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Comparison of the fatty acid composition of pecan and walnuts from various regions and the development of a rapid analytical method

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 14 - 26, 10.01.2025

Şenay Burçin Alkan , Abdullah Öksüz

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25002

Abstract

The study determined the fatty acid profiles of pecan and walnut samples from various regions of Türkiye and proposed a rapid method for profiling fatty acids. Twenty walnut samples (Ahırlı, İncesu-Seydişehir and Derbent-Konya, Yenişarbademli and Yalvaç-Isparta, Burdur, Göksun and Çağlayancerit-Kahramanmaraş, Ezine-Çanakkale, Belen-Hatay, Denizli, Mut-Mersin, Ermenek-Karaman and Osmaniye) and one pecan sample (Narlıca-Hatay) were analysed. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared using direct methylation of 0.1-gram samples, and compositions were determined via gas chromatography. The study compared direct methylation to other extraction methods (ASE and Bligh & Dyer) using the “Maraş-18” cultivar. Results showed that linoleic acid levels in walnuts ranged from 48.5 to 64.1%, with an average of 57.16%. Oleic acid content ranged from 13.6 to 33.4%, with a mean of 20.5%. Alpha-linolenic acid varied between 7.6 and 17.1%, with the highest levels in the “Native” cultivar from Yenişarbademli. The pecan sample had high oleic acid (59.6%) but low α-linolenic acid (1.14%). While the “Maraş-18” cultivar showed consistent fatty acid profiles across methods, minor statistical differences in individual fatty acid percentages were observed. Due to its speed, efficiency, and alignment with green chemistry, the direct methylation method may be recommended for fatty acid analysis in walnut kernels.

Keywords

Walnut Juglans regia. L Fatty acid Gas chromatography

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this study does not include experiments with human or animal subjects, so ethics committee approval is not required.

Supporting Institution

This research received no external funding. It was granted by the authors’ own funds and carried out using Necmettin Erbakan University Nutrition and Dietetics Department Laboratory facilities.

Thanks

The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Erdal Kocabaş and his fellow Çağatay Sağır for the FTIR analysis and Musa Kuru for providing pecan samples. The study was presented as an oral presentation at the IV. National Walnut Symposium (16-19 November 2023, Denizli, Türkiye), and the abstract was published in the proceedings book.

References

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  • Aydın, Ç.M., & Güven, A. (2024). The seed content and oil composition of walnuts were cultivated from Tunceli, Türkiye. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2297517. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2297517
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  • Bayazıt, S., & Sümbül, A. (2012). Determination of fruit quality and fatty acid composition of Turkish walnut (Juglans regia) cultivars and genotypes grown in Subtropical Climate of Eastern Mediterranean Region. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 14(3), 419–424.
  • Bishehkolaei, M., & Pathak, Y. (2024). Influence of omega n-6/n-3 ratio on cardiovascular disease and nutritional interventions. Human Nutrition & Metabolism, 37, 200275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200275
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  • Goodarzi, H., Hassani, D., Pourhosseini, L., Kalantari, S., & Lashgari, A. (2023). Total lipid and fatty acids components of some Persian walnut (Juglans regia) cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 321, 112252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112252
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Comparison of the fatty acid composition of pecan and walnuts from various regions and the development of a rapid analytical method

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 14 - 26, 10.01.2025

Şenay Burçin Alkan , Abdullah Öksüz

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25002

Abstract

The study determined the fatty acid profiles of pecan and walnut samples from various regions of Türkiye and proposed a rapid method for profiling fatty acids. Twenty walnut samples (Ahırlı, İncesu-Seydişehir and Derbent-Konya, Yenişarbademli and Yalvaç-Isparta, Burdur, Göksun and Çağlayancerit-Kahramanmaraş, Ezine-Çanakkale, Belen-Hatay, Denizli, Mut-Mersin, Ermenek-Karaman and Osmaniye) and one pecan sample (Narlıca-Hatay) were analysed. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared using direct methylation of 0.1-gram samples, and compositions were determined via gas chromatography. The study compared direct methylation to other extraction methods (ASE and Bligh & Dyer) using the “Maraş-18” cultivar. Results showed that linoleic acid levels in walnuts ranged from 48.5 to 64.1%, with an average of 57.16%. Oleic acid content ranged from 13.6 to 33.4%, with a mean of 20.5%. Alpha-linolenic acid varied between 7.6 and 17.1%, with the highest levels in the “Native” cultivar from Yenişarbademli. The pecan sample had high oleic acid (59.6%) but low α-linolenic acid (1.14%). While the “Maraş-18” cultivar showed consistent fatty acid profiles across methods, minor statistical differences in individual fatty acid percentages were observed. Due to its speed, efficiency, and alignment with green chemistry, the direct methylation method may be recommended for fatty acid analysis in walnut kernels.

Keywords

Walnut Juglans regia. L Fatty acid Gas chromatography

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this study does not include experiments with human or animal subjects, so ethics committee approval is not required.

Supporting Institution

This research received no external funding. It was granted by the authors’ own funds and carried out using Necmettin Erbakan University Nutrition and Dietetics Department Laboratory facilities.

Thanks

The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Erdal Kocabaş and his fellow Çağatay Sağır for the FTIR analysis and Musa Kuru for providing pecan samples. The study was presented as an oral presentation at the IV. National Walnut Symposium (16-19 November 2023, Denizli, Türkiye), and the abstract was published in the proceedings book.

References

  • Ada, M., Paızıla, A., Bilgin, Ö. F., Attar, Ş. H., Türemiş, N., & Kafkas, S. (2021). Determination of fat, fatty acids and tocopherol content of several Turkish walnut cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences, 5(1), 94-100.
  • Aydın, Ç.M., & Güven, A. (2024). The seed content and oil composition of walnuts were cultivated from Tunceli, Türkiye. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2297517. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2297517
  • Bada, J.C., León-Camacho, M., Prieto, M., Copovi, P., & Alonso, L. (2010). Characterization of walnut oils (Juglans regia L.) from Asturias, Spain. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87(12), 1469–1474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-010-1629-3
  • Balcı, I., Balta, F., Kazankaya, A., & Şen, S. (2001). Promising native walnut genotypes (Juglans regia L.) of the east black sea region of Turkey. Journal of the American Pomological Society, 55(4), 204.
  • Baojun, Z., Yonghong, G., & Liqun, H. (2010). Overview of walnut culture in China. Acta Horticulturae, 861, 39–44. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.861.3
  • Bayazıt, S., & Sümbül, A. (2012). Determination of fruit quality and fatty acid composition of Turkish walnut (Juglans regia) cultivars and genotypes grown in Subtropical Climate of Eastern Mediterranean Region. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 14(3), 419–424.
  • Bishehkolaei, M., & Pathak, Y. (2024). Influence of omega n-6/n-3 ratio on cardiovascular disease and nutritional interventions. Human Nutrition & Metabolism, 37, 200275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200275
  • Cittadini, M.C., Martín, D., Gallo, S., Fuente, G., Bodoira, R., Martínez, M., & Maestri, D. (2020). Evaluation of hazelnut and walnut oil chemical traits from conventional cultivars and native genetic resources in a non-traditional crop environment from Argentina. European Food Research and Technology, 246(4), 833–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03453-8
  • Çelik, S.A. (2024). Determination of Physico-mechanical and chemical properties of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] grown in Türkiye. Applied Fruit Science, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-024-01171-z
  • Davarkhah, Z., Hosseinifarahi, M., Radi, M., Ghoilpour, S., & Khadivi, A. (2024). Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of some superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02078-0
  • Doğan, M., & Akgül, A. (2005.). Fatty acid composition of some walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars from east Anatolia. Grasas y Aceites, 56(4), 328-331.
  • Elouafy, Y., El Yadini, A., El Moudden, H., Harhar, H., Alshahrani, M.M., Awadh, A.A.A., ... & Tabyaoui, M. (2022). Influence of the extraction method on the quality and chemical composition of walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil. Molecules, 27(22), 7681. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227681
  • FDA (2024). Daily value on the nutrition and supplement facts labels. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels#:~:text=Use%20%25DV%20to%20determine%20if,per%20serving%20is%20considered%20high
  • Ferrari, V., Gil, G., Heinzen, H., Zoppolo, R., & Ibáñez, F. (2022). Influence of cultivar on nutritional composition and nutraceutical potential of pecan growing in Uruguay. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 868054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.868054
  • Gao, P., Liu, R., Jin, Q., & Wang, X. (2019). Comparative study of chemical compositions and antioxidant capacities of oils obtained from two species of walnut: Juglans regia and Juglans sigillata. Food Chemistry, 279, 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.016
  • Gao, Y., Hu, J., Su, X., Li, Q., Su, C., Li, Y., Ma, G., Zhang, S., & Yu, X. (2024). Extraction, chemical components, bioactive functions and adulteration identification of walnut oils: A review. Grain and Oil Science and Technology, 7, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2024.01.004
  • Geng, S., Ning, D., Ma, T., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., & Sun, X. (2021). Comprehensive analysis of the components of walnut kernel (Juglans regia L.) in China. Journal of Food Quality, 2021, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9302181
  • Goodarzi, H., Hassani, D., Pourhosseini, L., Kalantari, S., & Lashgari, A. (2023). Total lipid and fatty acids components of some Persian walnut (Juglans regia) cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 321, 112252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112252
  • Greve, L.C., Mcgranahan, G., Hasey, J., Snyder, R., Kelly, K., Goldhamer, D., & Labavitch, J.M. (1992). Variation in polyunsaturated fatty acids composition of persian walnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 117(3), 518-522. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.117.3.518
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  • Hayes, D., Angove, M.J., Tucci, J., & Dennis, C. (2016). Walnuts (Juglans regia) chemical composition and research in human health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 56(8), 1231-1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.760516
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Properties
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şenay Burçin Alkan 0000-0001-5465-1210

Abdullah Öksüz 0000-0001-8778-9320

Early Pub Date December 24, 2024
Publication Date January 10, 2025
Submission Date August 27, 2024
Acceptance Date September 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Alkan, Ş. B., & Öksüz, A. (2025). Comparison of the fatty acid composition of pecan and walnuts from various regions and the development of a rapid analytical method. Food and Health, 11(1), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25002
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