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Research Article
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Investigation of microbiological quality of powdered infant formulas and their suitability for formula preparation recommendations

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 27 - 36, 01.01.2023

Kübra Esin , Sine Özmen Toğay

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23003

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality of powdered infant formulas on sale in Turkey and to assess the compliance of the preparation instructions recommended by the formula companies with the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the study, 36 powdered infant formulas belonging to 10 different companies were analysed regarding the presence of Cronobacter sakazakii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, coliform and faecal coliform, mould-yeast, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts. C. sakazakii was detected in two of the examined formula samples. At various levels, B. cereus in nine, S. auerus in four, coliform bacteria in 10 and faecal coliform bacteria in eight of the formula samples were found and these identified values were discovered above the legal limits. When the compliance of the preparation instructions recommended by the formula companies with the WHO guidelines was evaluated, the instruction requiring the water temperature to be >70°C, which is critical in the control of C. sakazakii, was not included in the preparation instructions of any formula companies. Although the microbiological quality of the formulas was determined by the legal limits, it was observed that the targeted microbiological quality could not be reached in some of the examined formula samples and the instructions prepared by the companies may not be adequate for the food safety. 

Keywords

Powdered Infant Formula Microbiological Quality Formula Preparation Instructions

References

  • Abdelreda, S.M., Ajmi, R.N. (2016). Microbial quality of infant formula milk powder in Baghdad City. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 7(4), 214-218.
  • Al, S., Dışhan, A., Çelik, E., Akçay, A. (2020). Meta-analysis of prevalence of cronobacter sakazakii in foods consumed in Turkey. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 13(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.660115
  • Anonim (2005). Merck gıda mikrobiyolojisi uygulamaları. Başak Matbaacılık, 358 s., Ankara.
  • Bahçeci, T., Sancar, B.Ç., Özpınar, H. (2018). Bebek beslenmesinde kullanılan gıdaların mikrobiyolojik kalitelerinin araştırılması. Aydın Gastronomy, 2(1), 15-20.
  • Buchanan, R.L., Oni, R. (2012). Use of microbiological indicators for assessing hygiene controls for the manufacture of powdered infant formula. Journal of Food Protection, 75(5), 989-997. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-532
  • CDC (2022). Breastfeeding. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/faq/index.htm#benefits (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2022)
  • Cho, T.J., Hwang, J.Y., Kim, H.W., Kim, Y.K., Il Kwon, J., Kim, Y.J., ..., Rhee, M.S. (2019). Underestimated risks of infantile infectious disease from the caregiver’s typical handling practices of infant formula. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46181-0
  • Crawley, H., Westland, S., Sibson, V. (2020). The bacterial contamination of powdered infant formula: What are the risks and do we need to review current instructions for safe preparation? First Steps Nutrition Trust, 1-57.
  • Ergün, Ö., Aksu, H., Arun, Ö.Ö., Çolak, H. (2002). Ülkemizde satılan bebek ve çocuk mamalarında gıda zehirlenmesine neden olan önemli bazı mikroorganizmaların varlığı üzerine araştırmalar. Gıda, 27(4), 253-257.
  • Fei, P., Jiang, Y., Jiang, Y., Yuan, X., Yang, T., Chen, J., ..., Forsythe, S.J. (2017). Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates from powdered infant formula collected from Chinese retail markets. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 2026-2034. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02026
  • Genç, E., Vural, A. (2021). Bebek ve küçük çocuk gıdalarında bakteriyel sağlık riskleri. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 51(1), 1-10.
  • Henry, M., Fouladkhah, A. (2019). Outbreak history, biofilm formation, and preventive measures for control of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant formula and infant care settings. Microorganisms, 7(3), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030077
  • Heperkan, D., Dalkilic-Kaya, G., and Juneja, V. K. (2017). Cronobacter sakazakii in baby foods and baby food ingredients of dairy origin and microbiological profile of positive samples. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 75, 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.09.013
  • Kalyantanda, G., Shumyak, L., Archibald, L.K. (2015). Cronobacter species contamination of powdered infant formula and the implications for neonatal health. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3, 56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2015.00056
  • Kent, R.M., Fitzgerald, G.F., Hill, C., Stanton, C., Ross, R.P. (2015). Novel approaches to improve the intrinsic microbiological safety of powdered infant milk formula. Nutrients, 7(2), 1217-1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7021217
  • Kim, S.A., Oh, S.W., Lee, Y.M., Imm, J.Y., Hwang, I.G., Kang, D.H., Rhee, M.S. (2011). Microbial contamination of food products consumed by infants and babies in Korea. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53(5), 532-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03142.x
  • Mardaneh, J., Dallal, M.M.S. (2017). Study of Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from powdered milk infant formula by phenotypic and molecular methods in Iran. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 5(1), e37680. https://doi.org/10.5812/pedinfect.38867
  • Martin, C.R., Ling, P.R., Blackburn, G.L. (2016). Review of infant feeding: key features of breast milk and infant formula. Nutrients, 8(5), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050279
  • Muytjens, H.L., Roelofs-Willemse, H., Jaspar, G.H. (1988). Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26(4), 743-746. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.26.4.743-746.1988
  • Parra-Flores, J., Maury-Sintjago, E., Rodriguez-Fernández, A., Acuña, S., Cerda, F., Aguirre, J., Holy, O. (2020). Microbiological quality of powdered infant formula in Latin America. Journal of Food Protection, 83(3), 534-541. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-399
  • Parra-Flores, J., Rodriguez, A., Riffo, F., Arvizu-Medrano, S.M., Arias-Rios, E.V., Aguirre, J. (2015). Investigation on the factors affecting Cronobacter sakazakii contamination levels in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3, 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2015.00072
  • Pei, X., Yang, S., Zhan, L., Zhu, J., Song, X., Hu, X., ..., Yang, D. (2018). Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in powdered infant and powdered follow-up formula in China. Food Control, 93, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.049
  • Sadek, Z.I., Abdel-Rahman, M.A., Azab, M.S., Darwesh, O.M., Hassan, M.S. (2018). Microbiological evaluation of infant foods quality and molecular detection of Bacillus cereus toxins relating genes. Toxicology Reports, 5, 871-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.013
  • Sani, N.A., Hartantyo, S.H.P., Forsythe, S.J. (2013). Microbiological assessment and evaluation of rehydration instructions on powdered infant formulas, follow-up formulas, and infant foods in Malaysia. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5409
  • Sezer, C., Vatansever, L., Bilge, N. (2015). The microbiological quality of infant milk and follow-on formula. Van Veterinary Journal, 26(1), 31-34.
  • Shadlia-Matug, M., Aidoo, K.E., Candlish, A.A., Elgerbi, A.M. (2008). Evaluation of some antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria isolated from infant foods in North Africa. Open Food Science Journal, 2, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874256400802010095
  • Strysko, J., Cope, J.R., Martin, H., Tarr, C., Hise, K., Collier, S., Bowen, A. (2020). Food safety and invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy, 1961–2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(5), 857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.190858
  • Temiz, A. (2010). Genel mikrobiyoloji uygulama teknikleri. Hatipoğlu Yayınevi, 278 s., Ankara.
  • Tokatli-Demirok, N., Arıcı, M. (2019). Presence Of Cronobacter Spp. and some quality characteristics of the powdered infant formula. Journal of Engineering & Natural Sciences/Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 37 (3), 769-777.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek Formülleri Tebliği (2008). T.C. Resmi Gazete Tarih: 04.09.2008, Sayı: 26987.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği (2011). TC. Resmi Gazete Tarih: 29.12.2011, Sayı: 28157.
  • Var, I., Özçakmak, S., Tekin, A., Yılmaz, S., Heshmati, B., Uçkun, O., Çetinkaya, A. (2021). Evaluation of food safety of commercial baby foods according to legal regulations. European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 3(5), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.5.373
  • Vural, A., Genç, E. (2022). Hygienic quality features in baby formulas, follow on formulas, and some supplementary foods. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 48(2), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.5152/actavet.2022.21101
  • Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, T., Zhang, Y., Yang, B., ..., Xia, X. (2012). Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from powdered infant formula milk and infant rice cereal in China. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153(1-2), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.030
  • World Health Organization (2004). Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula: Meeting report. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241562775 (Erişim Tarihi: 3.08.2022).
  • World Health Organization (2007). Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula: Guidelines. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43659 (Erişim Tarihi: 3.08.2022).
  • World Health Organization (2022). Breastfeeding. https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2022)
  • Xie, X., Liu, Z. (2021). Simultaneous enumeration of Cronobacter sakazakii and Staphylococcus aureus in powdered infant foods through duplex TaqMan real-time PCR. International Dairy Journal, 117, 105019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105019
  • Zheng, Z., Xie, Y., Ma, S., Tu, J., Li, J., Liang, S., ..., Shi, C. (2021). Effect of 405-nm light-emitting diode on environmental tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. Food Research International, 144, 110343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110343
  • Ziver, T., Okburan, G., Akgül, Ö., Saribas, S., Kocazeybek, B. (2020). Investigation of Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) presence in cereal infant foods. Progress in Nutrition, 22(2), 596-602.

Toz bebek mamalarının mikrobiyolojik kalitelerinin ve mama hazırlama önerilerine uygunluğunun araştırılması

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 27 - 36, 01.01.2023

Kübra Esin , Sine Özmen Toğay

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23003

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye piyasasında satışa sunulan toz bebek mamalarının mikrobiyolojik kalitelerinin incelenmesi ve mama firmaları tarafından önerilen hazırlama talimatlarının Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tavsiyelerine uygunluğunun değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 10 farklı firmaya ait 36 adet toz bebek maması Cronobacter sakazakii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, koliform ve fekal koliform bakteri, küf-maya, toplam mezofilik aerobik canlı bakteri sayıları açısından incelenmiştir. Mama firmaları tarafından önerilen hazırlama talimatlarının DSÖ önerilerine uygunluğu değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen mama örneklerinin iki tanesinde C. sakazakii tespit edilmiştir. Mama örneklerinin dokuz tanesinde B. cereus, dört tanesinde S. auerus, 10 tanesinde koliform ve sekiz tanesinde fekal koliform bakteri çeşitli düzeylerde saptanmış olup belirlenen bu değerler yasal limitlerin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Mama firmaları tarafından önerilen hazırlama talimatlarının DSÖ önerilerine uygunluğu değerlendirildiğinde, C. sakazakii’nin kontrolünde kritik nokta olan su sıcaklığının >70°C olması gerektiğine dair bir talimat hiçbir mama firması tarafından belirtilmemiştir. Mamalarda mikrobiyolojik kalitenin yasal sınırlar ile belirlenmiş olmasına karşın incelenen mama örneklerinin bazılarında hedeflenen mikrobiyolojik kaliteye ulaşılamadığı ve firmalar tarafından belirtilen mama hazırlama talimatlarının gıda güvenliği açısından yeterli olmayabileceği gözlenmiştir.

Keywords

Toz Bebek Maması Mikrobiyolojik Kalite Mama Hazırlama Talimatları

Thanks

Araştırmanın analiz kısmındaki katkılarından dolayı Fatma Koç’a, Elif Bilge Çağlayan’a, Esra Tansu Abdurrahmanoğlu’na, Kadriye Kübra Bingöl’e ve Nisanur Çiftçioğlu’na teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Abdelreda, S.M., Ajmi, R.N. (2016). Microbial quality of infant formula milk powder in Baghdad City. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 7(4), 214-218.
  • Al, S., Dışhan, A., Çelik, E., Akçay, A. (2020). Meta-analysis of prevalence of cronobacter sakazakii in foods consumed in Turkey. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 13(1), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.660115
  • Anonim (2005). Merck gıda mikrobiyolojisi uygulamaları. Başak Matbaacılık, 358 s., Ankara.
  • Bahçeci, T., Sancar, B.Ç., Özpınar, H. (2018). Bebek beslenmesinde kullanılan gıdaların mikrobiyolojik kalitelerinin araştırılması. Aydın Gastronomy, 2(1), 15-20.
  • Buchanan, R.L., Oni, R. (2012). Use of microbiological indicators for assessing hygiene controls for the manufacture of powdered infant formula. Journal of Food Protection, 75(5), 989-997. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-532
  • CDC (2022). Breastfeeding. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/faq/index.htm#benefits (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2022)
  • Cho, T.J., Hwang, J.Y., Kim, H.W., Kim, Y.K., Il Kwon, J., Kim, Y.J., ..., Rhee, M.S. (2019). Underestimated risks of infantile infectious disease from the caregiver’s typical handling practices of infant formula. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46181-0
  • Crawley, H., Westland, S., Sibson, V. (2020). The bacterial contamination of powdered infant formula: What are the risks and do we need to review current instructions for safe preparation? First Steps Nutrition Trust, 1-57.
  • Ergün, Ö., Aksu, H., Arun, Ö.Ö., Çolak, H. (2002). Ülkemizde satılan bebek ve çocuk mamalarında gıda zehirlenmesine neden olan önemli bazı mikroorganizmaların varlığı üzerine araştırmalar. Gıda, 27(4), 253-257.
  • Fei, P., Jiang, Y., Jiang, Y., Yuan, X., Yang, T., Chen, J., ..., Forsythe, S.J. (2017). Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates from powdered infant formula collected from Chinese retail markets. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 2026-2034. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02026
  • Genç, E., Vural, A. (2021). Bebek ve küçük çocuk gıdalarında bakteriyel sağlık riskleri. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 51(1), 1-10.
  • Henry, M., Fouladkhah, A. (2019). Outbreak history, biofilm formation, and preventive measures for control of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant formula and infant care settings. Microorganisms, 7(3), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7030077
  • Heperkan, D., Dalkilic-Kaya, G., and Juneja, V. K. (2017). Cronobacter sakazakii in baby foods and baby food ingredients of dairy origin and microbiological profile of positive samples. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 75, 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.09.013
  • Kalyantanda, G., Shumyak, L., Archibald, L.K. (2015). Cronobacter species contamination of powdered infant formula and the implications for neonatal health. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3, 56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2015.00056
  • Kent, R.M., Fitzgerald, G.F., Hill, C., Stanton, C., Ross, R.P. (2015). Novel approaches to improve the intrinsic microbiological safety of powdered infant milk formula. Nutrients, 7(2), 1217-1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7021217
  • Kim, S.A., Oh, S.W., Lee, Y.M., Imm, J.Y., Hwang, I.G., Kang, D.H., Rhee, M.S. (2011). Microbial contamination of food products consumed by infants and babies in Korea. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53(5), 532-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03142.x
  • Mardaneh, J., Dallal, M.M.S. (2017). Study of Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from powdered milk infant formula by phenotypic and molecular methods in Iran. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 5(1), e37680. https://doi.org/10.5812/pedinfect.38867
  • Martin, C.R., Ling, P.R., Blackburn, G.L. (2016). Review of infant feeding: key features of breast milk and infant formula. Nutrients, 8(5), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050279
  • Muytjens, H.L., Roelofs-Willemse, H., Jaspar, G.H. (1988). Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26(4), 743-746. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.26.4.743-746.1988
  • Parra-Flores, J., Maury-Sintjago, E., Rodriguez-Fernández, A., Acuña, S., Cerda, F., Aguirre, J., Holy, O. (2020). Microbiological quality of powdered infant formula in Latin America. Journal of Food Protection, 83(3), 534-541. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-399
  • Parra-Flores, J., Rodriguez, A., Riffo, F., Arvizu-Medrano, S.M., Arias-Rios, E.V., Aguirre, J. (2015). Investigation on the factors affecting Cronobacter sakazakii contamination levels in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3, 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2015.00072
  • Pei, X., Yang, S., Zhan, L., Zhu, J., Song, X., Hu, X., ..., Yang, D. (2018). Prevalence of Bacillus cereus in powdered infant and powdered follow-up formula in China. Food Control, 93, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.049
  • Sadek, Z.I., Abdel-Rahman, M.A., Azab, M.S., Darwesh, O.M., Hassan, M.S. (2018). Microbiological evaluation of infant foods quality and molecular detection of Bacillus cereus toxins relating genes. Toxicology Reports, 5, 871-877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.013
  • Sani, N.A., Hartantyo, S.H.P., Forsythe, S.J. (2013). Microbiological assessment and evaluation of rehydration instructions on powdered infant formulas, follow-up formulas, and infant foods in Malaysia. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5409
  • Sezer, C., Vatansever, L., Bilge, N. (2015). The microbiological quality of infant milk and follow-on formula. Van Veterinary Journal, 26(1), 31-34.
  • Shadlia-Matug, M., Aidoo, K.E., Candlish, A.A., Elgerbi, A.M. (2008). Evaluation of some antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria isolated from infant foods in North Africa. Open Food Science Journal, 2, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874256400802010095
  • Strysko, J., Cope, J.R., Martin, H., Tarr, C., Hise, K., Collier, S., Bowen, A. (2020). Food safety and invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy, 1961–2018. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(5), 857. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.190858
  • Temiz, A. (2010). Genel mikrobiyoloji uygulama teknikleri. Hatipoğlu Yayınevi, 278 s., Ankara.
  • Tokatli-Demirok, N., Arıcı, M. (2019). Presence Of Cronobacter Spp. and some quality characteristics of the powdered infant formula. Journal of Engineering & Natural Sciences/Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 37 (3), 769-777.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bebek Formülleri Tebliği (2008). T.C. Resmi Gazete Tarih: 04.09.2008, Sayı: 26987.
  • Türk Gıda Kodeksi Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği (2011). TC. Resmi Gazete Tarih: 29.12.2011, Sayı: 28157.
  • Var, I., Özçakmak, S., Tekin, A., Yılmaz, S., Heshmati, B., Uçkun, O., Çetinkaya, A. (2021). Evaluation of food safety of commercial baby foods according to legal regulations. European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 3(5), 72-80. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.5.373
  • Vural, A., Genç, E. (2022). Hygienic quality features in baby formulas, follow on formulas, and some supplementary foods. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 48(2), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.5152/actavet.2022.21101
  • Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, T., Zhang, Y., Yang, B., ..., Xia, X. (2012). Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from powdered infant formula milk and infant rice cereal in China. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153(1-2), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.030
  • World Health Organization (2004). Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula: Meeting report. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241562775 (Erişim Tarihi: 3.08.2022).
  • World Health Organization (2007). Safe preparation, storage and handling of powdered infant formula: Guidelines. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43659 (Erişim Tarihi: 3.08.2022).
  • World Health Organization (2022). Breastfeeding. https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2022)
  • Xie, X., Liu, Z. (2021). Simultaneous enumeration of Cronobacter sakazakii and Staphylococcus aureus in powdered infant foods through duplex TaqMan real-time PCR. International Dairy Journal, 117, 105019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105019
  • Zheng, Z., Xie, Y., Ma, S., Tu, J., Li, J., Liang, S., ..., Shi, C. (2021). Effect of 405-nm light-emitting diode on environmental tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. Food Research International, 144, 110343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110343
  • Ziver, T., Okburan, G., Akgül, Ö., Saribas, S., Kocazeybek, B. (2020). Investigation of Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) presence in cereal infant foods. Progress in Nutrition, 22(2), 596-602.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kübra Esin 0000-0002-2687-1811

Sine Özmen Toğay 0000-0002-4688-0715

Publication Date January 1, 2023
Submission Date August 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Esin, K., & Özmen Toğay, S. (2023). Toz bebek mamalarının mikrobiyolojik kalitelerinin ve mama hazırlama önerilerine uygunluğunun araştırılması. Food and Health, 9(1), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23003
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