Redirecting to http://dergipark.org.tr/_fragment?_hash=Lzju9Ce4H-pHldhM6edcgRAQMokYWYYvKtJo3tLBWqM&_path=id%3D1652293%26_format%3Dhtml%26_locale%3Den%26_controller%3DApp%255CController%255CSite%255CArticleController%253A%253AesiArticleStats.
Review Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Spirulina: Nutritional supplement potential for adults and athletes – a literature review

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 279 - 292, 01.07.2025

Gökçen Orak , Eren Canbolat

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25024

Abstract

Spirulina, a cyanobacterium, is a functional food characterized by its high protein content, essential amino acids, and rich micronutrient profile. Possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antiviral properties, Spirulina has significant potential in managing health issues such as malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, heavy metal toxicity, and anemia. Furthermore, its low-calorie content and high nutrient density position it as a vital component of a healthy diet. Spirulina plays a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress due to its capacity to neutralize free radicals and enhance the activity of enzymes like superoxide dismutase. With its highly bioavailable protein content, Spirulina serves as an alternative protein source for athletes, aiding in post-exercise recovery processes. The literature reports findings suggesting that the use of Spirulina at doses of 2–6 g/day reduces muscle damage and inflammation, improves immune responses, and enhances sports performance. However, the efficacy of Spirulina in this context remains debated, as some studies yield conflicting results, highlighting the need for further research. In conclusion, uncovering the full spectrum of Spirulina's benefits for health and sports performance necessitates comprehensive, long-term studies across diverse populations. As a versatile food source, Spirulina offers extensive application potential, which can be further realized through sustainable production approaches.

Keywords

Spirulina Health Sports Performance Antioxidant

Ethical Statement

Due to its nature, the research is not subject to ethical permission.

References

  • AlFadhly, N.K.Z., Alhelfi, N., Altemimi, A.B., Verma, D.K., Cacciola, F., Narayanankutty, A. (2022). Trends and technological advancements in the possible food applications of spirulina and their health benefits: A review. Molecules (17), 5584. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175584
  • Ali, Y., Aubeeluck, R., Gurney, T. (2024). Fourteen-Days Spirulina supplementation ıncreases hemoglobin, but does not provide ergogenic benefit in recreationally active cyclists: a double-blinded randomized crossover trial. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 21(3), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2023.2263564
  • Bagheri, R., Negaresh, R., Motevalli, M.S., Wong, A., Ashtary-Larky, D., Kargarfard, M., Rashidlamir, A. (2022). Spirulina supplementation during gradual weight loss in competitive wrestlers. British Journal of Nutrition, 127(2), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711452100091X
  • Bekker, L.G., Beyrer, C., Mgodi, N., Lewin, S.R., Delany-Moretlwe, S., Taiwo, B., Masters, M.C., Lazarus, J.V. (2023). HIV infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 9(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3
  • Brito, A. de F., Silva, A.S., de Oliveira, C.V.C., de Souza, A.A., Ferreira, P. B., de Souza, I.L.L., da Cunha Araujo, L.C., da Silva Félix, G., de Souza Sampaio, R., Tavares, R.L., de Andrade Pereira, R., Neto, M.M., da Silva, B.A. (2020). Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 6382. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63272-5
  • Brito, A. de F, Silva, A.S., De Souza, A.A., Ferreira, P. B., De Souza, I.L.L., Da Cunha Araujo, L.C., Da Silva Félix, G., De Souza Sampaio, R., Silva, M.D.C.C., Tavares, R.L., De Andrade Pereira, R., Neto, M.M., Da Silva, B.A. (2018). Aortic response to strength training and spirulina platensis dependent on nitric oxide and antioxidants. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1522. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01522
  • Budak, B., Beyza, S., Sarikaya, Ö. (2022). Spirulina: Properties, benefits and health-nutrition relationship. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 1654-1662. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1200004
  • Calella, P., Di Dio, M., Cerullo, G., Di Onofrio, V., Gallé, F., Liguori, G. (2022). Antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina in disease conditions: a systematic review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 73(8), 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2022.2137785
  • Carbone, D. A., Pellone, P., Lubritto, C., Ciniglia, C. (2021). Evaluation of microalgae antiviral activity and their bioactive compounds. Antibiotics, 10(6), 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060746
  • Carvalho, L. F., Moreira, J. B., Oliveira, M. S., Costa, J. A. V. (2018). Novel food supplements formulated with s pirulina to meet athletes’ needs. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 61, e17160656. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2017160656
  • Chaouachi, M., Gautier, S., Carnot, Y., Bideau, N., Guillemot, P., Moison, Y., Collin, T., Vincent, S., Groussard, C. (2021). Spirulina platensis provides a small advantage in vertical jump and sprint performance but does not ımprove elite rugby players’ body Composition. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 18(6), 682–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1832639
  • Chaouachi, M., Gautier, S., Carnot, Y., Guillemot, P., Pincemail, J., Moison, Y., Collin, T., Groussard, C., Vincent, S. (2022). Spirulina supplementation prevents exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation and skeletal muscle damage in elite rugby players. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 35(6), 1151–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13014
  • Chaouachi, M., Vincent, S., Groussard, C. (2024). A Review of the Health-Promoting Properties of Spirulina with a Focus on athletes’ Performance and Recovery. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 21(2), 210–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2023.2208663
  • Chen, Y., Wan, X., Wu, D., Ouyang, Y., Gao, L., Chen, Z., El-Seedi, H. R., Wang, M. fu, Chen, X., Zhao, C. (2020). Characterization of the structure and analysis of the anti-oxidant effect of microalga Spirulina platensis polysaccharide on Caenorhabditis elegans mediated by modulating microRNAs and gut microbiota. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 163, 2295–2305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.041
  • Dagnino-Leone, J., Figueroa, C.P., Castañeda, M.L., Youlton, A.D., Vallejos-Almirall, A., Agurto-Muñoz, A., Pavón Pérez, J., Agurto-Muñoz, C. (2022). Phycobiliproteins: Structural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological perspectives. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 20, 1506–1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.016
  • Damessa, F.T., Chacha, M., Vianney, J.M., Raymond, J. (2021). Measuring serum toxicity markers to evaluate the safety of commercially available spirulina productsin mice. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 9(1), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.9.1.33
  • Fatouros, I.G., Jamurtas, A.Z. (2016). Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: opportunities for optimizing performance. Journal of Inflammation Research, 9, 175-186. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S114635
  • Gabr, G.A., El-Sayed, S.M., Hikal, M.S. (2020). Antioxidant Activities of Phycocyanin: A Bioactive Compound from Spirulina platensis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(2), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i230407
  • Galvão, A.S., Carlos, L., Gonçalves, O., Santos, J., Lopes, S., Magalhães-Neto, A.M. (2022). Induction Of Ergogenic Activity Through The Use Of Spirulina Supplementation In Athletes And Physical Activity Practitioners. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(9), 2109-2024.
  • Grover, P., Bhatnagar, A., Kumari, N., Narayan Bhatt, A., Kumar Nishad, D., Purkayastha, J. (2021). C-Phycocyanin-a novel protein from Spirulina platensis- In vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory studies. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(3), 1853–1859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.037
  • Gogna, S., Kaur, J., Sharma, K., Prasad, R., Singh, J., Bhadariya, V., Kumar, P., Jarial, S. (2023). Spirulina- An Edible Cyanobacterium with Potential Therapeutic Health Benefits and Toxicological Consequences. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 42(6), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/27697061.2022.2103852
  • Gubanenko, G., Naimushina, L., Zykova, I. (2019) Spirulina as a protein ingredient in a sports nutrition drink. 4th International Conference on Innovations in Sports, Tourism and Instructional Science, 162-166. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icistis-19.2019.42
  • Gurney, T., Brouner, J., Spendiff, O. (2021). Twenty-one days of spirulina supplementation lowers heart rate during submaximal cycling and augments power output during repeated sprints in trained cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 47(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2021-0344
  • Gurney, T., Brouner, J., Spendiff, O. (2023). The efficacy of microalgae supplementation for exercise performance. Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals, 565–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-98819-3.00003-1
  • Gurney, T., Spendiff, O. (2020). Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(12), 2657–2664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04487-2
  • Han, P., Li, J., Zhong, H., Xie, J., Zhang, P., Lu, Q., Li, J., Xu, P., Chen, P., Leng, L., Zhou, W. (2021). Anti-oxidation properties and therapeutic potentials of spirulina. Algal Research, 55, 102240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2021.102240
  • Hernández-Lepe, M. A., Olivas-Aguirre, F. J., Gómez-Miranda, L.M., Hernández-Torres, R.P., Manríquez-Torres, J. de J., Ramos-Jiménez, A. (2019). Systematic physical exercise and Spirulina maxima supplementation improve body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood lipid profile: Correlations of a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Antioxidants, 8(11), 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110507
  • Janda-Milczarek, K., Szymczykowska, K., Jakubczyk, K., Kupnicka, P., Skonieczna-Żydecka, K., Pilarczyk, B., Tomza-Marciniak, A., Ligenza, A., Stachowska, E., Dalewski, B. (2023). Spirulina supplements as a source of mineral nutrients in the daily diet. Applied Sciences, 13(2), 1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021011
  • Jiang, P., Meng, J., Zhang, L., Huang, L., Wei, L., Bai, Y., Liu, X., Li, S. (2022). Purification and anti-inflammatory effect of selenium-containing protein fraction from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis. Food Bioscience, 45, 101469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101469
  • Juszkiewicz, A., Basta, P., Petriczko, E., Machaliński, B., Trzeciak, J., Łuczkowska, K., Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. (2018). An attempt to induce an immunomodulatory effect in rowers with spirulina extract. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0213-3
  • Kalpana, K., Kusuma, D. L., Lal, P. R., Khanna, G.L. (2017). Impact of spirulina on exercise ınduced oxidative stress and post exercise recovery heart rate of athletes in comparison to a commercial antioxidant. Food Nutr J, 2(4), 139. https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-7091.100039
  • Kashani, A., Keshavarz, S.A., Jafari-Vayghan, H., Azam, K., Hozoori, M., Alinavaz, M., Djafarian, K. (2022). Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on exercise-ınduced muscle damage, oxidative stress and ınflammation in taekwondo athletes: A randomized cross-over trial. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(4), 589–595. https://doi.org/10.34172/PS.2022.9
  • Kerna, N.A., Nwokorie, U., Ann, M., Ortigas, C., Chawla, S., Pruitt, K.D., Flores, J., Holets, H.M., Carsrud, V., Waugh, S., Ii, J.A. (2022). Spirulina consumption: Concerns regarding contaminants and uncommon but possible adverse reactions and ınteractions. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 10, 69–78.
  • Krokidas, A., Gakis, A. G., Aktypi, O., Antonopoulou, S., Nomikos, T. (2024). Effect of Spirulina Nigrita® supplementation on ındices of exercise-ınduced muscle damage after eccentric protocol of upper limbs in apparently healthy volunteers. Nutrients, 16(11), 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111651
  • La Mantia, I., Maniaci, A., Scibilia, G., Scollo, P. (2024). Effects of a dietary microalgae (Arthrospira platensis) supplement on stress, well-being, and performance in water polo players: A clinical case series. Nutrients, 16(15), 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152421

Spirulina: Yetişkinler ve sporcular için besin desteği potansiyeli – literatür taraması

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 279 - 292, 01.07.2025

Gökçen Orak , Eren Canbolat

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25024

Abstract

Siyanobakteriler grubunda yer alan Spirulina, yüksek protein içeriği, esansiyel amino asitler ve zengin mikro besin profili ile öne çıkan fonksiyonel bir besindir. Antioksidan, anti-inflamatuar, bağışıklık düzenleyici, antikanserojen ve antiviral özelliklere sahip olan Spirulina, malnütrisyon, obezite, diyabet, ağır metal toksisitesi ve anemi gibi sağlık sorunlarının yönetiminde önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Aynı zamanda, düşük kalorili ve yüksek besin yoğunluğuna sahip olması nedeniyle sağlıklı bir diyetin önemli bir bileşeni olarak değerlendirilir. Spirulina, serbest radikalleri etkisiz hale getirme kapasitesi ve süperoksit dismutaz gibi enzimlerin aktivitesini artırma özelliği ile oksidatif stresin azaltılmasında etkili rol oynar. Yüksek biyoyararlanıma sahip protein içeriği ile sporcular için alternatif bir protein kaynağıdır ve egzersiz sonrası toparlanma süreçlerini destekler. Literatürde, 2-6 g/gün Spirulina kullanımının kas hasarını ve inflamasyonu azalttığı, bağışıklık yanıtlarını iyileştirdiği ve spor performansını artırdığına dair bulgular rapor edilmiştir. Ancak, performans üzerindeki etkinliği üzerine yapılan çalışmalar çelişkili sonuçlar içermekte ve daha fazla araştırma yapılmasını gerektirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Spirulina’nın sağlık ve spor alanındaki faydalarını tam anlamıyla ortaya koyabilmek için farklı popülasyonlarda daha kapsamlı ve uzun dönemli çalışmalar gereklidir. Bu kapsamda Spirulina, geniş bir uygulama potansiyeline sahip olan ve sürdürülebilir üretim yaklaşımları ile desteklenmesi gereken önemli bir besin kaynağıdır.

Keywords

Spirulina Sağlık Spor Performansı Antioksidan

Ethical Statement

Araştırma niteliği bakımından etik izne tabii değildir.

References

  • AlFadhly, N.K.Z., Alhelfi, N., Altemimi, A.B., Verma, D.K., Cacciola, F., Narayanankutty, A. (2022). Trends and technological advancements in the possible food applications of spirulina and their health benefits: A review. Molecules (17), 5584. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175584
  • Ali, Y., Aubeeluck, R., Gurney, T. (2024). Fourteen-Days Spirulina supplementation ıncreases hemoglobin, but does not provide ergogenic benefit in recreationally active cyclists: a double-blinded randomized crossover trial. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 21(3), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2023.2263564
  • Bagheri, R., Negaresh, R., Motevalli, M.S., Wong, A., Ashtary-Larky, D., Kargarfard, M., Rashidlamir, A. (2022). Spirulina supplementation during gradual weight loss in competitive wrestlers. British Journal of Nutrition, 127(2), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711452100091X
  • Bekker, L.G., Beyrer, C., Mgodi, N., Lewin, S.R., Delany-Moretlwe, S., Taiwo, B., Masters, M.C., Lazarus, J.V. (2023). HIV infection. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 9(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3
  • Brito, A. de F., Silva, A.S., de Oliveira, C.V.C., de Souza, A.A., Ferreira, P. B., de Souza, I.L.L., da Cunha Araujo, L.C., da Silva Félix, G., de Souza Sampaio, R., Tavares, R.L., de Andrade Pereira, R., Neto, M.M., da Silva, B.A. (2020). Spirulina platensis prevents oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by strength training in rats: dose-response relation study. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 6382. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63272-5
  • Brito, A. de F, Silva, A.S., De Souza, A.A., Ferreira, P. B., De Souza, I.L.L., Da Cunha Araujo, L.C., Da Silva Félix, G., De Souza Sampaio, R., Silva, M.D.C.C., Tavares, R.L., De Andrade Pereira, R., Neto, M.M., Da Silva, B.A. (2018). Aortic response to strength training and spirulina platensis dependent on nitric oxide and antioxidants. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1522. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01522
  • Budak, B., Beyza, S., Sarikaya, Ö. (2022). Spirulina: Properties, benefits and health-nutrition relationship. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 1654-1662. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1200004
  • Calella, P., Di Dio, M., Cerullo, G., Di Onofrio, V., Gallé, F., Liguori, G. (2022). Antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina in disease conditions: a systematic review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 73(8), 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2022.2137785
  • Carbone, D. A., Pellone, P., Lubritto, C., Ciniglia, C. (2021). Evaluation of microalgae antiviral activity and their bioactive compounds. Antibiotics, 10(6), 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060746
  • Carvalho, L. F., Moreira, J. B., Oliveira, M. S., Costa, J. A. V. (2018). Novel food supplements formulated with s pirulina to meet athletes’ needs. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 61, e17160656. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2017160656
  • Chaouachi, M., Gautier, S., Carnot, Y., Bideau, N., Guillemot, P., Moison, Y., Collin, T., Vincent, S., Groussard, C. (2021). Spirulina platensis provides a small advantage in vertical jump and sprint performance but does not ımprove elite rugby players’ body Composition. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 18(6), 682–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1832639
  • Chaouachi, M., Gautier, S., Carnot, Y., Guillemot, P., Pincemail, J., Moison, Y., Collin, T., Groussard, C., Vincent, S. (2022). Spirulina supplementation prevents exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation and skeletal muscle damage in elite rugby players. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 35(6), 1151–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.13014
  • Chaouachi, M., Vincent, S., Groussard, C. (2024). A Review of the Health-Promoting Properties of Spirulina with a Focus on athletes’ Performance and Recovery. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 21(2), 210–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2023.2208663
  • Chen, Y., Wan, X., Wu, D., Ouyang, Y., Gao, L., Chen, Z., El-Seedi, H. R., Wang, M. fu, Chen, X., Zhao, C. (2020). Characterization of the structure and analysis of the anti-oxidant effect of microalga Spirulina platensis polysaccharide on Caenorhabditis elegans mediated by modulating microRNAs and gut microbiota. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 163, 2295–2305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.041
  • Dagnino-Leone, J., Figueroa, C.P., Castañeda, M.L., Youlton, A.D., Vallejos-Almirall, A., Agurto-Muñoz, A., Pavón Pérez, J., Agurto-Muñoz, C. (2022). Phycobiliproteins: Structural aspects, functional characteristics, and biotechnological perspectives. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 20, 1506–1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.016
  • Damessa, F.T., Chacha, M., Vianney, J.M., Raymond, J. (2021). Measuring serum toxicity markers to evaluate the safety of commercially available spirulina productsin mice. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 9(1), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.9.1.33
  • Fatouros, I.G., Jamurtas, A.Z. (2016). Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: opportunities for optimizing performance. Journal of Inflammation Research, 9, 175-186. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S114635
  • Gabr, G.A., El-Sayed, S.M., Hikal, M.S. (2020). Antioxidant Activities of Phycocyanin: A Bioactive Compound from Spirulina platensis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(2), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i230407
  • Galvão, A.S., Carlos, L., Gonçalves, O., Santos, J., Lopes, S., Magalhães-Neto, A.M. (2022). Induction Of Ergogenic Activity Through The Use Of Spirulina Supplementation In Athletes And Physical Activity Practitioners. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(9), 2109-2024.
  • Grover, P., Bhatnagar, A., Kumari, N., Narayan Bhatt, A., Kumar Nishad, D., Purkayastha, J. (2021). C-Phycocyanin-a novel protein from Spirulina platensis- In vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory studies. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(3), 1853–1859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.037
  • Gogna, S., Kaur, J., Sharma, K., Prasad, R., Singh, J., Bhadariya, V., Kumar, P., Jarial, S. (2023). Spirulina- An Edible Cyanobacterium with Potential Therapeutic Health Benefits and Toxicological Consequences. Journal of the American Nutrition Association, 42(6), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/27697061.2022.2103852
  • Gubanenko, G., Naimushina, L., Zykova, I. (2019) Spirulina as a protein ingredient in a sports nutrition drink. 4th International Conference on Innovations in Sports, Tourism and Instructional Science, 162-166. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icistis-19.2019.42
  • Gurney, T., Brouner, J., Spendiff, O. (2021). Twenty-one days of spirulina supplementation lowers heart rate during submaximal cycling and augments power output during repeated sprints in trained cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 47(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2021-0344
  • Gurney, T., Brouner, J., Spendiff, O. (2023). The efficacy of microalgae supplementation for exercise performance. Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals, 565–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-98819-3.00003-1
  • Gurney, T., Spendiff, O. (2020). Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120(12), 2657–2664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04487-2
  • Han, P., Li, J., Zhong, H., Xie, J., Zhang, P., Lu, Q., Li, J., Xu, P., Chen, P., Leng, L., Zhou, W. (2021). Anti-oxidation properties and therapeutic potentials of spirulina. Algal Research, 55, 102240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2021.102240
  • Hernández-Lepe, M. A., Olivas-Aguirre, F. J., Gómez-Miranda, L.M., Hernández-Torres, R.P., Manríquez-Torres, J. de J., Ramos-Jiménez, A. (2019). Systematic physical exercise and Spirulina maxima supplementation improve body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood lipid profile: Correlations of a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Antioxidants, 8(11), 507. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110507
  • Janda-Milczarek, K., Szymczykowska, K., Jakubczyk, K., Kupnicka, P., Skonieczna-Żydecka, K., Pilarczyk, B., Tomza-Marciniak, A., Ligenza, A., Stachowska, E., Dalewski, B. (2023). Spirulina supplements as a source of mineral nutrients in the daily diet. Applied Sciences, 13(2), 1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13021011
  • Jiang, P., Meng, J., Zhang, L., Huang, L., Wei, L., Bai, Y., Liu, X., Li, S. (2022). Purification and anti-inflammatory effect of selenium-containing protein fraction from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis. Food Bioscience, 45, 101469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101469
  • Juszkiewicz, A., Basta, P., Petriczko, E., Machaliński, B., Trzeciak, J., Łuczkowska, K., Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. (2018). An attempt to induce an immunomodulatory effect in rowers with spirulina extract. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0213-3
  • Kalpana, K., Kusuma, D. L., Lal, P. R., Khanna, G.L. (2017). Impact of spirulina on exercise ınduced oxidative stress and post exercise recovery heart rate of athletes in comparison to a commercial antioxidant. Food Nutr J, 2(4), 139. https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-7091.100039
  • Kashani, A., Keshavarz, S.A., Jafari-Vayghan, H., Azam, K., Hozoori, M., Alinavaz, M., Djafarian, K. (2022). Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on exercise-ınduced muscle damage, oxidative stress and ınflammation in taekwondo athletes: A randomized cross-over trial. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(4), 589–595. https://doi.org/10.34172/PS.2022.9
  • Kerna, N.A., Nwokorie, U., Ann, M., Ortigas, C., Chawla, S., Pruitt, K.D., Flores, J., Holets, H.M., Carsrud, V., Waugh, S., Ii, J.A. (2022). Spirulina consumption: Concerns regarding contaminants and uncommon but possible adverse reactions and ınteractions. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 10, 69–78.
  • Krokidas, A., Gakis, A. G., Aktypi, O., Antonopoulou, S., Nomikos, T. (2024). Effect of Spirulina Nigrita® supplementation on ındices of exercise-ınduced muscle damage after eccentric protocol of upper limbs in apparently healthy volunteers. Nutrients, 16(11), 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111651
  • La Mantia, I., Maniaci, A., Scibilia, G., Scollo, P. (2024). Effects of a dietary microalgae (Arthrospira platensis) supplement on stress, well-being, and performance in water polo players: A clinical case series. Nutrients, 16(15), 2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16152421
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Properties, Sport and Exercise Nutrition, Sports Nutrition
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Gökçen Orak 0009-0009-3368-5329

Eren Canbolat 0000-0001-6250-2303

Early Pub Date June 23, 2025
Publication Date July 1, 2025
Submission Date March 6, 2025
Acceptance Date May 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Orak, G., & Canbolat, E. (2025). Spirulina: Yetişkinler ve sporcular için besin desteği potansiyeli – literatür taraması. Food and Health, 11(3), 279-292. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25024
 Download Cover Image

16339

Journal is licensed under a

CreativeCommons Attribtion-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence  14627 1331027042
Diamond Open Access refers to a scholarly publication model in which journals and platforms do not charge fees to either authors or readers.

Open Access Statement:

This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.

Archiving Policy:

27222

Archiving is done according to ULAKBİM "DergiPark" publication policy (LOCKSS).