Araştırma Makalesi
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Meyve ve Sebze Kabuklarının Fitokimyasal ve Antioksidan Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 768 - 780, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.542458

Öz

Bitkiler, sağlık açısından olumlu etkileri olan fitokimyasallar
bakımından zengindir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de önemli miktarda tarımı yapılan kivi
(Actinidia deliciosa), kavun (Cucumis melo), domates (Solanum lycopersicum), elma (Malus domestica), ayva (Cydonia oblonga) ve nar (Punica granatum) kabuklarının fitokimyasal
bileşikleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında kabukların nem, kül, yağ,
askorbik asit, β karoten içerikleri belirlenmiş,
kabuklar %0, %25, %50 ve
%75’lik etanol çözeltilerinde ekstrakte edilmiş ve toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid
ve toplam monomerik antosiyanin içerikleri ve antioksidan kapasiteleri (FRAP,
TEAC ve DPPH) incelenmiştir. Fenolik
bileşikleri ekstrakte etmek için %25 ve %50 etanol konsantrasyonlarının, diğer
konsantrasyonlara kıyasla daha başarılı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Nar
kabuğunun toplam monomerik antosiyanin, flavonoid, fenolik madde içerikleri ve
antioksidan kapasiteleri açısından diğer kabuklara kıyasla oldukça yüksek
olduğu saptanmıştır. İncelenen kabuklar arasında kavun kabuğunun diğer kabuklardan daha fazla miktarda β-karoten içerdiği,
en yüksek askorbik asit içeriğine ise ayva kabuğunun sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Acquistucci, R., Bucci, R., Magri, A.D. ve Magri, A.R., 1991. Evaluation of the moisture and ash contents in wheat mills by multistep programmed thermogravimetry. Thermochimica Acta, 188(1), 51-62.
  • Afsharnezhad, M., Shahangian, S.S., Panahi, E. ve Sariri, R., 2017. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of extracts from some fruit peels. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 15(3), 213-222.
  • Ahamad, M.N., Saleemullah, M., Shah, H.U., Khalil, I.A. ve Saljoqi, A.U.R., 2007. Determination of beta carotene content in fresh vegetables using high performance liquid chromatography. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23(3), 767-770.
  • Ali, J., Abid, H. ve Hussain, A., 2010. Study of some macronutrients composition in peels of different citrus fruits grown in NWFP. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 32(1), 83-86.
  • Ardekani, M.R.S., Hajimahmoodi, M., Oveisi, M.R., Sadeghi, N., Jannat, B., Ranjbar, A.M., Gholam, N. ve Moridi, T., 2011. Comparative antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of persian pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) Cultivars. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10, 519-524.
  • AOAC, 1989. Officials Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition, Washington DC, the USA.
  • Ashoush, I.S. ve Gadallah, M.G.E., 2011. Utilization of mango peels and seed kernels powders as sources of phytochemicals in biscuit. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 6 (1), 35-42.
  • Balch, J.F. ve Balch, P.A., 1997. Prescription for nutritional healing. 2nd Edition, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, New York.
  • Benzie, I.F.F. ve Strain, J.J., 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70–76.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. ve Berset, C., 1995. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28, 25-30.
  • Cam, M. ve Aaby, K., 2010. Optimization of extraction of apple pomace phenolics with water by response surface methodology, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 9101-9111.
  • Canan, İ., Gündoğdu, M., Seday, U., Oluk, C.A., Karaşahin, Z., Eroğlu, Ç.E., Yazıcı, E. ve Ünlü, M., 2016. Determination of antioxidant, total phenolic, total carotenoid, lycopene, ascorbic acid and sugar contents of Citrus species and mandarin hybrids. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 40, 894-899.
  • Cemeroğlu, B., 2010. Gıda Analizleri. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları, No:34, 480 s., Ankara.
  • Chang, C.C., Yang M.H., Wen, H.M. ve Chern, J.C., 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10, 178-182.
  • Deng, G.F., Shen, C., Xu, X.R., Kuang, R.D., Guo, Y.J., Zeng, L.S., Gao, L.L., Lin, X., Xie, J.F., Xia, E.Q., Li, S., Wu, S., Chen, F.,Ling, W.H. ve Li, H. B., 2012. Potential of fruit wastes as natural resources of bioactive compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(7), 8308-8323.
  • Deschner, E.E., Ruperto, J., Wong, G. ve Newmark, H.L., 1991. Quercetin and rutin as inhibitors of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasia. Carcinogenesis, 7, 1193-1198.
  • Diankov, S., Karsheva, M. ve Hinkov, I., 2011. Extraction of natural antioxidants from lemon peels. Kinetics and antioxidant capacity. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 46(3), 315-319.
  • Dongmo, S., Witt, J. ve Wittstock, G., 2015. Electropolymerization of quinone-polymers onto grafted quinone monolayers: a route towards non-passivating, catalytically active film. Electrochimica Acta, 155, 474-482.
  • Dündar, Y., 2001. Fitokimyasallar ve sağlıklı yaşam. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi. 2, 131-138.
  • Elfalleh, W., Hannachi, H., Tlili, N., Yahia, Y., Nasri, N. ve Ferchichi, A., 2012. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel, seed, leaf and flower. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6, 4724-4730.
  • FAO, 2017. The Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity (12.12. 2018).
  • Fernandez-Panchon, M.S., Villano, D., Troncoso, A.M. ve Garcia-Parrilla, M.C., 2008. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: From in vitro results to in vivo evidence. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48, 649- 671.
  • Fidrianny, I., Harnovi, M. ve Insanu, M., 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant activities from various extracts of sweet orange peels using dpph, frap assays and correlation with phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid content. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 7(3),186-190.
  • Friedman, M. ve Levin, C., 2009. Analysis and biological activities of potato glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. In J. Singh, & L. Kaur (Eds.) Advances in Potato Chemistry and Technology, pp. 127-161.
  • Fuleki, T. ve Francis, F., 1968. Quantitative methods for anthocyanins. Journal of Food Science, 33, 72-77.
  • Garcia, E.M. ve Barret, D., 2005. Assessing lycopene content in California processing tomatoes. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 30, 56-70.
  • Gao, L., Girard, B., Mazza, G. ve Reynolds, A.G., 1997. Changes in Anthocyanins and Color Characteristics of Pinot Noir Wines during Different Vinification Process. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 2003-2008.
  • George, B., Kaur, C., Khurdiya, D.S. ve Kapoor, H.C., 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry, 84, 45–51.
  • Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y. ve Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., 2009. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of 13 citrus species peels and tissues. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(3), 277-281.
  • Gorinstein, S., Zachwieja, Z., Katrich, E., Pawelzik, E., Haruenkit, R., Trakhtenberg, S. ve Martin-Belloso, O., 2004. Comparison of the contents of the main antioxidant compounds and the antioxidant activity of white grapefruit and his new hybrid. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 37, 337-343.
  • Güney, O., Canbilen, A., Konak, A. ve Acar, O., 2003. The effects of folic acid in the prevention of neural tube development defects caused by phenytoin in early chick embryos. Spine, 28(5), 442-445.
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Investigation of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Fruit and Vegetable Peels

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 768 - 780, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.542458

Öz

Plants are
rich in phytochemicals which have positive effects on health.
In this study, the phytochemical components of
the some fruit and vegatable peels, produced in the significant amounts in
Turkey, including kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), melon (Cucumis melo), tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum), apple (Malus domestica), quince (Cydonia oblonga) and
pomegranate (Punica granatum) were determined. The moisture, ash, fat, ascorbic
acid and β carotene contents of the peels were determined. Peels were extracted
in 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% ethanol solutions and total phenolic, total flavonoids
and total monomeric anthocyanin contents and antioxidant capacities of the extracts
were investigated. It was concluded that the concentrations of 25% and 50%
ethanol were more successful than other concentrations to extract the phenolic
compounds. Total monomeric anthocyanin, flavonoid, phenolic contents and
antioxidant capacity of the pomegranate peel were found to be significantly
higher than the other peels. It was determined that the melon rind contained
more β-carotene and quince peel contained more ascorbic acid content than the other
peels.

Kaynakça

  • Acquistucci, R., Bucci, R., Magri, A.D. ve Magri, A.R., 1991. Evaluation of the moisture and ash contents in wheat mills by multistep programmed thermogravimetry. Thermochimica Acta, 188(1), 51-62.
  • Afsharnezhad, M., Shahangian, S.S., Panahi, E. ve Sariri, R., 2017. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of extracts from some fruit peels. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 15(3), 213-222.
  • Ahamad, M.N., Saleemullah, M., Shah, H.U., Khalil, I.A. ve Saljoqi, A.U.R., 2007. Determination of beta carotene content in fresh vegetables using high performance liquid chromatography. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23(3), 767-770.
  • Ali, J., Abid, H. ve Hussain, A., 2010. Study of some macronutrients composition in peels of different citrus fruits grown in NWFP. Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 32(1), 83-86.
  • Ardekani, M.R.S., Hajimahmoodi, M., Oveisi, M.R., Sadeghi, N., Jannat, B., Ranjbar, A.M., Gholam, N. ve Moridi, T., 2011. Comparative antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of persian pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) Cultivars. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10, 519-524.
  • AOAC, 1989. Officials Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition, Washington DC, the USA.
  • Ashoush, I.S. ve Gadallah, M.G.E., 2011. Utilization of mango peels and seed kernels powders as sources of phytochemicals in biscuit. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 6 (1), 35-42.
  • Balch, J.F. ve Balch, P.A., 1997. Prescription for nutritional healing. 2nd Edition, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, New York.
  • Benzie, I.F.F. ve Strain, J.J., 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70–76.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. ve Berset, C., 1995. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Science and Technology, 28, 25-30.
  • Cam, M. ve Aaby, K., 2010. Optimization of extraction of apple pomace phenolics with water by response surface methodology, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 9101-9111.
  • Canan, İ., Gündoğdu, M., Seday, U., Oluk, C.A., Karaşahin, Z., Eroğlu, Ç.E., Yazıcı, E. ve Ünlü, M., 2016. Determination of antioxidant, total phenolic, total carotenoid, lycopene, ascorbic acid and sugar contents of Citrus species and mandarin hybrids. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 40, 894-899.
  • Cemeroğlu, B., 2010. Gıda Analizleri. Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları, No:34, 480 s., Ankara.
  • Chang, C.C., Yang M.H., Wen, H.M. ve Chern, J.C., 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10, 178-182.
  • Deng, G.F., Shen, C., Xu, X.R., Kuang, R.D., Guo, Y.J., Zeng, L.S., Gao, L.L., Lin, X., Xie, J.F., Xia, E.Q., Li, S., Wu, S., Chen, F.,Ling, W.H. ve Li, H. B., 2012. Potential of fruit wastes as natural resources of bioactive compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(7), 8308-8323.
  • Deschner, E.E., Ruperto, J., Wong, G. ve Newmark, H.L., 1991. Quercetin and rutin as inhibitors of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasia. Carcinogenesis, 7, 1193-1198.
  • Diankov, S., Karsheva, M. ve Hinkov, I., 2011. Extraction of natural antioxidants from lemon peels. Kinetics and antioxidant capacity. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 46(3), 315-319.
  • Dongmo, S., Witt, J. ve Wittstock, G., 2015. Electropolymerization of quinone-polymers onto grafted quinone monolayers: a route towards non-passivating, catalytically active film. Electrochimica Acta, 155, 474-482.
  • Dündar, Y., 2001. Fitokimyasallar ve sağlıklı yaşam. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi. 2, 131-138.
  • Elfalleh, W., Hannachi, H., Tlili, N., Yahia, Y., Nasri, N. ve Ferchichi, A., 2012. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel, seed, leaf and flower. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6, 4724-4730.
  • FAO, 2017. The Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/countries_by_commodity (12.12. 2018).
  • Fernandez-Panchon, M.S., Villano, D., Troncoso, A.M. ve Garcia-Parrilla, M.C., 2008. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds: From in vitro results to in vivo evidence. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48, 649- 671.
  • Fidrianny, I., Harnovi, M. ve Insanu, M., 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant activities from various extracts of sweet orange peels using dpph, frap assays and correlation with phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid content. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 7(3),186-190.
  • Friedman, M. ve Levin, C., 2009. Analysis and biological activities of potato glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. In J. Singh, & L. Kaur (Eds.) Advances in Potato Chemistry and Technology, pp. 127-161.
  • Fuleki, T. ve Francis, F., 1968. Quantitative methods for anthocyanins. Journal of Food Science, 33, 72-77.
  • Garcia, E.M. ve Barret, D., 2005. Assessing lycopene content in California processing tomatoes. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 30, 56-70.
  • Gao, L., Girard, B., Mazza, G. ve Reynolds, A.G., 1997. Changes in Anthocyanins and Color Characteristics of Pinot Noir Wines during Different Vinification Process. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 2003-2008.
  • George, B., Kaur, C., Khurdiya, D.S. ve Kapoor, H.C., 2004. Antioxidants in tomato (Lycopersium esculentum) as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry, 84, 45–51.
  • Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y. ve Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., 2009. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of 13 citrus species peels and tissues. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22(3), 277-281.
  • Gorinstein, S., Zachwieja, Z., Katrich, E., Pawelzik, E., Haruenkit, R., Trakhtenberg, S. ve Martin-Belloso, O., 2004. Comparison of the contents of the main antioxidant compounds and the antioxidant activity of white grapefruit and his new hybrid. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 37, 337-343.
  • Güney, O., Canbilen, A., Konak, A. ve Acar, O., 2003. The effects of folic acid in the prevention of neural tube development defects caused by phenytoin in early chick embryos. Spine, 28(5), 442-445.
  • Haslam, E., 1998. Practical polyphenolics from structure to molecular recognition and physiological action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
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  • Kumar, P.S., Suresh. E. ve Kalavathy, K., 2013. Review on a potential herb Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br., Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy, 2(2), 135-143.
  • Larson, R. A., 1988. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry, 27(4), 969-978.
  • Larson, R.A., 1997. Naturally Occurring Antioxidants. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers, 202p., Newyork.
  • Li, Y., Ma, D., Sun, D., Wang, C., Zhang, J., Xie, Y. ve Guo, T., 2015. Total phenolic, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of flour, noodles, and steamed bread made from different colored wheat grains by three milling methods. The Crop Journal, 3, 328-334.
  • Lim, Y.Y., Lim, T.T. ve Tee, J.J., 2006. Antioxidant properties of guava fruit: comparison with some local fruits. Sunway Academic Journal, 3, 9-20.
  • Marchi, L.B., Monteiro, A.R., Mikcha, J., Santos, A., Chinelatto, M., Marques, D., Dacome, A.S. ve Costa, S.C., 2015. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatuml.) Under different drying temperatures. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 44, 121-126.
  • Melo, E.A., De Lima, V.L.A.G., Maciel, M.I.S., Caetano, A.C.S. ve Leal, F.L.L., 2006. Polyphenol, ascorbic acid and total carotenoid contents in common fruits and vegetables. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 9(2), 89-94.
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  • Moroney, M. A., Alcanaz, M. J., Forder, R. A., Carey, F. ve Hoult, J.R.S., 1988. Selectivity of neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by an antiinflammatory flavonoid glycoside and related aglycone flavonoids. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 40, 787-791.
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  • Okan, O.T., Varlıbaş, H., Öz, M. ve Deniz, İ., 2013. Antioksidan Analiz Yöntemleri ve Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Antioksidan Kaynağı Olarak Kullanılabilecek Odun Dışı Bazı Bitkisel Ürünler. Kastamonu Üni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1),48-59.
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  • Paula, J.T., Paviani, L.C., Foglio, M.A., Sousa, I.M.O., Duarte, G.H.B., Jorge, M.P., Eberlin, M.N. ve Cabral, F.A., 2014. Extraction of anthocyanins and luteolin from Arrabidaea chica by sequential extraction in fixed bed using supercritical CO2, ethanol and water as solvents. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 86,100-107.
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  • Wolfe, K., Wu, X. ve Liu, R.H., 2003. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 609-614.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Melih Güzel 0000-0001-5374-8838

Özlem Akpınar 0000-0001-6593-8495

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2019
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Güzel, M., & Akpınar, Ö. (2019). Meyve ve Sebze Kabuklarının Fitokimyasal ve Antioksidan Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(4), 768-780. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.542458