Araştırma Makalesi
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Otizmli Bireylerin İstihdamında Örgüt Desteğinin Rolü

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 29 Ekim Özel Sayısı, 3436 - 3455, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.755678

Öz

Otizmli bireyler çalışma kapasitesine sahip olmasına rağmen birtakım kısıtlardan dolayı örgütlerde yeterince istihdam şansı bulamamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, otizmli bireylerin istihdamını kolaylaştırmaya yönelik örgüt içi ne gibi düzenlemelerin yapıldığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç için süt ürünleri sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir örgüt, örnek olay deseniyle incelenmiştir. Veriler örgütün otizmli çalışanlara ilişkin elinde bulunan dokümanlar, proje tanıtım videosu, otizmlilerle çalışma rehberi, işveren rehberi, işe alım programı incelenerek toplanmıştır. Ayrıca otizmli bireylerin çalıştığı üretim tesisinde yapılan uygulamalar gözlemlenmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda, otizmli çalışanların istihdam nedenleri ve istihdamı kolaylaştırmaya yönelik örgüt içinde yapılan iyileştirmeler iki ana temayı oluşturmuştur. Otizmli bireylerin istihdam edilmesinde örgütün kendine özgü özellikleri ve çevresel faktörlerin etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Örgüt içerisinde yapılan düzenlemelerin ise a) iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, b) çalışma ortamı, c) yardımcı teknoloji kullanımı, d) sosyal iletişim ve etkileşimi güçlendirme ve e) motivasyonu artırmaya yönelik olmak üzere beş temel alanda yapıldığı görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları otizmli bireylerin, gerekli düzenlemeler ve destekler sağlandığında örgütsel ortamda çalışabileceğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th Edition, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Baldwin, S., Costley, D. ve Warren, A. (2014). Employment activities and experiences of adults with high- functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440- 2449.
  • Bernard, H. R. ve Ryan, G. (1998). Text analysis: qualitative and quantitative methods. In In Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology.
  • Brooke, V., Brooke, A. M., Schall, C., Wehman, P., McDonough, J., Thompson, K., ve Smith, J. (2018). Employees with autism spectrum disorder achieving long-term employment success: A retrospective review of employment retention and intervention. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 43(3), 181-193.
  • Burt, D. B., Fuller, S. P. ve Lewis, K. R. (1991). Brief report: Competitive employment of adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(2), 237-242.
  • Chen, J. L., Leader, G., Sung, C. Ve Leahy, M. (2015). Trends in employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the research literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2(2), 115-127.
  • De Massis, ve Kotlar, J. (2014). The case study method in family business research: Guidelines for qualitative scholarship. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 15-29.
  • Eisenhardt, K. L. (1989). Building theories from case study research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
  • Gal, E., Landes, E., ve Katz, N. (2015). Work performance skills in adults with and without high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 71-77.
  • Garc, D., Ross, D., ve Wehman, P. (2000). Clinical differential analysis of persons with autism in a work setting: A follow-up study. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 14(3), 183-185.
  • Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., ve Kriner, R. (2012). The apple IPOD touch as a vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37(2), 75–85.
  • Griffiths, A. J., Giannantonio, C. M., Hurley-Hanson, A. E. ve Cardinal, D. N. (2016). Autism in the workplace: Assessing the transition needs of young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1),5-22.
  • Hagner, D., ve Cooney, B. F. (2005). “I do that for everybody”: Supervising employees with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 91-97.
  • Hayward, S. M., McVilly, K. R. ve Stokes, M. A. (2019). Autism and employment: What works. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 60, 48-58.
  • Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 125-134.
  • Howlin, P., Alcock, J., ve Burkin, C. (2005). An 8 year follow-up of a specialist supported employment service for high-ability adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 9(5), 533–549.
  • Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J. ve Rutter, M. (2004). Adult outcome for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 212-229.
  • Jacob, A., Scott, M., Falkmer, M., ve Falkmer, T. (2015). The costs and benefits of employing an adult with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. PloS one, 10(10).
  • Jarbrink, K., McCrone, P., Fombonne, E., Zanden, H. ve Knapp, M. (2007). Cost-impact of young adults with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(1), 94-104.
  • Khalifa, G., Sharif, Z., Sultan, M. ve Di Rezze, B. (2019). Workplace accommodations for adults with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 8, 1-16.
  • Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in qualitative research: The assessment of trustworthiness. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214-222.
  • Liu, K., King, M. ve Bearman, P. S. (2010). Social Influence and The Autism Epidemic. American Journal of Sociology, 115(5), 1387-1434.
  • Mawhood, L., ve Howlin, P. (1999). The outcome of a supported employment scheme for high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 3(3), 229-254.
  • National Autism Society. (2016). Government must tackle the autism employment gap (27 October 2016). National Autistic Society website, 23.5.2020 tarihinde www.autism.org.uk adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Neely, B. H., ve Hunter, S. T. (2014). In a discussion on invisible disabilities, let us not lose sight of employees on the autism spectrum. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(2), 274-277.
  • Parr, D. P.,ve Hunter, S. T. (2014). Enhancing work outcomes of employees with autism spectrum disorder through leadership: Leadership for employees with autism spectrum disorder. Autism,18(5), 545-554.
  • Parr, D. P., Hunter, S. T. ve Ligon, G. S. (2013). Questioning universal applicability of transformational leadership: Examining employees with autism spectrum disorder. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(4), 608-609.
  • Rapp, A., Cena, F., Castaldo, R., Keller, R. ve Tirassa, M. (2018). Designing technology for spatial needs: Routines, control and social competenes of people with autism. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 120(December):49-65.
  • Paul, J. B., Laird, M. D., ve Tune, S. (2016). Autism at work: Calvin’s journey of living and working with autism. Journal of Business and Management, 21(2), 103-116.
  • Romoser, M. (2000). Malemployment in autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14, 246–247.
  • Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P.T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M. ve Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary Employment Experiences Among Young Adults With an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,52 (9): 931-939.
  • Sant, M. (2019). WASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Qualitative Research and Evidence Based Practice: Implications and Contributions. Early Human Development, 133(1), 37-42.
  • Scott, M., Milbourn, B., Falkmer, M., Black, M., Bӧlte, S., Halladay, A., ... ve Girdler, S. (2019). Factors impacting employment for people with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Autism, 23(4), 869-901.
  • Seitz, S. R., & Smith, S. A. (2016). Working toward neurodiversity: How organizations and leaders can accommodate for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1), 135-152.
  • Smith M., Belcher, R.G., ve Juhrs, P.D. (1995). A Guide to Successful Employment for Individuals with Autism. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
  • Stiles, W. B. (1993). Quality control in qualitative research. Clinical psychology review, 13(6), 593-618.
  • Stoner, C. R. ve Stoner, J. B. (2014). How can we make this work? Understanding and responding to working parents of children with autism. Business Horizons, 57(1), 85-95.
  • Waisman-Nitzan, M., Gal, E., ve Schreuer, N. (2019). Employers’ perspectives regarding reasonable accommodations for employees with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(4), 481-498.
  • Walsh, L., Lydon, S. ve Healy, O. (2014). Employment and vocational skills among individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Predictors, impact, and interventions. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(4), 266-275.
  • Wehman, P., Brooke, V., Brooke, A. M., Ham, W., Schall, C., McDonough, J., Lau, S., Seward, H. Ve Avellone, L. (2016). Employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders: A retrospective review of a customized employment approach. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53-54, 61-72.
  • Westbrook, J. D., Nye, C., Fong, C. J., Wan, J. T., Cortopassi, T., ve Martin, F. H. (2012). Adult employment assistance services for persons with autism spectrum disorders: Effects on employment outcomes. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 1-68.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 10. Baskı, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (1981). The case study crisis: Some answers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1): 58-65.
  • Yin, R. K. (2013). Validity and generalization in future case study evaluations. Evaluation, 19(3): 321-322.

The Role of Organizational Support in The Employment of Individuals with Autism

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 29 Ekim Özel Sayısı, 3436 - 3455, 31.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.755678

Öz

Although autistic individuals have the capacity to work, they cannot find enough employment opportunities in organizations due to some constraints. The purpose of this study is to examine what arrangements are made to facilitate the employment of autistic individuals. For this purpose, an organization operating in the dairy sector was examined with a case study pattern. The data were collected by examining the documents, project promotion video, autistic study guide, employer guide, recruitment program related to the employees with autism. Also, practices in the production facility where autistic individuals work are observed. As a result of the analysis of the data, the employment reasons of the autistic individuals, and improvements made within the organization to facilitate employment constituted two main themes. The organization's unique characteristics and environmental factors were found to be effective in the employment of autistic individuals. It was observed that the arrangements made within the organization were made in five basic areas: a) occupational health and safety, b) working environment, c) use of assistive technology, d) strengthening social communication and interaction, and e) increasing motivation. The results of the research show that autistic individuals can work in an organizational environment when necessary arrangements and supports are provided.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th Edition, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Baldwin, S., Costley, D. ve Warren, A. (2014). Employment activities and experiences of adults with high- functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440- 2449.
  • Bernard, H. R. ve Ryan, G. (1998). Text analysis: qualitative and quantitative methods. In In Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology.
  • Brooke, V., Brooke, A. M., Schall, C., Wehman, P., McDonough, J., Thompson, K., ve Smith, J. (2018). Employees with autism spectrum disorder achieving long-term employment success: A retrospective review of employment retention and intervention. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 43(3), 181-193.
  • Burt, D. B., Fuller, S. P. ve Lewis, K. R. (1991). Brief report: Competitive employment of adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(2), 237-242.
  • Chen, J. L., Leader, G., Sung, C. Ve Leahy, M. (2015). Trends in employment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the research literature. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2(2), 115-127.
  • De Massis, ve Kotlar, J. (2014). The case study method in family business research: Guidelines for qualitative scholarship. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 15-29.
  • Eisenhardt, K. L. (1989). Building theories from case study research. The Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
  • Gal, E., Landes, E., ve Katz, N. (2015). Work performance skills in adults with and without high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 71-77.
  • Garc, D., Ross, D., ve Wehman, P. (2000). Clinical differential analysis of persons with autism in a work setting: A follow-up study. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 14(3), 183-185.
  • Gentry, T., Lau, S., Molinelli, A., Fallen, A., ve Kriner, R. (2012). The apple IPOD touch as a vocational support aid for adults with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 37(2), 75–85.
  • Griffiths, A. J., Giannantonio, C. M., Hurley-Hanson, A. E. ve Cardinal, D. N. (2016). Autism in the workplace: Assessing the transition needs of young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1),5-22.
  • Hagner, D., ve Cooney, B. F. (2005). “I do that for everybody”: Supervising employees with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(2), 91-97.
  • Hayward, S. M., McVilly, K. R. ve Stokes, M. A. (2019). Autism and employment: What works. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 60, 48-58.
  • Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 125-134.
  • Howlin, P., Alcock, J., ve Burkin, C. (2005). An 8 year follow-up of a specialist supported employment service for high-ability adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 9(5), 533–549.
  • Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J. ve Rutter, M. (2004). Adult outcome for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 212-229.
  • Jacob, A., Scott, M., Falkmer, M., ve Falkmer, T. (2015). The costs and benefits of employing an adult with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. PloS one, 10(10).
  • Jarbrink, K., McCrone, P., Fombonne, E., Zanden, H. ve Knapp, M. (2007). Cost-impact of young adults with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(1), 94-104.
  • Khalifa, G., Sharif, Z., Sultan, M. ve Di Rezze, B. (2019). Workplace accommodations for adults with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 8, 1-16.
  • Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in qualitative research: The assessment of trustworthiness. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(3), 214-222.
  • Liu, K., King, M. ve Bearman, P. S. (2010). Social Influence and The Autism Epidemic. American Journal of Sociology, 115(5), 1387-1434.
  • Mawhood, L., ve Howlin, P. (1999). The outcome of a supported employment scheme for high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism, 3(3), 229-254.
  • National Autism Society. (2016). Government must tackle the autism employment gap (27 October 2016). National Autistic Society website, 23.5.2020 tarihinde www.autism.org.uk adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Neely, B. H., ve Hunter, S. T. (2014). In a discussion on invisible disabilities, let us not lose sight of employees on the autism spectrum. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(2), 274-277.
  • Parr, D. P.,ve Hunter, S. T. (2014). Enhancing work outcomes of employees with autism spectrum disorder through leadership: Leadership for employees with autism spectrum disorder. Autism,18(5), 545-554.
  • Parr, D. P., Hunter, S. T. ve Ligon, G. S. (2013). Questioning universal applicability of transformational leadership: Examining employees with autism spectrum disorder. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(4), 608-609.
  • Rapp, A., Cena, F., Castaldo, R., Keller, R. ve Tirassa, M. (2018). Designing technology for spatial needs: Routines, control and social competenes of people with autism. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 120(December):49-65.
  • Paul, J. B., Laird, M. D., ve Tune, S. (2016). Autism at work: Calvin’s journey of living and working with autism. Journal of Business and Management, 21(2), 103-116.
  • Romoser, M. (2000). Malemployment in autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14, 246–247.
  • Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P.T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M. ve Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary Employment Experiences Among Young Adults With an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,52 (9): 931-939.
  • Sant, M. (2019). WASP (Write a Scientific Paper): Qualitative Research and Evidence Based Practice: Implications and Contributions. Early Human Development, 133(1), 37-42.
  • Scott, M., Milbourn, B., Falkmer, M., Black, M., Bӧlte, S., Halladay, A., ... ve Girdler, S. (2019). Factors impacting employment for people with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Autism, 23(4), 869-901.
  • Seitz, S. R., & Smith, S. A. (2016). Working toward neurodiversity: How organizations and leaders can accommodate for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Business and Management, 22(1), 135-152.
  • Smith M., Belcher, R.G., ve Juhrs, P.D. (1995). A Guide to Successful Employment for Individuals with Autism. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
  • Stiles, W. B. (1993). Quality control in qualitative research. Clinical psychology review, 13(6), 593-618.
  • Stoner, C. R. ve Stoner, J. B. (2014). How can we make this work? Understanding and responding to working parents of children with autism. Business Horizons, 57(1), 85-95.
  • Waisman-Nitzan, M., Gal, E., ve Schreuer, N. (2019). Employers’ perspectives regarding reasonable accommodations for employees with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(4), 481-498.
  • Walsh, L., Lydon, S. ve Healy, O. (2014). Employment and vocational skills among individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Predictors, impact, and interventions. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(4), 266-275.
  • Wehman, P., Brooke, V., Brooke, A. M., Ham, W., Schall, C., McDonough, J., Lau, S., Seward, H. Ve Avellone, L. (2016). Employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders: A retrospective review of a customized employment approach. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53-54, 61-72.
  • Westbrook, J. D., Nye, C., Fong, C. J., Wan, J. T., Cortopassi, T., ve Martin, F. H. (2012). Adult employment assistance services for persons with autism spectrum disorders: Effects on employment outcomes. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 1-68.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, 10. Baskı, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (1981). The case study crisis: Some answers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1): 58-65.
  • Yin, R. K. (2013). Validity and generalization in future case study evaluations. Evaluation, 19(3): 321-322.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İbrahim Efe Efeoğlu 0000-0003-3928-4568

Ömür Kılınçarslan 0000-0003-3378-7607

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2020
Kabul Tarihi 27 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 29 Ekim Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Efeoğlu, İ. E., & Kılınçarslan, Ö. (2020). Otizmli Bireylerin İstihdamında Örgüt Desteğinin Rolü. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(29 Ekim Özel Sayısı), 3436-3455. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.755678