodevelopment, including autism spectrum disorders and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder–a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60(9), 1431-1446. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1573800
  • Meral, B.F. (2017). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklarda beslenme problemleri ve bilimsel dayanaklı davranışsal müdahaleler. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 18(3), 493508. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.323301
  • Meral, B.F., Fidan, A. (2014). A study on Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability of the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior Inventory (BAMBI). Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.230
  • Meral, B.F., Fidan, A. (2015). Measuring the impact of feeding covariates on health-related quality of life in children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2014.11.009
  • Mezzelani, A., Landini, M., Facchiano, F., Raggi, M.E., Villa, L., Molteni, M., De Santis, B., Brera, C., Caroli, A.M., Milanesi, L., & Marabotti, A. (2015). Environment, dysbiosis, immunity and sex-specific susceptibility: a translational hypothesis for regressive autism pathogenesis. Nutritional neuroscience, 18(4), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830513Y.0000000108
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition and Dietetics (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yaren Sağlam 0000-0003-1130-3958

Hande Bakırhan 0000-0001-9377-888X

Early Pub Date May 31, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date February 19, 2025
Acceptance Date March 23, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sağlam, Y., & Bakırhan, H. (2025). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu tanılı çocukların beslenme davranışları, beslenme sorunları ve öğün düzeni: Kesitsel bir çalışma. Food and Health, 11(3), 219-230.
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