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Momordica charantia L. etanol ekstraktı içeren yenilebilir metilselüloz filmlerin fonksiyonel özelliklerinin karakterizasyonu

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 1836 - 1855, 15.12.2023

Selin Kalkan Mustafa Otağ Mehmet Soner Engin

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1363270

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Momordica charantia L. etanol ekstraktının (ME) farklı konsantrasyonları (% 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 ve 1) kullanılarak metilselüloz yenilebilir filmler (MC) üretilmiştir. MC filmlerin fizikokimyasal özellikleri ile antimikrobiyal (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus 6538 IP, Staphylococcus epidermis ATCC 1228, Vibrio parahemolyticus ATCC 17802, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ATCC 911, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315'e karşı) ve antioksidan aktiviteleri açısından analizleri yapılmıştır. Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi (FTIR) spektroskopisi analizi, polimer ve ME arasındaki fonksiyonel grup etkileşimlerini belirlemede kullanılırken, termal gravimetrik analiz (TGA) ve diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetri analizi ise fizikokimyasal karakterizasyonu tanımlamada kullanılmıştır. Kontrol filmlere kıyasla, 24 saat sonunda en yüksek antimikrobiyal etki Proteus vulgaris'e karşı (yaklaşık 1.93 log KOB/mL) %1 ME içeren MC filmlerinde elde edilmiştir. ME konsantrasyonunun artması ile film mukavemeti arasında ters bir ilişki gözlemlenirken, su buharı geçirgenlik değerlerinde önemli bir azalma, temas açısı değerlerinde iyileşme ve hidrofilik özelliklerde belirgin bir artış tespit edilmiştir. Tüm bu sonuçların ışığında, MCME film örnekleri biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir özellikte ve yenilebilir gıda ambalajlama uygulamaları için uygun bileşenler olarak nitelendirilmiştir.

Keywords

Biyoaktif yenilebilir film Metilselüloz Antioksidan aktivite Antibakteriyel aktivite Fizikokimyasal özellikler

References

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  • Ayana, B., and Turhan, K. N. (2009). Use of antimicrobial methylcellulose films to control Staphylococcus aureus during storage of Kasar cheese. Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal, 22(8), 461-469.
  • Beghetto, V., Gatto, V., Conca, S., Bardella, N., Buranello, C., Gasparetto, G., and Sole, R. (2020). Development of 4-(4, 6-dimethoxy-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 249, 116810.
  • Benbettaïeb, N., Kurek, M., Bornaz, S., and Debeaufort, F. (2014). Barrier, structural and mechanical properties of bovine gelatin–chitosan blend films related to biopolymer interactions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(12), 2409-2419.
  • Bertuzzi, M. A., Armada, M., and Gottifredi, J. C. (2007). Physicochemical characterization of starch based films. Journal of Food Engineering, 82(1), 17-25.
  • Braca, A., Siciliano, T., D’Arrigo, M., and Germanò, M. P. (2008). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia seed essential oil. Fitoterapia, 79(2), 123-125.
  • Buera, M. P., Rossi, S., Moreno, S., and Chirife, J. (1999). DSC confirmation that vitrification is not necessary for stabilization of the restriction enzyme EcoRI dried with saccharides. Biotechnology Progress, 15(3), 577-579.
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  • Kavoosi, G., Rahmatollahi, A., Dadfar, S. M. M., and Purfard, A. M. (2014). Effects of essential oil on the water binding capacity, physico-mechanical properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of gelatin films. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 57(2), 556-561.
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  • Krishna, M., Nindo, C. I., and Min, S. C. (2012). Development of fish gelatin edible films using extrusion and compression molding. Journal of Food Engineering, 108(2), 337-344.
  • Leelaprakash, G., Rose, J. C., Gowtham, B. M., Javvaji, P. K., and Shivram Prasad, A. (2011). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Momordica Charantia leaves. Pharmacophore, 2(4), 207-215.
  • Liu, H., Bandyopadhyay, P., Kshetri, T., Kim, N. H., Ku, B. C., Moon, B., and Lee, J. H. (2017). Layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte-decorated graphene multilayer film for hydrogen gas barrier application. Composites Part B: Engineering, 114, 339-347.
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  • Mastromatteo, M., Barbuzzi, G., Conte, A., and Del Nobile, M. A. (2009). Controlled release of thymol from zein based film. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 10(2), 222-227.
  • Mayachiew, P., and Devahastin, S. (2010). Effects of drying methods and conditions on release characteristics of edible chitosan films enriched with Indian gooseberry extract. Food Chemistry, 118(3), 594-601.
  • Moghimi, R., Aliahmadi, A., and Rafati, H. (2017). Antibacterial hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose edible films containing nanoemulsions of Thymus daenensis essential oil for food packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers, 175, 241-248.
  • Mohsenabadi, N., Rajaei, A., Tabatabaei, M., and Mohsenifar, A. (2018). Physical and antimicrobial properties of starch-carboxy methyl cellulose film containing rosemary essential oils encapsulated in chitosan nanogel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 112, 148-155.
  • Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Rohani, S. M. R., Oromiehie, A. R., Malekinejad, H., Aliakbarlu, J., and Hadian, M. (2012). Characterization of antioxidant chitosan film incorporated with Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and grape seed extract. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 46(2), 477-484.
  • Pastor, C., Sánchez-González, L., Chiralt, A., Cháfer, M., and González-Martínez, C. (2013). Physical and antioxidant properties of chitosan and methylcellulose based films containing resveratrol. Food Hydrocolloids, 30(1), 272-280.
  • Paul, A., and Raychaudhuri, S. S. (2010). Medicinal uses and molecular identification of two Momordica charantia varieties-a review. Electronic Journal of Biology, 6(2), 43-51.
  • Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Kriz, G. S., and Vyvyan, J. R. (2013). Introduction to Spectroscopy. Vol 20. Fifth Edit. Cengage Learning. Stamford, CT 06902 USA, 786 p.
  • Piñeros-Hernandez, D., Medina-Jaramillo, C., López-Córdoba, A., and Goyanes, S. (2017). Edible cassava starch films carrying rosemary antioxidant extracts for potential use as active food packaging. Food hydrocolloids, 63, 488-495.
  • Rattaya, S., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T. (2009). Properties of fish skin gelatin film incorporated with seaweed extract. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1), 151-157.
  • Rodrigues Filho, G., de Assunção, R. M., Vieira, J. G., Meireles, C. D. S., Cerqueira, D. A., da Silva Barud, H., ... and Messaddeq, Y. (2007). Characterization of methylcellulose produced from sugar cane bagasse cellulose: Crystallinity and thermal properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92(2), 205-210.
  • Roy, S., and Rhim, J. W. (2020). Carboxymethyl cellulose-based antioxidant and antimicrobial active packaging film incorporated with curcumin and zinc oxide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 148, 666-676.
  • Rubilar, J. F., Cruz, R. M., Silva, H. D., Vicente, A. A., Khmelinskii, I., and Vieira, M. C. (2013). Physico-mechanical properties of chitosan films with carvacrol and grape seed extract. Journal of Food Engineering, 115(4), 466-474.
  • Siracusa, V., Romani, S., Gigli, M., Mannozzi, C., Cecchini, J. P., Tylewicz, U., and Lotti, N. (2018). Characterization of active edible films based on citral essential oil, alginate and pectin. Materials, 11(10), 1980.
  • Su, J. F., Huang, Z., Yuan, X. Y., Wang, X. Y., and Li, M. (2010). Structure and properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/soy protein isolate blend edible films crosslinked by Maillard reactions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79(1), 145-153.
  • Svobodova, B., Barros, L., Calhelha, R. C., Heleno, S., Alves, M. J., Walcott, S., ... and Ferreira, I. C. (2017). Bioactive properties and phenolic profile of Momordica charantia L. medicinal plant growing wild in Trinidad and Tobago. Industrial crops and products, 95, 365-373.
  • Tan, S. P., Parks, S. E., Stathopoulos, C. E., and Roach, P. D. (2014). Extraction of flavonoids from bitter melon. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(5), 458-465.
  • Tavera‐Quiroz, M. J., Urriza, M., Pinotti, A., and Bertola, N. (2012). Plasticized methylcellulose coating for reducing oil uptake in potato chips. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(7), 1346-1353.
  • Teixeira, B., Marques, A., Pires, C., Ramos, C., Batista, I., Saraiva, J. A., and Nunes, M. L. (2014). Characterization of fish protein films incorporated with essential oils of clove, garlic and origanum: Physical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 59(1), 533-539.
  • Umaraw, P., and Verma, A. K. (2017). Comprehensive review on application of edible film on meat and meat products: An eco-friendly approach. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(6), 1270-1279.
  • Wang, L., Dong, Y., Men, H., Tong, J., and Zhou, J. (2013). Preparation and characterization of active films based on chitosan incorporated tea polyphenols. Food hydrocolloids, 32(1), 35-41.
  • Wang, S., Lu, A., and Zhang, L. (2016). Recent advances in regenerated cellulose materials. Progress in Polymer Science, 53, 169-206.
  • Wu, J., Chen, S., Ge, S., Miao, J., Li, J., and Zhang, Q. (2013). Preparation, properties and antioxidant activity of an active film from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin gelatin incorporated with green tea extract. Food Hydrocolloids, 32(1), 42-51.
  • Yaldız, G., Sekeroglu, N., Kulak, M., and Demirkol, G. (2015). Antimicrobial activity and agricultural properties of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) grown in northern parts of Turkey: a case study for adaptation. Natural Product Research, 29(6), 543-545.
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Characterization of functional properties of edible methylcellulose films containing Momordica charantia L. ethanolic extract

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 1836 - 1855, 15.12.2023

Selin Kalkan Mustafa Otağ Mehmet Soner Engin

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1363270

Abstract

Methylcellulose edible films were produced by using different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1% of Momordica charantia L. ethanolic extract (ME). Methylcellulose (MC) films were analyzed in terms of their physicochemical properties and antimicrobial (against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus 6538 IP, Staphylococcus epidermis ATCC 1228, Vibrio parahemolyticus ATCC 17802, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ATCC 911, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315) and antioxidant activities. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis was used in determining the functional group interactions between the polymer and ME, whereas Thermal Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis were used in defining the physicochemical characterization. The highest antimicrobial effect against Proteus vulgaris (approximately 1.93 log CFU/mL) at the end of 24h was achieved with MC films containing 1% ME in comparison to the control film. While an inverse correlation was observed between increasing ME concentration and the tensile strength of the films, a significant decrease in water vapor permeability values, improvement in contact angle values and hydrophilic properties were determined. In light of all these results, the film samples of MCME demonstrated their suitability as viable candidates for biodegradable and edible food packaging applications.

Keywords

Bioactive edible film Methylcellulose Antioxidant activity Antibacterial activity Physicochemical properties

References

  • Atarés, L., Bonilla, J., and Chiralt, A. (2010). Characterization of sodium caseinate-based edible films incorporated with cinnamon or ginger essential oils. Journal of Food Engineering, 100(4), 678-687.
  • Averous, L., Moro, L., Dole, P., and Fringant, C. (2000). Properties of thermoplastic blends: starch–polycaprolactone. Polymer, 41(11), 4157-4167.
  • Ayana, B., and Turhan, K. N. (2009). Use of antimicrobial methylcellulose films to control Staphylococcus aureus during storage of Kasar cheese. Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal, 22(8), 461-469.
  • Beghetto, V., Gatto, V., Conca, S., Bardella, N., Buranello, C., Gasparetto, G., and Sole, R. (2020). Development of 4-(4, 6-dimethoxy-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methyl-morpholinium chloride cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 249, 116810.
  • Benbettaïeb, N., Kurek, M., Bornaz, S., and Debeaufort, F. (2014). Barrier, structural and mechanical properties of bovine gelatin–chitosan blend films related to biopolymer interactions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(12), 2409-2419.
  • Bertuzzi, M. A., Armada, M., and Gottifredi, J. C. (2007). Physicochemical characterization of starch based films. Journal of Food Engineering, 82(1), 17-25.
  • Braca, A., Siciliano, T., D’Arrigo, M., and Germanò, M. P. (2008). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia seed essential oil. Fitoterapia, 79(2), 123-125.
  • Buera, M. P., Rossi, S., Moreno, S., and Chirife, J. (1999). DSC confirmation that vitrification is not necessary for stabilization of the restriction enzyme EcoRI dried with saccharides. Biotechnology Progress, 15(3), 577-579.
  • Cazón, P., Velazquez, G., Ramírez, J. A., and Vázquez, M. (2017). Polysaccharide-based films and coatings for food packaging: A review. Food Hydrocolloids, 68, 136-148.
  • Çağrı-Mehmetoğlu, A. (2010). Yenilebilir filmlerin ve kaplamaların özelliklerini etkileyen faktörler. Akademik Gıda, 8(5), 37-43.
  • Engin, M. S., Kalkan, S., Cay, S., Guder, A., Otag, M. R., Gur, G., & Kablan, A. (2018). DPPH radical scavenging, phenolic and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia and Rheum ribes. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(4), 447-458.
  • Erdohan, Z. Ö., and Turhan, K. N. (2005). Barrier and mechanical properties of methylcellulose–whey protein films. Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal, 18(6), 295-302.
  • Esmaeili, A., and Ebrahimzadeh Fazel, M. (2016). Optimization and preparation of methylcellulose edible film combined with of ferulago angulata essential oil (FEO) nanocapsules for food packaging applications. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 31(5), 341-349.
  • Gutierrez-Pacheco, M. M., Ortega-Ramirez, L. A., Cruz-Valenzuela, M. R., Silva-Espinoza, B. A., Gonzalez-Aguilar, G. A., and Ayala-Zavala, J. F. (2016). Combinational approaches for antimicrobial packaging: Pectin and cinnamon leaf oil. Antimicrobial Food Packaging, 609-617.
  • Huntrakul, K., and Harnkarnsujarit, N. (2020). Effects of plasticizers on water sorption and aging stability of whey protein/carboxy methyl cellulose films. Journal of Food Engineering, 272, 109809.
  • Jin, T., Liu, L., Zhang, H., and Hicks, K. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of nisin incorporated in pectin and polylactic acid composite films against Listeria monocytogenes. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 44(2), 322-329.
  • Kalkan, S. (2018). Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 inactivation by using methylcellulose films containing encapsulated bacteriophages. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 42(5), 480-485.
  • Kalkan, S., Otağ, M. R., and Engin, M. S. (2020). Physicochemical and bioactive properties of edible methylcellulose films containing Rheum ribes L. extract. Food Chemistry, 307, 125524.
  • Karbowiak, T., Debeaufort, F., Champion, D., and Voilley, A. (2006). Wetting properties at the surface of iota-carrageenan-based edible films. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 294(2), 400-410.
  • Kavoosi, G., Rahmatollahi, A., Dadfar, S. M. M., and Purfard, A. M. (2014). Effects of essential oil on the water binding capacity, physico-mechanical properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of gelatin films. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 57(2), 556-561.
  • Khatib, O., Yuen, J. D., Wilson, J., Kumar, R., Di Ventra, M., Heeger, A. J., and Basov, D. N. (2012). Infrared spectroscopy of narrow gap donor-acceptor polymer-based ambipolar transistors. Physical Review B, 86(19), 195109.
  • Krishna, M., Nindo, C. I., and Min, S. C. (2012). Development of fish gelatin edible films using extrusion and compression molding. Journal of Food Engineering, 108(2), 337-344.
  • Leelaprakash, G., Rose, J. C., Gowtham, B. M., Javvaji, P. K., and Shivram Prasad, A. (2011). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Momordica Charantia leaves. Pharmacophore, 2(4), 207-215.
  • Liu, H., Bandyopadhyay, P., Kshetri, T., Kim, N. H., Ku, B. C., Moon, B., and Lee, J. H. (2017). Layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte-decorated graphene multilayer film for hydrogen gas barrier application. Composites Part B: Engineering, 114, 339-347.
  • Mali, S., Sakanaka, L. S., Yamashita, F., and Grossmann, M. V. E. (2005). Water sorption and mechanical properties of cassava starch films and their relation to plasticizing effect. Carbohydrate polymers, 60(3), 283-289.
  • Mastromatteo, M., Barbuzzi, G., Conte, A., and Del Nobile, M. A. (2009). Controlled release of thymol from zein based film. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 10(2), 222-227.
  • Mayachiew, P., and Devahastin, S. (2010). Effects of drying methods and conditions on release characteristics of edible chitosan films enriched with Indian gooseberry extract. Food Chemistry, 118(3), 594-601.
  • Moghimi, R., Aliahmadi, A., and Rafati, H. (2017). Antibacterial hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose edible films containing nanoemulsions of Thymus daenensis essential oil for food packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers, 175, 241-248.
  • Mohsenabadi, N., Rajaei, A., Tabatabaei, M., and Mohsenifar, A. (2018). Physical and antimicrobial properties of starch-carboxy methyl cellulose film containing rosemary essential oils encapsulated in chitosan nanogel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 112, 148-155.
  • Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Rohani, S. M. R., Oromiehie, A. R., Malekinejad, H., Aliakbarlu, J., and Hadian, M. (2012). Characterization of antioxidant chitosan film incorporated with Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil and grape seed extract. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 46(2), 477-484.
  • Pastor, C., Sánchez-González, L., Chiralt, A., Cháfer, M., and González-Martínez, C. (2013). Physical and antioxidant properties of chitosan and methylcellulose based films containing resveratrol. Food Hydrocolloids, 30(1), 272-280.
  • Paul, A., and Raychaudhuri, S. S. (2010). Medicinal uses and molecular identification of two Momordica charantia varieties-a review. Electronic Journal of Biology, 6(2), 43-51.
  • Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Kriz, G. S., and Vyvyan, J. R. (2013). Introduction to Spectroscopy. Vol 20. Fifth Edit. Cengage Learning. Stamford, CT 06902 USA, 786 p.
  • Piñeros-Hernandez, D., Medina-Jaramillo, C., López-Córdoba, A., and Goyanes, S. (2017). Edible cassava starch films carrying rosemary antioxidant extracts for potential use as active food packaging. Food hydrocolloids, 63, 488-495.
  • Rattaya, S., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T. (2009). Properties of fish skin gelatin film incorporated with seaweed extract. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1), 151-157.
  • Rodrigues Filho, G., de Assunção, R. M., Vieira, J. G., Meireles, C. D. S., Cerqueira, D. A., da Silva Barud, H., ... and Messaddeq, Y. (2007). Characterization of methylcellulose produced from sugar cane bagasse cellulose: Crystallinity and thermal properties. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 92(2), 205-210.
  • Roy, S., and Rhim, J. W. (2020). Carboxymethyl cellulose-based antioxidant and antimicrobial active packaging film incorporated with curcumin and zinc oxide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 148, 666-676.
  • Rubilar, J. F., Cruz, R. M., Silva, H. D., Vicente, A. A., Khmelinskii, I., and Vieira, M. C. (2013). Physico-mechanical properties of chitosan films with carvacrol and grape seed extract. Journal of Food Engineering, 115(4), 466-474.
  • Siracusa, V., Romani, S., Gigli, M., Mannozzi, C., Cecchini, J. P., Tylewicz, U., and Lotti, N. (2018). Characterization of active edible films based on citral essential oil, alginate and pectin. Materials, 11(10), 1980.
  • Su, J. F., Huang, Z., Yuan, X. Y., Wang, X. Y., and Li, M. (2010). Structure and properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/soy protein isolate blend edible films crosslinked by Maillard reactions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79(1), 145-153.
  • Svobodova, B., Barros, L., Calhelha, R. C., Heleno, S., Alves, M. J., Walcott, S., ... and Ferreira, I. C. (2017). Bioactive properties and phenolic profile of Momordica charantia L. medicinal plant growing wild in Trinidad and Tobago. Industrial crops and products, 95, 365-373.
  • Tan, S. P., Parks, S. E., Stathopoulos, C. E., and Roach, P. D. (2014). Extraction of flavonoids from bitter melon. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(5), 458-465.
  • Tavera‐Quiroz, M. J., Urriza, M., Pinotti, A., and Bertola, N. (2012). Plasticized methylcellulose coating for reducing oil uptake in potato chips. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(7), 1346-1353.
  • Teixeira, B., Marques, A., Pires, C., Ramos, C., Batista, I., Saraiva, J. A., and Nunes, M. L. (2014). Characterization of fish protein films incorporated with essential oils of clove, garlic and origanum: Physical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 59(1), 533-539.
  • Umaraw, P., and Verma, A. K. (2017). Comprehensive review on application of edible film on meat and meat products: An eco-friendly approach. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(6), 1270-1279.
  • Wang, L., Dong, Y., Men, H., Tong, J., and Zhou, J. (2013). Preparation and characterization of active films based on chitosan incorporated tea polyphenols. Food hydrocolloids, 32(1), 35-41.
  • Wang, S., Lu, A., and Zhang, L. (2016). Recent advances in regenerated cellulose materials. Progress in Polymer Science, 53, 169-206.
  • Wu, J., Chen, S., Ge, S., Miao, J., Li, J., and Zhang, Q. (2013). Preparation, properties and antioxidant activity of an active film from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin gelatin incorporated with green tea extract. Food Hydrocolloids, 32(1), 42-51.
  • Yaldız, G., Sekeroglu, N., Kulak, M., and Demirkol, G. (2015). Antimicrobial activity and agricultural properties of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) grown in northern parts of Turkey: a case study for adaptation. Natural Product Research, 29(6), 543-545.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selin Kalkan 0000-0002-4142-3152

Mustafa Otağ 0000-0001-5450-1546

Mehmet Soner Engin 0000-0001-5954-5628

Early Pub Date December 18, 2023
Publication Date December 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kalkan, S., Otağ, M., & Engin, M. S. (2023). Momordica charantia L. etanol ekstraktı içeren yenilebilir metilselüloz filmlerin fonksiyonel özelliklerinin karakterizasyonu. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(4), 1836-1855. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1363270
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