Redirecting to http://dergipark.org.tr/_fragment?_hash=7i-p_XzALT1XYYbrARHJtRSocTzk4PrR0vL5ph0yJFE&_path=id%3D1119356%26_format%3Dhtml%26_locale%3Den%26_controller%3DApp%255CController%255CSite%255CArticleController%253A%253AesiArticleStats.
Review Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Phytochemical profile and pharmaceutical properties of mulberry fruits

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 69 - 86, 01.01.2023

Demircan Özbalcı , Ebru Aydın , Gülcan Özkan

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23007

Abstract

The fruits of Morus species from the Mulberry family (Moraceae) are traditionally consumed widely due to their positive effects on health. The interest about its health effect are increasing due to its rich content of bioactive components (flavonol, anthocyanin, flavanonol, phenolic acids, alkaloids), minerals (potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium), vitamins (vitamin B1 and folic acid), oils (linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid) and melatonin. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the fruits have positive health effects such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiparkinsonian, anti-tumor/anti-cancer, antimicrobial and immune-enhancing effects due to the bioactive components. In addition, mulberry fruit are traditionally consumed for their diabetes, hypertension, liver, kidney damage, and eye improvement effects. However, there is only limited clinical studies about the pharmacological properties of mulberry fruits whereas more in vitro research are present. In this review, the phytochemical profile, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of Morus alba, Morus rubra, and Morus nigra fruits were investigated. 

Keywords

Morus alba Morus rubra Morus nigra Phytochemical compounds Pharmacological properties

References

  • Abd, E., Mohamed, K., Mostafa, A. (2011). Induction of biologically active flavonoids in cell cultures of Morus nigra and testing their hypoglycemic efficacy. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 79(4), 951-961. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1101-15
  • Afran, L. (2012). IL-25-responsive myeloid cells promote type 2 lung pathology. Nature Reviews Immunology, 12(6), 398-398. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3239
  • Akhlaq, A., Mehmood, M.H., Rehman, A., Ashraf, Z., Syed, S., Bawany, S.A., Gilani, A.H., Ilyas, M., Siddiqui, B.S. (2016). The prokinetic, laxative, and antidiarrheal effects of Morus nigra: Possible muscarinic, Ca2+ channel blocking, and antimuscarinic mechanisms. Phytotherapy Research, 30(8), 1362-1376. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5641 Aramwit, P., Bang, N., Srichana, T. (2010). The properties and stability of anthocyanins in mulberry fruits. Food Research International, 43(4), 1093-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.022
  • Arfan, M., Khan, R., Rybarczyk, A., Amarowicz, R. (2012). Antioxidant activity of mulberry fruit extracts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(2), 2472-2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13022472
  • Bae, S.-H., Suh, H.-J. (2007). Antioxidant activities of five different mulberry cultivars in Korea. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40(6), 955-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.06.007
  • Bai, H., Jiang, W., Wang, X., Hu, N., Liu, L., Li, X., Xie, Y., Wang, S. (2021). Component changes of mulberry leaf tea processed with honey and its application to in vitro and in vivo models of diabetes. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 38(11), 1840-1852. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2021.1953709
  • Bhattacharjya, D., Sadat, A., Dam, P., Buccini, D.F., Mondal, R., Biswas, T., Biswas, K., Sarkar, H., Bhuimali, A., Kati, A. (2021). Current concepts and prospects of mulberry fruits for nutraceutical and medicinal benefits. Current Opinion in Food Science, 40, 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.03.009
  • Calín-Sánchez, Á., Martínez-Nicolás, J.J., Munera-Picazo, S., Carbonell-Barrachina, Á.A., Legua, P., Hernández, F. (2013). Bioactive compounds and sensory quality of black and white mulberries grown in Spain. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 68(4), 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-013-0382-9
  • Can, A., Kazankaya, A., Orman, E., Gundogdu, M., Ercisli, S., Choudhary, R., Karunakaran, R. (2021). Sustainable mulberry (Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L.) production in Eastern Turkey. Sustainability, 13(24), 13507. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413507
  • Cao, Y., Ma, Z.F., Zhang, H., Jin, Y., Zhang, Y., Hayford, F. (2018). Phytochemical properties and nutrigenomic implications of yacon as a potential source of prebiotic: Current evidence and future directions. Foods, 7(4), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040059
  • Chan, E.W.-C., Phui-Yan, L., Siu-Kuin, W. (2016). Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical trials of Morus alba. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 14(1), 17-30.
  • Chan, E.W.C., Wong, S.K., Tangah, J., Inoue, T., Chan, H.T. (2020). Phenolic constituents and anticancer properties of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaves. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 18(3), 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2020.02.006
  • Chang, B.Y., Kim, S.B., Lee, M.K., Park, H., Kim, S.Y. (2015). Improved chemotherapeutic activity by Morus alba fruits through immune response of toll-like receptor 4. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(10), 24139-24158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161024139
  • Chang, J.-J., Hsu, M.-J., Huang, H.-P., Chung, D.-J., Chang, Y.-C., Wang, C.-J. (2013). Mulberry anthocyanins inhibit oleic acid induced lipid accumulation by reduction of lipogenesis and promotion of hepatic lipid clearance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(25), 6069-6076. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401171k
  • Chen, C.-C., Liu, L.-K., Hsu, J.-D., Huang, H.-P., Yang, M.-Y., Wang, C.-J. (2005). Mulberry extract inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Food Chemistry, 91(4), 601-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.039
  • Chen, W., Li, Y., Bao, T., Gowd, V. (2017). Mulberry fruit extract affords protection against ethyl carbamate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1594963
  • Chen, C., Mohamad Razali, U.H., Saikim, F.H., Mahyudin, A., Mohd Noor, N.Q.I. (2021). Morus alba L. plant: Bioactive compounds and potential as a functional food ingredient. Foods, 10(3), 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030689
  • Cho, E., Chung, E. Y., Jang, H.-Y., Hong, O.-Y., Chae, H.S., Jeong, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, B.-S., Yoo, D.J., Kim, J.-S. (2017). Anti-cancer effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside from mulberry via caspase-3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation in vitro and in vivo. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), 17(11), 1519-1525. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666170327152026
  • Chon, S.-U., Kim, Y.-M., Park, Y.-J., Heo, B.-G., Park, Y.-S., Gorinstein, S. (2009). Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of methanol extracts from raw and fermented parts of mulberry plant (Morus alba L.). European Food Research and Technology, 230(2), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-009-1165-2
  • D’urso, G., Mes, J.J., Montoro, P., Hall, R.D., de Vos, R.C. (2019). Identification of bioactive phytochemicals in mulberries. Metabolites, 10(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010007
  • de Pádua Lúcio, K., Rabelo, A.C.S., Araújo, C.M., Brandão, G.C., de Souza, G.H.B., da Silva, R.G., de Souza, D.M.S., Talvani, A., Bezerra, F.S., Cruz Calsavara, A.J. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) in a model of LPS-induced sepsis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5048031
  • Du, Q.-Z., Zheng, J.-f., Xu, Y. (2008). Composition of anthocyanins in mulberry and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 21(5), 390-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2008.02.007
  • Ebbert, J.O., Jensen, M.D. (2013). Fat depots, free fatty acids, and dyslipidemia. Nutrients, 5(2), 498-508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5020498
  • El-Sayyad, H.I. (2015). Cholesterol overload impairing cerebellar function: the promise of natural products. Nutrition, 31(5), 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.017
  • Ercisli, S. (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 51(4), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000023458.60138.79
  • Ercisli, S., Orhan, E. (2007). Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits. Food Chemistry, 103(4), 1380-1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.054
  • Fahimi, Z., Jahromy, M.H. (2018). Effects of blackberry (Morus nigra) fruit juice on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 10, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.2147/JEP.S161782
  • Feng, Y., Liu, M., Ouyang, Y., Zhao, X., Ju, Y., Fang, Y. (2015). Comparative study of aromatic compounds in fruit wines from raspberry, strawberry, and mulberry in central Shaanxi area. Food & Nutrition Research, 59(1), 29290. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.29290 Gryn-Rynko, A., Bazylak, G., Olszewska-Slonina, D. (2016). New potential phytotherapeutics obtained from white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84, 628-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.081
  • Gu, P.S., Moon, M., Choi, J.G., Oh, M.S. (2017). Mulberry fruit ameliorates Parkinson's-disease-related pathology by reducing α-synuclein and ubiquitin levels in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid model. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 39, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.014
  • Guo, C., Li, R., Zheng, N., Xu, L., Liang, T., He, Q. (2013). Anti-diabetic effect of ramulus mori polysaccharides, isolated from Morus alba L., on STZ-diabetic mice through blocking inflammatory response and attenuating oxidative stress. International Immunopharmacology, 16(1), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.029
  • Hojjatpanah, G., Fazaeli, M., Emam‐Djomeh, Z. (2011). Effects of heating method and conditions on the quality attributes of black mulberry (Morus nigra) juice concentrate. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 46(5), 956-962. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02573.x
  • Hong, J.-H., Ahn, J.-M., Park, S.-W., Rhee, S.-J. (2004). The effects of mulberry fruit on the antioxidative defense systems and oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutritional Sciences, 7(3), 127-132.
  • Huang, H.-P., Chang, Y.-C., Wu, C.-H., Hung, C.-N., Wang, C.-J. (2011). Anthocyanin-rich Mulberry extract inhibit the gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and xenograft mice by inducing signals of p38/p53 and c-jun. Food Chemistry, 129(4), 1703-1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.035
  • Imran, M., Khan, H., Shah, M., Khan, R., Khan, F. (2010). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of certain Morus species. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 11(12), 973-980. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1000173
  • Inanc, Z.S., Karaca, H., Ipek, V., Balkan, B.M., Corum, O., Gungor, Ş., Inanc, M.E., Imık, H., Ata, A. (2020). Effect of white mulberry extract on performance, anti-inflammatory and serum antioxidant parameters in diabetes-induced rats with streptozotocin. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.643431
  • Issa, N.K., Abd-Aljabar, R.S. (2017). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant (DNA Nicking Assay) and antibacterial activities of Morus nigra L. fruits secondary metabolites. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.368
  • Jan, B., Parveen, R., Zahiruddin, S., Khan, M.U., Mohapatra, S., Ahmad, S. (2021). Nutritional constituents of mulberry and their potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals: A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(7), 3909-3921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.056
  • Jiang, D.-Q., Guo, Y., Xu, D.-H., Huang, Y.-S., Yuan, K., Lv, Z.-Q. (2013). Antioxidant and anti-fatigue effects of anthocyanins of mulberry juice purification (MJP) and mulberry marc purification (MMP) from different varieties mulberry fruit in China. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 59, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.023
  • Jiang, Y., Dai, M., Nie, W.-J., Yang, X.-R., Zeng, X.-C. (2017). Effects of the ethanol extract of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruit on experimental atherosclerosis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 200, 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.037
  • Jiang, Y., Nie, W.-J. (2015). Chemical properties in fruits of mulberry species from the Xinjiang province of China. Food Chemistry, 174, 460-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.083
  • Jiao, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, X., Kong, F., Wang, S., Yan, C. (2017). Antidiabetic effects of Morus alba fruit polysaccharides on high-fat diet-and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 199, 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.003
  • Jin, Q., Yang, J., Ma, L., Wen, D., Chen, F., Li, J. (2017). Identification of polyphenols in mulberry (genus Morus) cultivars by liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 63, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.005
  • Jung, U.J., Choi, M.-S. (2014). Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(4), 6184-6223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046184
  • Kalofoutis, C., Piperi, C., Kalofoutis, A., Harris, F., Phoenix, D., Singh, J. (2007). Type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors: Current therapeutic approaches. Experimental & Clinical Cardiology, 12(1), 17.
  • Kang, T.H., Hur, J.Y., Kim, H.B., Ryu, J.H., Kim, S.Y. (2006). Neuroprotective effects of the cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside isolated from mulberry fruit against cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience Letters, 391(3), 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.053
  • Khalifa, I., Zhu, W., Li, K.-k., Li, C.-m. (2018). Polyphenols of mulberry fruits as multifaceted compounds: Compositions, metabolism, health benefits, and stability—A structural review. Journal of Functional Foods, 40, 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.041
  • Khan, M.A., Rahman, A.A., Islam, S., Khandokhar, P., Parvin, S., Islam, M.B., Hossain, M., Rashid, M., Sadik, G., Nasrin, S. (2013). A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Morus alba L.(Moraceae). BMC Research Notes, 6(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-24
  • Kikuchi, T., Nihei, M., Nagai, H., Fukushi, H., Tabata, K., Suzuki, T., Akihisa, T. (2010). Albanol a from the root bark of Morus alba L. induces apoptotic cell death in HL60 human leukemia cell line. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 58(4), 568-571. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.568
  • Kim, A.-J., Park, S. (2006). Mulberry extract supplements ameliorate the inflammation-related hematological parameters in carrageenan-induced arthritic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 9(3), 431-435. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.431
  • Kim, S.B., Chang, B.Y., Hwang, B.Y., Kim, S.Y., Lee, M.K. (2014). Pyrrole alkaloids from the fruits of Morus alba. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 24(24), 5656-5659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.073
  • Kim, S.B., Chang, B.Y., Jo, Y.H., Lee, S.H., Han, S.-B., Hwang, B.Y., Kim, S.Y., Lee, M.K. (2013). Macrophage activating activity of pyrrole alkaloids from Morus alba fruits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(1), 393-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.007 Klop, B., Elte, J.W.F., Cabezas, M.C. (2013). Dyslipidemia in obesity: Mechanisms and potential targets. Nutrients, 5(4), 1218-1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041218
  • Kojima, Y., Kimura, T., Nakagawa, K., Asai, A., Hasumi, K., Oikawa, S., Miyazawa, T. (2010). Effects of mulberry leaf extract rich in 1-deoxynojirimycin on blood lipid profiles in humans. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 47(2), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.10-53
  • Kollar, P., Bárta, T., Keltošová, S., Trnová, P., Müller Závalová, V., Šmejkal, K., Hošek, J., Fedr, R., Souček, K., Hampl, A. (2015). Flavonoid 4'-O-Methylkuwanon E from Morus alba Induces the differentiation of THP-1 human leukemia cells. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 251895. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/251895
  • Kostiæ, D., Dimitrijeviæ, D., Mitiæ, S., Mitiæ, M., Stojanoviæ, G., Živanoviæ, A. (2013). Phenolic content and antioxidant activities of fruit extracts of Morus nigra L (Moraceae) from Southeast Serbia. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i1.17
  • KostiĆ, E., Arsić, B., MitiĆ, M., DimitrijeviĆ, D., Marinkovic, E.P. (2019). Optimization of the solid-liquid extraction process of phenolic compounds from mulberry fruit. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(3), 629-633. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47311419
  • Kusano, G., Orihara, S., Tsukamoto, D., Shibano, M., Coskun, M., Guvenc, A., Erdurak, C.S. (2002). Five new nortropane alkaloids and six new amino acids from the fruit of Morus alba L INNÉ growing in Turkey. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 50(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.185
  • Lee, Y.-M., Yoon, Y., Yoon, H., Park, H.-M., Song, S., Yeum, K.-J. (2017). Dietary anthocyanins against obesity and inflammation. Nutrients, 9(10), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101089
  • Li, Y., Yang, Z., Jia, S., Yuan, K. (2016). Protective effect and mechanism of action of mulberry marc anthocyanins on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 24, 595-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.05.001
  • Lim, H.H., Lee, S.O., Kim, S.Y., Yang, S.J., Lim, Y. (2013). Anti-inflammatory and antiobesity effects of mulberry leaf and fruit extract on high fat diet-induced obesity. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 238(10), 1160-1169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370213498982 Liu, D., Du, D. (2020). Mulberry fruit extract alleviates cognitive impairment by promoting the clearance of amyloid-β and inhibiting neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease mice. Neurochemical Research, 45(9), 2009-2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-020-03062-7
  • Liu, X., Xiao, G., Chen, W., Xu, Y., Wu, J. (2004). Quantification and purification of mulberry anthocyanins with macroporous resins. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2004(5), 326. https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110724304403052
  • Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
  • Lu, H., Pan, W.-z., Wan, Q., Cheng, L.-l., Shu, X.-h., Pan, C.-z., Qian, J.-y., Ge, J.-b. (2016). Trends in the prevalence of heart diseases over a ten-year period from single-center observations based on a large echocardiographic database. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 17(1), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1500136
  • Ma, G., Chai, X., Hou, G., Zhao, F., Meng, Q. (2022). Phytochemistry, bioactivities and future prospects of mulberry leaves: A review. Food Chemistry, 372, 131335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131335
  • Ma, Z.F., Lee, Y.Y. (2016). Virgin coconut oil and its cardiovascular health benefits. Natural Product Communications, 11(8), 1934578X1601100829. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1601100829
  • Ma, Z.F., Zhang, H. (2017). Phytochemical constituents, health benefits, and industrial applications of grape seeds: A mini-review. Antioxidants, 6(3), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030071
  • Mahmood, T., Anwar, F., Afzal, N., Kausar, R., Ilyas, S., Shoaib, M. (2017). Influence of ripening stages and drying methods on polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities of mulberry fruits. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 11(4), 2171-2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020152
  • Memete, A.R., Timar, A.V., Vuscan, A.N., Miere, F., Venter, A.C., Vicas, S.I. (2022). Phytochemical composition of different botanical parts of Morus species, health benefits and application in Food Industry. Plants, 11(2), 152.
  • Memon, A.A., Memon, N., Luthria, D.L., Bhanger, M.I., Pitafi, A.A. (2010). Phenolic acids profiling and antioxidant potential of mulberry (Morus laevigata W., Morus nigra L., Morus alba L.) leaves and fruits grown in Pakistan. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 60(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.012
  • Mena, P., Sánchez-Salcedo, E.M., Tassotti, M., Martínez, J.J., Hernández, F., Del Rio, D. (2016). Phytochemical evaluation of eight white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry clones grown in Spain based on UHPLC-ESI-MSn metabolomic profiles. Food Research International, 89, 1116-1122.
  • Mujtaba, S.F., Masih, A.P., Alqasmi, I., Alsulimani, A., Khan, F.H., Haque, S. (2021). Oxidative-stress-induced cellular toxicity and glycoxidation of biomolecules by cosmetic products under sunlight exposure. Antioxidants, 10(7), 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071008
  • Natić, M.M., Dabić, D.Č., Papetti, A., Akšić, M.M.F., Ognjanov, V., Ljubojević, M., Tešić, Ž.L. (2015). Analysis and characterisation of phytochemicals in mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits grown in Vojvodina, North Serbia. Food Chemistry, 171, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.101 Nelson, R.H. (2013). Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 40(1), 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2012.11.003
  • Ning, D., Lu, B., Zhang, Y. (2005). The processing technology of mulberry series product. China Fruit Veg. Process, 5, 38-40.
  • Nishizawa, T., Suzuki, H. (2015). Gastric carcinogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms: Helicobacter pylori and novel targeted therapy. BioMed research international, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/794378
  • Özgen, M., Serçe, S., Kaya, C. (2009). Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 119(3), 275-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.08.007 Pawlowska, A.M., Oleszek, W., Braca, A. (2008). Quali-quantitative analyses of flavonoids of Morus nigra L. and Morus alba L. (Moraceae) fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(9), 3377-3380. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf703709r
  • Peng, C.-H., Liu, L.-K., Chuang, C.-M., Chyau, C.-C., Huang, C.-N., Wang, C.-J. (2011). Mulberry water extracts possess an anti-obesity effect and ability to inhibit hepatic lipogenesis and promote lipolysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(6), 2663-2671. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1043508
  • Pourhoseingholi, M.A., Vahedi, M., Baghestani, A.R. (2015). Burden of gastrointestinal cancer in Asia; An overview. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench, 8(1), 19.
  • Qi, X., Shuai, Q., Chen, H., Fan, L., Zeng, Q., He, N. (2014). Cloning and expression analyses of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in mulberry plants. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 289(5), 783-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-014-0851-3
  • Qin, C., Li, Y., Niu, W., Ding, Y., Zhang, R., Shang, X. (2010). Analysis and characterisation of anthocyanins in mulberry fruit. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 28(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.17221/228/2008-CJFS Rabito, M.J., Kaye, A.D. (2013). Complementary and alternative medicine and cardiovascular disease: an evidence-based review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/672097
  • Ramappa, V.K., Srivastava, D., Singh, P., Kumar, U., Kumar, D., Gosipatala, S.B., Saha, S., Kumar, D., Raj, R. (2020). Mulberries: A promising fruit for phytochemicals, nutraceuticals, and biological activities. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(sup3), S1254-S1279. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1784075
  • Salimi, F., Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Molaei, R. (2021). Optimization and characterization of eco-friendly antimicrobial nanocellulose sheet prepared using carbon dots of white mulberry (Morus alba L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(8), 3439-3447. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10974
  • Sánchez-Salcedo, E.M., Mena, P., García-Viguera, C., Martínez, J.J., Hernández, F. (2015). Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the assessment of their beneficial properties. Journal of Functional Foods, 12, 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.010
  • Sengül, M., Ertugay, M.F., Sengül, M. (2005). Rheological, physical and chemical characteristics of mulberry pekmez. Food Control, 16(1), 73-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.11.010
  • Shin, S.K., Yoo, J.-M., Li, F.Y., Baek, S.Y., Kim, M.R. (2021). Mulberry fruit improves memory in scopolamine-treated mice: Role of cholinergic function, antioxidant system, and TrkB/Akt signaling. Nutritional Neuroscience, 24(12), 940-950. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2019.1696613
  • Shrikanta, A., Kumar, A., Govindaswamy, V. (2015). Resveratrol content and antioxidant properties of underutilized fruits. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(1), 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-0993-z Sirikanchanarod, A., Bumrungpert, A., Kaewruang, W., Senawong, T., Pavadhgul, P. (2016). The effect of mulberry fruits consumption on lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Scinces, 60, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5951.2016.06.01.2
  • Song, G.R., Park, Y.J.C.S.J., Shin, S., Lee, G., Choi, H.J., Lee, D.Y., Song, G.-Y., Oh, S. (2021). Root bark of Morus alba L. and its bioactive ingredient, ursolic acid, suppress the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells by inhibiting wnt/β-catenin pathway. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechno-logy, 31(11), 1559-1567. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2109.09002
  • Suh, H.J., Noh, D.O., Kang, C.S., Kim, J.M., Lee, S.W. (2003). Thermal kinetics of color degradation of mulberry fruit extract. Food/Nahrung, 47(2), 132-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.200390024
  • Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209-249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
  • Talo Yildirim, T., Ozan, G., Dundar, S., Bozoglan, A., Karaman, T., Dildeş, N., Kaya, C.A., Kaya Tektemur, N., Erdem Guzel, E. (2019). The effects of Morus nigra on the alveolar bone loss in experimentally-induced periodontitis. European Oral Research, 53, 99-105. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20190021
  • Tan, X., Tang, H., Bi, J., Li, N., Jia, Y. (2018). MicroRNA‐222‐3p associated with Helicobacter pylori targets HIPK2 to promote cell proliferation, invasion, and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119(7), 5153-5162. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26542
  • Townsend, N., Wilson, L., Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasing-he, K., Rayner, M., Nichols, M. (2016). Cardiovascular disease in Europe: Epidemiological update 2016. European Heart Journal, 37(42), 3232-3245. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw334
  • Turan, B., Tuncay, E. (2020). High carbohydrate diet-induced metabolic syndrome in the overweight body: Association between organ dysfunction and insulin resistance. In Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases (pp. 153-182). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315112374-6
  • Veberic, R., Slatnar, A., Bizjak, J., Stampar, F., Mikulic-Petkovsek, M. (2015). Anthocyanin composition of different wild and cultivated berry species. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 60(1), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.033
  • Veeresham, C. (2012). Natural products derived from plants as a source of drugs. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 3(4), 200. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.104709
  • Wang, D., Li, H., Li, B., Ma, R., Zhang, N., Zhang, X., Jiao, L., Wu, W. (2018). Systematic fractionation and immunoenhancement of water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from fruit of Morus alba L. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 116, 1056-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.106
  • Wang, Y., Xiang, L., Wang, C., Tang, C., He, X. (2013). Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects and phytochemicals of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) polyphenol enhanced extract. PLoS One, 8(7), e71144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071144
  • Wei, H., Liu, S., Liao, Y., Ma, C., Wang, D., Tong, J., Feng, J., Yi, T., Zhu, L. (2018). A systematic review of the medicinal potential of mulberry in treating diabetes mellitus. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 46(08), 1743-1770. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X1850088X
  • Wild, C., Weiderpass, E., Stewart, B.W. (2020). World cancer report: cancer research for cancer prevention. IARC Press.
  • Xiang, T., Yuan, C., Guo, X., Wang, H., Cai, Q., Xiang, Y., Luo, W., Liu, G. (2021). The novel ZEB1-upregulated protein PRTG induced by Helicobacter pylori infection promotes gastric carcinogenesis through the cGMP/PKG signaling pathway. Cell Death and Disease, 12(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-03440-1
  • Yan, F., Dai, G., Zheng, X. (2016). Mulberry anthocyanin extract ameliorates insulin resistance by regulating PI3K/AKT pathway in HepG2 cells and db/db mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 36, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.004
  • Yang, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Jin, Q., Li, J. (2016). Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and neuroprotective properties of mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) fruit extracts from different ripening stages. Journal of Food Science, 81(10), C2439-C2446. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13426
  • Yang, X., Yang, L., Zheng, H. (2010). Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit in hyperlipidaemia rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(8-9), 2374-2379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.074
  • Ye, F., Shen, Z., Xie, M. (2002). Alpha-glucosidase inhibition from a Chinese medical herb (Ramulus mori) in normal and diabetic rats and mice. Phytomedicine, 9(2), 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00065
  • Yiğit, D., Ahmet, M., Aktaş, M. (2008). Antioxidant activities of black mulberry (Morus nigra). Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(2), 223-232.
  • Youssef, F.S., Labib, R.M., Eldahshan, O.A., & Singab, A.N.B. (2017). Synergistic hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of artichoke, fig, blackberry herbal mixture on HepG2 cells and their metabolic profiling using NMR coupled with chemometrics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(12), e1700206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700206
  • Yu, J.S., Lim, S.H., Lee, S.R., Choi, C.-I., Kim, K.H. (2021). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecules, 26(4), 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040920 Zhang, H., Ma, Z.F., Luo, X., Li, X. (2018). Effects of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) consumption on health outcomes: A mini-review. Antioxidants, 7(5), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7050069
  • Zhang, X., Wu, C., Wu, H., Sheng, L., Su, Y., Zhang, X., Luan, H., Sun, G., Sun, X., Tian, Y. (2013). Anti-hyperlipidemic effects and potential mechanisms of action of the caffeoylquinic acid-rich Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in hamsters fed a high fat-diet. PLoS One, 8(4), e61922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061922
  • Zhang, Z., Shi, L. (2010). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of cis-mulberroside A from Ramulus mori. Fitoterapia, 81(3), 214-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.005
  • Zhu, J., Wang, L., Xiao, Z., Niu, Y. (2018). Characterization of the key aroma compounds in mulberry fruits by application of gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O), odor activity value (OAV), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and flame photometric detection (FPD). Food Chemistry, 245, 775-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.112

Dut meyvesinin fitokimyasal profili ve farmakolojik özellikleri

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 69 - 86, 01.01.2023

Demircan Özbalcı , Ebru Aydın , Gülcan Özkan

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23007

Abstract

Dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasından Morus türlerinin meyveleri geleneksel olarak sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri dolayısıyla yaygın olarak tüketilmektedirler. İçerdiği biyoaktif bileşenler (flavonol, antosiyanin, flavanonol, fenolik asitler, alkoloitler), mineraller, (potasyum, kalsiyum, sodyum ve magnezyum), vitaminler (B1 vitamini ve folik asit), yağlar (linoleik asit, palmitik asit, oleik asit) ve melatoninlerden dolayı birçok araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Yapılan in vitro ve in vivo araştırmalarda meyvelerindeki biyoaktif bileşenlerden dolayı antidiyabetik, antioksidan, nöroprotektif, hipolipidemik, anti-obezite, anti-inflamatuar, hepatoprotektif, antiparkinson, anti-tümör/ anti-kanser, antimikrobiyal ve bağışıklığı arttırıcı etki gibi sağlık üzerine olumlu etkilerinin bulunduğu bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, geleneksel bitkisel ilaç olarak tüketilen dut; diyabet, hipertansiyon, karaciğer, böbrek hasarı ve göz hastalığı tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak dut meyvelerinin farmakolojik özelliklerinin incelendiği in vitro çalışmalar daha yaygınken in vivo (hayvan ve klinik) çalışmalar ise sınırlı sayıdadır. Bu derlemede, Morus alba, Morus rubra ve Morus nigra meyvelerinin fitokimyasal profili ile in vitro ve in vivo farmakolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Morus alba Morus rubra Fitokimyasal bileşenler Farmasötik özellikler Morus alba Morus rubra Morus nigra Phytochemical compounds Pharmacological properties

References

  • Abd, E., Mohamed, K., Mostafa, A. (2011). Induction of biologically active flavonoids in cell cultures of Morus nigra and testing their hypoglycemic efficacy. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 79(4), 951-961. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1101-15
  • Afran, L. (2012). IL-25-responsive myeloid cells promote type 2 lung pathology. Nature Reviews Immunology, 12(6), 398-398. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3239
  • Akhlaq, A., Mehmood, M.H., Rehman, A., Ashraf, Z., Syed, S., Bawany, S.A., Gilani, A.H., Ilyas, M., Siddiqui, B.S. (2016). The prokinetic, laxative, and antidiarrheal effects of Morus nigra: Possible muscarinic, Ca2+ channel blocking, and antimuscarinic mechanisms. Phytotherapy Research, 30(8), 1362-1376. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5641 Aramwit, P., Bang, N., Srichana, T. (2010). The properties and stability of anthocyanins in mulberry fruits. Food Research International, 43(4), 1093-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.01.022
  • Arfan, M., Khan, R., Rybarczyk, A., Amarowicz, R. (2012). Antioxidant activity of mulberry fruit extracts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(2), 2472-2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13022472
  • Bae, S.-H., Suh, H.-J. (2007). Antioxidant activities of five different mulberry cultivars in Korea. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40(6), 955-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.06.007
  • Bai, H., Jiang, W., Wang, X., Hu, N., Liu, L., Li, X., Xie, Y., Wang, S. (2021). Component changes of mulberry leaf tea processed with honey and its application to in vitro and in vivo models of diabetes. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 38(11), 1840-1852. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2021.1953709
  • Bhattacharjya, D., Sadat, A., Dam, P., Buccini, D.F., Mondal, R., Biswas, T., Biswas, K., Sarkar, H., Bhuimali, A., Kati, A. (2021). Current concepts and prospects of mulberry fruits for nutraceutical and medicinal benefits. Current Opinion in Food Science, 40, 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.03.009
  • Calín-Sánchez, Á., Martínez-Nicolás, J.J., Munera-Picazo, S., Carbonell-Barrachina, Á.A., Legua, P., Hernández, F. (2013). Bioactive compounds and sensory quality of black and white mulberries grown in Spain. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 68(4), 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-013-0382-9
  • Can, A., Kazankaya, A., Orman, E., Gundogdu, M., Ercisli, S., Choudhary, R., Karunakaran, R. (2021). Sustainable mulberry (Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L.) production in Eastern Turkey. Sustainability, 13(24), 13507. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413507
  • Cao, Y., Ma, Z.F., Zhang, H., Jin, Y., Zhang, Y., Hayford, F. (2018). Phytochemical properties and nutrigenomic implications of yacon as a potential source of prebiotic: Current evidence and future directions. Foods, 7(4), 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040059
  • Chan, E.W.-C., Phui-Yan, L., Siu-Kuin, W. (2016). Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical trials of Morus alba. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 14(1), 17-30.
  • Chan, E.W.C., Wong, S.K., Tangah, J., Inoue, T., Chan, H.T. (2020). Phenolic constituents and anticancer properties of Morus alba (white mulberry) leaves. Journal of Integrative Medicine, 18(3), 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2020.02.006
  • Chang, B.Y., Kim, S.B., Lee, M.K., Park, H., Kim, S.Y. (2015). Improved chemotherapeutic activity by Morus alba fruits through immune response of toll-like receptor 4. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(10), 24139-24158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161024139
  • Chang, J.-J., Hsu, M.-J., Huang, H.-P., Chung, D.-J., Chang, Y.-C., Wang, C.-J. (2013). Mulberry anthocyanins inhibit oleic acid induced lipid accumulation by reduction of lipogenesis and promotion of hepatic lipid clearance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(25), 6069-6076. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf401171k
  • Chen, C.-C., Liu, L.-K., Hsu, J.-D., Huang, H.-P., Yang, M.-Y., Wang, C.-J. (2005). Mulberry extract inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Food Chemistry, 91(4), 601-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.039
  • Chen, W., Li, Y., Bao, T., Gowd, V. (2017). Mulberry fruit extract affords protection against ethyl carbamate-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1594963
  • Chen, C., Mohamad Razali, U.H., Saikim, F.H., Mahyudin, A., Mohd Noor, N.Q.I. (2021). Morus alba L. plant: Bioactive compounds and potential as a functional food ingredient. Foods, 10(3), 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030689
  • Cho, E., Chung, E. Y., Jang, H.-Y., Hong, O.-Y., Chae, H.S., Jeong, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, B.-S., Yoo, D.J., Kim, J.-S. (2017). Anti-cancer effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside from mulberry via caspase-3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation in vitro and in vivo. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents), 17(11), 1519-1525. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520617666170327152026
  • Chon, S.-U., Kim, Y.-M., Park, Y.-J., Heo, B.-G., Park, Y.-S., Gorinstein, S. (2009). Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of methanol extracts from raw and fermented parts of mulberry plant (Morus alba L.). European Food Research and Technology, 230(2), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-009-1165-2
  • D’urso, G., Mes, J.J., Montoro, P., Hall, R.D., de Vos, R.C. (2019). Identification of bioactive phytochemicals in mulberries. Metabolites, 10(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10010007
  • de Pádua Lúcio, K., Rabelo, A.C.S., Araújo, C.M., Brandão, G.C., de Souza, G.H.B., da Silva, R.G., de Souza, D.M.S., Talvani, A., Bezerra, F.S., Cruz Calsavara, A.J. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) in a model of LPS-induced sepsis. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5048031
  • Du, Q.-Z., Zheng, J.-f., Xu, Y. (2008). Composition of anthocyanins in mulberry and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 21(5), 390-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2008.02.007
  • Ebbert, J.O., Jensen, M.D. (2013). Fat depots, free fatty acids, and dyslipidemia. Nutrients, 5(2), 498-508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5020498
  • El-Sayyad, H.I. (2015). Cholesterol overload impairing cerebellar function: the promise of natural products. Nutrition, 31(5), 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.017
  • Ercisli, S. (2004). A short review of the fruit germplasm resources of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 51(4), 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000023458.60138.79
  • Ercisli, S., Orhan, E. (2007). Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits. Food Chemistry, 103(4), 1380-1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.054
  • Fahimi, Z., Jahromy, M.H. (2018). Effects of blackberry (Morus nigra) fruit juice on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology, 10, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.2147/JEP.S161782
  • Feng, Y., Liu, M., Ouyang, Y., Zhao, X., Ju, Y., Fang, Y. (2015). Comparative study of aromatic compounds in fruit wines from raspberry, strawberry, and mulberry in central Shaanxi area. Food & Nutrition Research, 59(1), 29290. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.29290 Gryn-Rynko, A., Bazylak, G., Olszewska-Slonina, D. (2016). New potential phytotherapeutics obtained from white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84, 628-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.081
  • Gu, P.S., Moon, M., Choi, J.G., Oh, M.S. (2017). Mulberry fruit ameliorates Parkinson's-disease-related pathology by reducing α-synuclein and ubiquitin levels in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid model. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 39, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.014
  • Guo, C., Li, R., Zheng, N., Xu, L., Liang, T., He, Q. (2013). Anti-diabetic effect of ramulus mori polysaccharides, isolated from Morus alba L., on STZ-diabetic mice through blocking inflammatory response and attenuating oxidative stress. International Immunopharmacology, 16(1), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.029
  • Hojjatpanah, G., Fazaeli, M., Emam‐Djomeh, Z. (2011). Effects of heating method and conditions on the quality attributes of black mulberry (Morus nigra) juice concentrate. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 46(5), 956-962. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02573.x
  • Hong, J.-H., Ahn, J.-M., Park, S.-W., Rhee, S.-J. (2004). The effects of mulberry fruit on the antioxidative defense systems and oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutritional Sciences, 7(3), 127-132.
  • Huang, H.-P., Chang, Y.-C., Wu, C.-H., Hung, C.-N., Wang, C.-J. (2011). Anthocyanin-rich Mulberry extract inhibit the gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and xenograft mice by inducing signals of p38/p53 and c-jun. Food Chemistry, 129(4), 1703-1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.035
  • Imran, M., Khan, H., Shah, M., Khan, R., Khan, F. (2010). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of certain Morus species. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 11(12), 973-980. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1000173
  • Inanc, Z.S., Karaca, H., Ipek, V., Balkan, B.M., Corum, O., Gungor, Ş., Inanc, M.E., Imık, H., Ata, A. (2020). Effect of white mulberry extract on performance, anti-inflammatory and serum antioxidant parameters in diabetes-induced rats with streptozotocin. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.643431
  • Issa, N.K., Abd-Aljabar, R.S. (2017). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant (DNA Nicking Assay) and antibacterial activities of Morus nigra L. fruits secondary metabolites. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 5(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.25271/2017.5.2.368
  • Jan, B., Parveen, R., Zahiruddin, S., Khan, M.U., Mohapatra, S., Ahmad, S. (2021). Nutritional constituents of mulberry and their potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals: A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(7), 3909-3921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.056
  • Jiang, D.-Q., Guo, Y., Xu, D.-H., Huang, Y.-S., Yuan, K., Lv, Z.-Q. (2013). Antioxidant and anti-fatigue effects of anthocyanins of mulberry juice purification (MJP) and mulberry marc purification (MMP) from different varieties mulberry fruit in China. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 59, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.023
  • Jiang, Y., Dai, M., Nie, W.-J., Yang, X.-R., Zeng, X.-C. (2017). Effects of the ethanol extract of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruit on experimental atherosclerosis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 200, 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.037
  • Jiang, Y., Nie, W.-J. (2015). Chemical properties in fruits of mulberry species from the Xinjiang province of China. Food Chemistry, 174, 460-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.083
  • Jiao, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, X., Kong, F., Wang, S., Yan, C. (2017). Antidiabetic effects of Morus alba fruit polysaccharides on high-fat diet-and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 199, 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.003
  • Jin, Q., Yang, J., Ma, L., Wen, D., Chen, F., Li, J. (2017). Identification of polyphenols in mulberry (genus Morus) cultivars by liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 63, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.07.005
  • Jung, U.J., Choi, M.-S. (2014). Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(4), 6184-6223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046184
  • Kalofoutis, C., Piperi, C., Kalofoutis, A., Harris, F., Phoenix, D., Singh, J. (2007). Type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors: Current therapeutic approaches. Experimental & Clinical Cardiology, 12(1), 17.
  • Kang, T.H., Hur, J.Y., Kim, H.B., Ryu, J.H., Kim, S.Y. (2006). Neuroprotective effects of the cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside isolated from mulberry fruit against cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience Letters, 391(3), 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.053
  • Khalifa, I., Zhu, W., Li, K.-k., Li, C.-m. (2018). Polyphenols of mulberry fruits as multifaceted compounds: Compositions, metabolism, health benefits, and stability—A structural review. Journal of Functional Foods, 40, 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.041
  • Khan, M.A., Rahman, A.A., Islam, S., Khandokhar, P., Parvin, S., Islam, M.B., Hossain, M., Rashid, M., Sadik, G., Nasrin, S. (2013). A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Morus alba L.(Moraceae). BMC Research Notes, 6(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-24
  • Kikuchi, T., Nihei, M., Nagai, H., Fukushi, H., Tabata, K., Suzuki, T., Akihisa, T. (2010). Albanol a from the root bark of Morus alba L. induces apoptotic cell death in HL60 human leukemia cell line. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 58(4), 568-571. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.568
  • Kim, A.-J., Park, S. (2006). Mulberry extract supplements ameliorate the inflammation-related hematological parameters in carrageenan-induced arthritic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 9(3), 431-435. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.431
  • Kim, S.B., Chang, B.Y., Hwang, B.Y., Kim, S.Y., Lee, M.K. (2014). Pyrrole alkaloids from the fruits of Morus alba. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 24(24), 5656-5659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.073
  • Kim, S.B., Chang, B.Y., Jo, Y.H., Lee, S.H., Han, S.-B., Hwang, B.Y., Kim, S.Y., Lee, M.K. (2013). Macrophage activating activity of pyrrole alkaloids from Morus alba fruits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(1), 393-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.007 Klop, B., Elte, J.W.F., Cabezas, M.C. (2013). Dyslipidemia in obesity: Mechanisms and potential targets. Nutrients, 5(4), 1218-1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5041218
  • Kojima, Y., Kimura, T., Nakagawa, K., Asai, A., Hasumi, K., Oikawa, S., Miyazawa, T. (2010). Effects of mulberry leaf extract rich in 1-deoxynojirimycin on blood lipid profiles in humans. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 47(2), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.10-53
  • Kollar, P., Bárta, T., Keltošová, S., Trnová, P., Müller Závalová, V., Šmejkal, K., Hošek, J., Fedr, R., Souček, K., Hampl, A. (2015). Flavonoid 4'-O-Methylkuwanon E from Morus alba Induces the differentiation of THP-1 human leukemia cells. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 251895. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/251895
  • Kostiæ, D., Dimitrijeviæ, D., Mitiæ, S., Mitiæ, M., Stojanoviæ, G., Živanoviæ, A. (2013). Phenolic content and antioxidant activities of fruit extracts of Morus nigra L (Moraceae) from Southeast Serbia. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i1.17
  • KostiĆ, E., Arsić, B., MitiĆ, M., DimitrijeviĆ, D., Marinkovic, E.P. (2019). Optimization of the solid-liquid extraction process of phenolic compounds from mulberry fruit. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(3), 629-633. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47311419
  • Kusano, G., Orihara, S., Tsukamoto, D., Shibano, M., Coskun, M., Guvenc, A., Erdurak, C.S. (2002). Five new nortropane alkaloids and six new amino acids from the fruit of Morus alba L INNÉ growing in Turkey. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 50(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.185
  • Lee, Y.-M., Yoon, Y., Yoon, H., Park, H.-M., Song, S., Yeum, K.-J. (2017). Dietary anthocyanins against obesity and inflammation. Nutrients, 9(10), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101089
  • Li, Y., Yang, Z., Jia, S., Yuan, K. (2016). Protective effect and mechanism of action of mulberry marc anthocyanins on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Journal of Functional Foods, 24, 595-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.05.001
  • Lim, H.H., Lee, S.O., Kim, S.Y., Yang, S.J., Lim, Y. (2013). Anti-inflammatory and antiobesity effects of mulberry leaf and fruit extract on high fat diet-induced obesity. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 238(10), 1160-1169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370213498982 Liu, D., Du, D. (2020). Mulberry fruit extract alleviates cognitive impairment by promoting the clearance of amyloid-β and inhibiting neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease mice. Neurochemical Research, 45(9), 2009-2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-020-03062-7
  • Liu, X., Xiao, G., Chen, W., Xu, Y., Wu, J. (2004). Quantification and purification of mulberry anthocyanins with macroporous resins. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2004(5), 326. https://doi.org/10.1155/S1110724304403052
  • Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
  • Lu, H., Pan, W.-z., Wan, Q., Cheng, L.-l., Shu, X.-h., Pan, C.-z., Qian, J.-y., Ge, J.-b. (2016). Trends in the prevalence of heart diseases over a ten-year period from single-center observations based on a large echocardiographic database. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B, 17(1), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1500136
  • Ma, G., Chai, X., Hou, G., Zhao, F., Meng, Q. (2022). Phytochemistry, bioactivities and future prospects of mulberry leaves: A review. Food Chemistry, 372, 131335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131335
  • Ma, Z.F., Lee, Y.Y. (2016). Virgin coconut oil and its cardiovascular health benefits. Natural Product Communications, 11(8), 1934578X1601100829. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1601100829
  • Ma, Z.F., Zhang, H. (2017). Phytochemical constituents, health benefits, and industrial applications of grape seeds: A mini-review. Antioxidants, 6(3), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6030071
  • Mahmood, T., Anwar, F., Afzal, N., Kausar, R., Ilyas, S., Shoaib, M. (2017). Influence of ripening stages and drying methods on polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities of mulberry fruits. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 11(4), 2171-2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020152
  • Memete, A.R., Timar, A.V., Vuscan, A.N., Miere, F., Venter, A.C., Vicas, S.I. (2022). Phytochemical composition of different botanical parts of Morus species, health benefits and application in Food Industry. Plants, 11(2), 152.
  • Memon, A.A., Memon, N., Luthria, D.L., Bhanger, M.I., Pitafi, A.A. (2010). Phenolic acids profiling and antioxidant potential of mulberry (Morus laevigata W., Morus nigra L., Morus alba L.) leaves and fruits grown in Pakistan. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 60(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.012
  • Mena, P., Sánchez-Salcedo, E.M., Tassotti, M., Martínez, J.J., Hernández, F., Del Rio, D. (2016). Phytochemical evaluation of eight white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry clones grown in Spain based on UHPLC-ESI-MSn metabolomic profiles. Food Research International, 89, 1116-1122.
  • Mujtaba, S.F., Masih, A.P., Alqasmi, I., Alsulimani, A., Khan, F.H., Haque, S. (2021). Oxidative-stress-induced cellular toxicity and glycoxidation of biomolecules by cosmetic products under sunlight exposure. Antioxidants, 10(7), 1008. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071008
  • Natić, M.M., Dabić, D.Č., Papetti, A., Akšić, M.M.F., Ognjanov, V., Ljubojević, M., Tešić, Ž.L. (2015). Analysis and characterisation of phytochemicals in mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits grown in Vojvodina, North Serbia. Food Chemistry, 171, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.101 Nelson, R.H. (2013). Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 40(1), 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2012.11.003
  • Ning, D., Lu, B., Zhang, Y. (2005). The processing technology of mulberry series product. China Fruit Veg. Process, 5, 38-40.
  • Nishizawa, T., Suzuki, H. (2015). Gastric carcinogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms: Helicobacter pylori and novel targeted therapy. BioMed research international, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/794378
  • Özgen, M., Serçe, S., Kaya, C. (2009). Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 119(3), 275-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.08.007 Pawlowska, A.M., Oleszek, W., Braca, A. (2008). Quali-quantitative analyses of flavonoids of Morus nigra L. and Morus alba L. (Moraceae) fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(9), 3377-3380. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf703709r
  • Peng, C.-H., Liu, L.-K., Chuang, C.-M., Chyau, C.-C., Huang, C.-N., Wang, C.-J. (2011). Mulberry water extracts possess an anti-obesity effect and ability to inhibit hepatic lipogenesis and promote lipolysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(6), 2663-2671. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1043508
  • Pourhoseingholi, M.A., Vahedi, M., Baghestani, A.R. (2015). Burden of gastrointestinal cancer in Asia; An overview. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench, 8(1), 19.
  • Qi, X., Shuai, Q., Chen, H., Fan, L., Zeng, Q., He, N. (2014). Cloning and expression analyses of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in mulberry plants. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 289(5), 783-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-014-0851-3
  • Qin, C., Li, Y., Niu, W., Ding, Y., Zhang, R., Shang, X. (2010). Analysis and characterisation of anthocyanins in mulberry fruit. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 28(2), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.17221/228/2008-CJFS Rabito, M.J., Kaye, A.D. (2013). Complementary and alternative medicine and cardiovascular disease: an evidence-based review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/672097
  • Ramappa, V.K., Srivastava, D., Singh, P., Kumar, U., Kumar, D., Gosipatala, S.B., Saha, S., Kumar, D., Raj, R. (2020). Mulberries: A promising fruit for phytochemicals, nutraceuticals, and biological activities. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(sup3), S1254-S1279. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1784075
  • Salimi, F., Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Molaei, R. (2021). Optimization and characterization of eco-friendly antimicrobial nanocellulose sheet prepared using carbon dots of white mulberry (Morus alba L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(8), 3439-3447. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10974
  • Sánchez-Salcedo, E.M., Mena, P., García-Viguera, C., Martínez, J.J., Hernández, F. (2015). Phytochemical evaluation of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits, a starting point for the assessment of their beneficial properties. Journal of Functional Foods, 12, 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.010
  • Sengül, M., Ertugay, M.F., Sengül, M. (2005). Rheological, physical and chemical characteristics of mulberry pekmez. Food Control, 16(1), 73-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.11.010
  • Shin, S.K., Yoo, J.-M., Li, F.Y., Baek, S.Y., Kim, M.R. (2021). Mulberry fruit improves memory in scopolamine-treated mice: Role of cholinergic function, antioxidant system, and TrkB/Akt signaling. Nutritional Neuroscience, 24(12), 940-950. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2019.1696613
  • Shrikanta, A., Kumar, A., Govindaswamy, V. (2015). Resveratrol content and antioxidant properties of underutilized fruits. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(1), 383-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-0993-z Sirikanchanarod, A., Bumrungpert, A., Kaewruang, W., Senawong, T., Pavadhgul, P. (2016). The effect of mulberry fruits consumption on lipid profiles in hypercholesterolemic subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Scinces, 60, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5951.2016.06.01.2
  • Song, G.R., Park, Y.J.C.S.J., Shin, S., Lee, G., Choi, H.J., Lee, D.Y., Song, G.-Y., Oh, S. (2021). Root bark of Morus alba L. and its bioactive ingredient, ursolic acid, suppress the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells by inhibiting wnt/β-catenin pathway. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechno-logy, 31(11), 1559-1567. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2109.09002
  • Suh, H.J., Noh, D.O., Kang, C.S., Kim, J.M., Lee, S.W. (2003). Thermal kinetics of color degradation of mulberry fruit extract. Food/Nahrung, 47(2), 132-135. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.200390024
  • Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209-249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
  • Talo Yildirim, T., Ozan, G., Dundar, S., Bozoglan, A., Karaman, T., Dildeş, N., Kaya, C.A., Kaya Tektemur, N., Erdem Guzel, E. (2019). The effects of Morus nigra on the alveolar bone loss in experimentally-induced periodontitis. European Oral Research, 53, 99-105. https://doi.org/10.26650/eor.20190021
  • Tan, X., Tang, H., Bi, J., Li, N., Jia, Y. (2018). MicroRNA‐222‐3p associated with Helicobacter pylori targets HIPK2 to promote cell proliferation, invasion, and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 119(7), 5153-5162. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26542
  • Townsend, N., Wilson, L., Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasing-he, K., Rayner, M., Nichols, M. (2016). Cardiovascular disease in Europe: Epidemiological update 2016. European Heart Journal, 37(42), 3232-3245. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw334
  • Turan, B., Tuncay, E. (2020). High carbohydrate diet-induced metabolic syndrome in the overweight body: Association between organ dysfunction and insulin resistance. In Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases (pp. 153-182). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315112374-6
  • Veberic, R., Slatnar, A., Bizjak, J., Stampar, F., Mikulic-Petkovsek, M. (2015). Anthocyanin composition of different wild and cultivated berry species. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 60(1), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.033
  • Veeresham, C. (2012). Natural products derived from plants as a source of drugs. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 3(4), 200. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.104709
  • Wang, D., Li, H., Li, B., Ma, R., Zhang, N., Zhang, X., Jiao, L., Wu, W. (2018). Systematic fractionation and immunoenhancement of water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from fruit of Morus alba L. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 116, 1056-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.106
  • Wang, Y., Xiang, L., Wang, C., Tang, C., He, X. (2013). Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects and phytochemicals of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) polyphenol enhanced extract. PLoS One, 8(7), e71144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071144
  • Wei, H., Liu, S., Liao, Y., Ma, C., Wang, D., Tong, J., Feng, J., Yi, T., Zhu, L. (2018). A systematic review of the medicinal potential of mulberry in treating diabetes mellitus. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 46(08), 1743-1770. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X1850088X
  • Wild, C., Weiderpass, E., Stewart, B.W. (2020). World cancer report: cancer research for cancer prevention. IARC Press.
  • Xiang, T., Yuan, C., Guo, X., Wang, H., Cai, Q., Xiang, Y., Luo, W., Liu, G. (2021). The novel ZEB1-upregulated protein PRTG induced by Helicobacter pylori infection promotes gastric carcinogenesis through the cGMP/PKG signaling pathway. Cell Death and Disease, 12(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-03440-1
  • Yan, F., Dai, G., Zheng, X. (2016). Mulberry anthocyanin extract ameliorates insulin resistance by regulating PI3K/AKT pathway in HepG2 cells and db/db mice. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 36, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.004
  • Yang, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Jin, Q., Li, J. (2016). Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and neuroprotective properties of mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) fruit extracts from different ripening stages. Journal of Food Science, 81(10), C2439-C2446. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13426
  • Yang, X., Yang, L., Zheng, H. (2010). Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit in hyperlipidaemia rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(8-9), 2374-2379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.074
  • Ye, F., Shen, Z., Xie, M. (2002). Alpha-glucosidase inhibition from a Chinese medical herb (Ramulus mori) in normal and diabetic rats and mice. Phytomedicine, 9(2), 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00065
  • Yiğit, D., Ahmet, M., Aktaş, M. (2008). Antioxidant activities of black mulberry (Morus nigra). Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(2), 223-232.
  • Youssef, F.S., Labib, R.M., Eldahshan, O.A., & Singab, A.N.B. (2017). Synergistic hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of artichoke, fig, blackberry herbal mixture on HepG2 cells and their metabolic profiling using NMR coupled with chemometrics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(12), e1700206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700206
  • Yu, J.S., Lim, S.H., Lee, S.R., Choi, C.-I., Kim, K.H. (2021). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Molecules, 26(4), 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040920 Zhang, H., Ma, Z.F., Luo, X., Li, X. (2018). Effects of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) consumption on health outcomes: A mini-review. Antioxidants, 7(5), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7050069
  • Zhang, X., Wu, C., Wu, H., Sheng, L., Su, Y., Zhang, X., Luan, H., Sun, G., Sun, X., Tian, Y. (2013). Anti-hyperlipidemic effects and potential mechanisms of action of the caffeoylquinic acid-rich Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in hamsters fed a high fat-diet. PLoS One, 8(4), e61922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061922
  • Zhang, Z., Shi, L. (2010). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of cis-mulberroside A from Ramulus mori. Fitoterapia, 81(3), 214-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.005
  • Zhu, J., Wang, L., Xiao, Z., Niu, Y. (2018). Characterization of the key aroma compounds in mulberry fruits by application of gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O), odor activity value (OAV), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and flame photometric detection (FPD). Food Chemistry, 245, 775-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.112
There are 108 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering, Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Demircan Özbalcı 0000-0002-9635-3091

Ebru Aydın 0000-0002-5625-040X

Gülcan Özkan 0000-0002-3333-7537

Publication Date January 1, 2023
Submission Date May 23, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbalcı, D., Aydın, E., & Özkan, G. (2023). Dut meyvesinin fitokimyasal profili ve farmakolojik özellikleri. Food and Health, 9(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23007
 Download Cover Image

16339

Journal is licensed under a

CreativeCommons Attribtion-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence  14627 1331027042
Diamond Open Access refers to a scholarly publication model in which journals and platforms do not charge fees to either authors or readers.

Open Access Statement:

This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.

Archiving Policy:

27222

Archiving is done according to ULAKBİM "DergiPark" publication policy (LOCKSS).