Beslenme alışkanlıklarının bağırsak mikrobiyotasını etkilediği bilinmektedir. Son dönemlerde besin alımının çeşitliliğinden ziyade besin alınan zamanın mikrobiyota üzerine etkisine odaklanılmış ve bunun mikrobiyomu etkilediği görülmüştür. Aralıklı orucun mikrobiyotadaki yararlı mikroorganizmaları arttığı, patojen mikroorganizmaları azalttığı rapor edilmiş olsa da etki mekanizması tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı aralıklı oruç ve mikrobiyota ilişkisini inceleyen güncel çalışmaları yorumlamaktır.
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Ajala, O., Mold, F., Boughton, C., Cooke, D., Whyte, M. (2017). Childhood predictors of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 18(9), 1061-1070. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12561
Akanji, A.O., Mojiminiyi, O.A., Abdella, N. (2000). Beneficial changes in serum apo A-1 and its ratio to apo Band HDL in stable hyperlipidaemic subjects after Ramadan fasting in Kuwait. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 508-513. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601047
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Aydın, Ü.F., Tuli, A. (2021). Bağırsak-beyin eksenine biyokimyasal bakış. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 30(3), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.910674
Beli, E., Yan, Y., Moldovan, L., Vieira, C. P., Gao, R., Duan, Y. ve ark. (2018). Restructuring of the gut microbiome by intermittent fasting prevents retinopathy and prolongs survival in db/db mice. Diabetes, 67(9), 1867-1879. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0158
Blum, H.E. (2017). The human microbiome. Advances in Medical Sciences, 62(2), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2017.04.005
Cignarella, F., Cantoni, C., Ghezzi, L., Salter, A., Dorsett, Y., Chen, L. ve ark. (2018). Intermittent fasting confers protection in CNS autoimmunity by altering the gut microbiota. Cell Metabolism, 27(6), 1222-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.006
Claesson, M.J., Cusack, S., O'Sullivan, O., Greene-Diniz, R., de Weerd, H., Flannery, E. ve ark. (2011). Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(Supplement 1), 4586-4591. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000097107
Clemente, J.C., Pehrsson, E.C., Blaser, M.J., Sandhu, K., Gao, Z., Wang, B. ve ark. (2015). The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians. Science Advances, 1(3), e1500183. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500183
Clos-Garcia, M., Andrés-Marin, N., Fernández-Eulate, G., Abecia, L., Lavín, J.L., van Liempd, S. ve ark. (2019). Gut microbiome and serum metabolome analyses identify molecular biomarkers and altered glutamate metabolism in fibromyalgia. EBioMedicine, 46, 499-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.031
Deng, Y., Liu, W., Wang, J., Yu, J., Yang, L.Q. (2020). Intermittent fasting improves lipid metabolism through changes in gut microbiota in diet-induced obese mice. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e926789-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.926789
Derrien, M., Vaughan, E. E., Plugge, C. M., & de Vos, W. M. (2004). Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54(5), 1469-1476. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02873-0
Di Daniele, N. (2019). The role of preventive nutrition in chronic non-communicable diseases. Nutrients, 11(5), 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051074
Doifode, T., Giridharan, V.V., Generoso, J.S., Bhatti, G., Collodel, A., Schulz, P.E. ve ark. (2021). The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. Pharmacological Research, 164, 105314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105314
El Ati, J., Beji, C., Danguir, J. (1995). Increased fat oxidation during Ramadan fasting in healthy women: An adaptative mechanism for body-weight maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62(2), 302-307. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/62.2.302
Fernando, H.A., Zibellini, J., Harris, R.A., Seimon, R.V., Sainsbury, A. (2019). Effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition in healthy non-athlete adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 11(2), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020478
Festi, D., Schiumerini, R., Eusebi, L.H., Marasco, G., Taddia, M., Colecchia, A. (2014). Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(43), 16079. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16079
Frank, D.N., St Amand, A.L., Feldman, R.A., Boedeker, E.C., Harpaz, N., Pace, N.R. (2007). Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 13780-13785. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706625104
GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. (2017). Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), 13-27.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
Gill, S.R., Pop, M., DeBoy, R.T., Eckburg, P.B., Turnbaugh, P.J., Samuel, B.S. ve ark. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science, 312(5778), 1355-1359. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124234
Guo, Y., Luo, S., Ye, Y., Yin, S., Fan, J., Xia, M. (2021). Intermittent fasting improves cardiometabolic risk factors and alters gut microbiota in metabolic syndrome patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106(1), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa644
Harvie, M.N., Pegington, M., Mattson, M.P., Frystyk, J., Dillon, B., Evans, G. ve ark. (2011). The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: A randomized trial in young overweight women. International Journal of Obesity, 35(5), 714-727. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.171
Huang, F., Wu, X. (2021). Brain neurotransmitter modulation by gut microbiota in anxiety and depression. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, 472. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.649103
Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature, 486, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11234
Ichimura, Y., Kirisako T., Takao, T., Satomi, Y., Shimonishi, Y., Ishihara, N. ve ark. (2000). A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation. Nature, 408, 488-492. https://doi.org/10.1038/35044114
Kul, S., Savas, E., Ozturk, Z.A., Karadag, G. (2014). Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. Journal of Religion & Health, 53(3), 929-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9687-0
Li, G., Xie, C., Lu, S., Nichols, R. G., Tian, Y., Li, L. ve ark. (2017). Intermittent fasting promotes white adipose browning and decreases obesity by shaping the gut microbiota. Cell Metabolism, 26(4), 672-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.019
Li, L., Su, Y., Li, F., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Li, Z., Su, J. (2020). The effects of daily fasting hours on shaping gut microbiota in mice. BMC Microbiology, 20(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01754-2
Li, T., Qi, M., Gatesoupe, F.J., Tian, D., Jin, W., Li, J. ve ark. (2019). Adaptation to fasting in crucian carp (carassius auratus): Gut microbiota and its correlative relationship with immune function. Microbial Ecology, 78(1), 6-19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1275-0
Liu, Y., Wang, H., Gui, S., Zeng, B., Pu, J., Zheng, P. ve ark. (2021). Proteomics analysis of the gut–brain axis in a gut microbiota-dysbiosis model of depression. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01689-w
Liu, Z., Dai, X., Zhang, H., Shi, R., Hui, Y., Jin, X. ve ark. (2020). Gut microbiota mediates intermittent-fasting alleviation of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14676-4
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The Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Gut Microbiota
Year 2023,
Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 87 - 97, 01.01.2023
Nutritional habits are known to affect the gut microbiota. Recently, it has been focused on the effect of the time taken in food on the microbiota rather than the variety of food intake, and it has been seen that this affects the microbiome. Although it has been reported that intermittent fasting increases beneficial microorganisms in the microbiota and decreases pathogenic microorganisms, its mechanism of action has not been fully explained. The purpose of this review is to interpret current studies examining the relationship between intermittent fasting and microbiota.
Abdelaal, M., le Roux, C.W., Docherty, N.G. (2017). Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity. Annals of Translational Medicine, 5(7), 161. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.03.107
Ajala, O., Mold, F., Boughton, C., Cooke, D., Whyte, M. (2017). Childhood predictors of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 18(9), 1061-1070. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12561
Akanji, A.O., Mojiminiyi, O.A., Abdella, N. (2000). Beneficial changes in serum apo A-1 and its ratio to apo Band HDL in stable hyperlipidaemic subjects after Ramadan fasting in Kuwait. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 508-513. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601047
Anonim. (2016). The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2016/summary/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2022)
Aybak, M., Turkoglu, A., Sermet, A., Denli, O. (1996). Effect of Ramadan fasting on platelet aggregation in healthy male subjects. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 73, 552-556. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00357678
Aydın, Ü.F., Tuli, A. (2021). Bağırsak-beyin eksenine biyokimyasal bakış. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 30(3), 137-143. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.910674
Beli, E., Yan, Y., Moldovan, L., Vieira, C. P., Gao, R., Duan, Y. ve ark. (2018). Restructuring of the gut microbiome by intermittent fasting prevents retinopathy and prolongs survival in db/db mice. Diabetes, 67(9), 1867-1879. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0158
Blum, H.E. (2017). The human microbiome. Advances in Medical Sciences, 62(2), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2017.04.005
Cignarella, F., Cantoni, C., Ghezzi, L., Salter, A., Dorsett, Y., Chen, L. ve ark. (2018). Intermittent fasting confers protection in CNS autoimmunity by altering the gut microbiota. Cell Metabolism, 27(6), 1222-1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.006
Claesson, M.J., Cusack, S., O'Sullivan, O., Greene-Diniz, R., de Weerd, H., Flannery, E. ve ark. (2011). Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(Supplement 1), 4586-4591. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000097107
Clemente, J.C., Pehrsson, E.C., Blaser, M.J., Sandhu, K., Gao, Z., Wang, B. ve ark. (2015). The microbiome of uncontacted Amerindians. Science Advances, 1(3), e1500183. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500183
Clos-Garcia, M., Andrés-Marin, N., Fernández-Eulate, G., Abecia, L., Lavín, J.L., van Liempd, S. ve ark. (2019). Gut microbiome and serum metabolome analyses identify molecular biomarkers and altered glutamate metabolism in fibromyalgia. EBioMedicine, 46, 499-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.031
Deng, Y., Liu, W., Wang, J., Yu, J., Yang, L.Q. (2020). Intermittent fasting improves lipid metabolism through changes in gut microbiota in diet-induced obese mice. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e926789-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.926789
Derrien, M., Vaughan, E. E., Plugge, C. M., & de Vos, W. M. (2004). Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54(5), 1469-1476. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02873-0
Di Daniele, N. (2019). The role of preventive nutrition in chronic non-communicable diseases. Nutrients, 11(5), 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051074
Doifode, T., Giridharan, V.V., Generoso, J.S., Bhatti, G., Collodel, A., Schulz, P.E. ve ark. (2021). The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. Pharmacological Research, 164, 105314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105314
El Ati, J., Beji, C., Danguir, J. (1995). Increased fat oxidation during Ramadan fasting in healthy women: An adaptative mechanism for body-weight maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62(2), 302-307. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/62.2.302
Fernando, H.A., Zibellini, J., Harris, R.A., Seimon, R.V., Sainsbury, A. (2019). Effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition in healthy non-athlete adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 11(2), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020478
Festi, D., Schiumerini, R., Eusebi, L.H., Marasco, G., Taddia, M., Colecchia, A. (2014). Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(43), 16079. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16079
Frank, D.N., St Amand, A.L., Feldman, R.A., Boedeker, E.C., Harpaz, N., Pace, N.R. (2007). Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 104, 13780-13785. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706625104
GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. (2017). Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(1), 13-27.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
Gill, S.R., Pop, M., DeBoy, R.T., Eckburg, P.B., Turnbaugh, P.J., Samuel, B.S. ve ark. (2006). Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science, 312(5778), 1355-1359. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124234
Guo, Y., Luo, S., Ye, Y., Yin, S., Fan, J., Xia, M. (2021). Intermittent fasting improves cardiometabolic risk factors and alters gut microbiota in metabolic syndrome patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106(1), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa644
Harvie, M.N., Pegington, M., Mattson, M.P., Frystyk, J., Dillon, B., Evans, G. ve ark. (2011). The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: A randomized trial in young overweight women. International Journal of Obesity, 35(5), 714-727. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.171
Huang, F., Wu, X. (2021). Brain neurotransmitter modulation by gut microbiota in anxiety and depression. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, 472. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.649103
Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature, 486, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11234
Ichimura, Y., Kirisako T., Takao, T., Satomi, Y., Shimonishi, Y., Ishihara, N. ve ark. (2000). A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation. Nature, 408, 488-492. https://doi.org/10.1038/35044114
Kul, S., Savas, E., Ozturk, Z.A., Karadag, G. (2014). Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis. Journal of Religion & Health, 53(3), 929-942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9687-0
Li, G., Xie, C., Lu, S., Nichols, R. G., Tian, Y., Li, L. ve ark. (2017). Intermittent fasting promotes white adipose browning and decreases obesity by shaping the gut microbiota. Cell Metabolism, 26(4), 672-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.019
Li, L., Su, Y., Li, F., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., Li, Z., Su, J. (2020). The effects of daily fasting hours on shaping gut microbiota in mice. BMC Microbiology, 20(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01754-2
Li, T., Qi, M., Gatesoupe, F.J., Tian, D., Jin, W., Li, J. ve ark. (2019). Adaptation to fasting in crucian carp (carassius auratus): Gut microbiota and its correlative relationship with immune function. Microbial Ecology, 78(1), 6-19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1275-0
Liu, Y., Wang, H., Gui, S., Zeng, B., Pu, J., Zheng, P. ve ark. (2021). Proteomics analysis of the gut–brain axis in a gut microbiota-dysbiosis model of depression. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01689-w
Liu, Z., Dai, X., Zhang, H., Shi, R., Hui, Y., Jin, X. ve ark. (2020). Gut microbiota mediates intermittent-fasting alleviation of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14676-4
Mariat, D., Firmesse, O., Levenez, F., Guimarăes, V.D., Sokol, H., Doré, J. ve ark. (2009). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiology, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-123
Martin, C.R., Osadchiy, V., Kalani, A., Mayer, E.A. (2018). The brain-gut-microbiome axis. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 6(2), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003
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