Research Article
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Year 2022, , 111 - 117, 01.04.2022

Tuğba Nigar Bozkuş , Orhan Değer

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH22011

Abstract

References

  • Alencar, S.M., Oldoni, T.L.C., Castro, M.L., Cabral, I.S.R., Costa-Neto, C.M., Cury, J.A., Rosalen, P.L., Ikegaki, M. (2007). Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: Red propolis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(2), 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.005
  • Aliyazicioglu, Y., Demir, S., Turan, I., Cakiroglu, T.N., Akalin, I., Deger, O., Bedir, A. (2011). Preventive and protective effects of Turkish propolis on H2O2-induced DNA damage in foreskin fibroblast cell lines. Acta Biologica Hungarica, 62(4), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1556/abiol.62.2011.4.5
  • Arslan, S., Silici, S., Perçin, D., Koç, A.N., Er, Ö. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of poplar propolis on mutans streptococci and caries development in rats. Turkish Journal of Biology, 36, 65-73.
  • Azarshinfam, N., Tanomand, A., Soltanzadeh, H., Rad, F.A. (2021). Evaluation of anticancer effects of propolis extract with or without combination with layered double hydroxide nanoparticles on Bcl-2 and Bax genes expression in HT-29 cell lines. Gene Reports, 23, 101031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101031
  • Bankova, V.S., De Castro, S.L., Marcucci, M.C. (2000). Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31, 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000102
  • Banskota, A.H., Nagaoka, T., Sumioka, L.Y., Tezuka, Y., Awale, S., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., Kadota, S. (2002). Antiproliferative activity of the Netherlands propolis and its active principles in cancer cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 80(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00022-3
  • Banskota, A.H., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I.K., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., Message, D., Huertas, A.A.G., Kadota, S. (2000). Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(1-2), 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00252-X
  • Barlak, Y., Değer, O., Uçar, M., Çakıroğlu, T.N. (2015). Effects of Turkish propolis extract on secretion of polymorphonuclear elastase following respiratory burst. Turkish Journal of Biology, 39, 194-201. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1402-48
  • Benkovic, V., Horvat Knezevi, A., Dikic, D., Lisicic, D., Orsolic, N., Basic, I., Kosalec, I., Kopjar, N. (2008). Radioprotective effects of propolis and quercetin in γ-irradiated mice evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. Phytomedicine, 15(10), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.010 Burdock, G.A. (1998). Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36(4), 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00145-2
  • Cruz, A.I.C., Costa, M.C., Mafra, J.F., Ferreira, M.A., Miranda, F.M., Costa, J.A., Watanabe, Y.N., Ribeiro, P.R., Araujo, F.M., Evangelista-Barreto N.S. (2021). Evangelista-BarretoA sodium alginate bilayer coating incorporated with green propolis extract as a powerful tool to extend Colossoma macropomum fillet shelf-life. Food Chemistry, 355, 129610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129610
  • Erel, O. (2004). A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clinical Biochemistry, 37(4), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015
  • Frozza, C.O.S., Garcia, C.S.C., Gambato, G., Souza, M.D.O., Salvador, M., Moura, S., Padilha, F.F., Seixas, F.K., Collares, T., Borsuk, S., Dellagostin, O.A., Henriques, J.A.P., Roesch-Ely, M. (2013). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 52, 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.013
  • Havsteen, B.H. (2002). The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 96(2-3), 67-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00298-X
  • Kheiri, F., Sabzi, R.E., Jannatdoust, E., Shojaeefar, E., Sedghi, H. (2011). A novel amperometric immunosensor based on acetone-extracted propolis forthe detection of the HIV-1 p24 antigen. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26, 4457-4463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.002
  • Kujumgiev, A., Tsvetkova, I., Serkedjieva, Yu., Bankova, V., Christov, R., Popov, S. (1999). Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64(3), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00131-7
  • Kumazawa, S., Hamasaka, T., Nakayama, T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry, 84(3), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00216-4
  • Laskar, R.A., Sk., I., Roy, N., Begum, N.A. (2010). Antioxidant activity of Indian propolis and its chemical constituents. Food Chemistry, 122(1), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.068
  • Liao, N., Sun, L., Wang, D., Chen, L., Wang, J., Qi, X., Zhang, H., Tang, M., Wu, G., Chen, J., Zhang, R. (2021). Antiviral properties of propolis ethanol extract against norovirus and its application in fresh juices. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 152, 112169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112169
  • Lotito, S.B., Frei, B. (2004). Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: Contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36(2), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.10.005
  • Mani, F., Damasceno, H.C.R., Novelli, E.L.B., Martins, E.A.M., Sforcin, J.M. (2006). Propolis: Effect of different concentrations, extracts and intake period on seric biochemical variables. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105(1-2), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.10.011
  • Mohtar, L.G., Messina, G.A., Bertolino, F.A., Pereira, S.V., Raba, J., Nazareno, M.A. (2020). Comparative study of different methodologies for the determination the antioxidant activity of Venezuelan propolis. Microchemical Journal, 158, 105244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105244
  • Nagai, T., Inoue, R., Inoue, H., Suzuki, N. (2003). Preparation and antioxidant properties of water extract of propolis. Food Chemistry, 80(1), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00231-5
  • Nakajima, Y., Shimazawa, M., Mishima, S., Hara, H. (2007). Water extract of propolis and its main constituents, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, exert neuroprotective effects via antioxidant actions. Life Sciences, 80, 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.017
  • Nakajima, Y., Tsuruma, K., Shimazawa, M., Mishima, S., Hara, H. (2009). Comparison of bee products based on assays of antioxidant capacities. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-4
  • Orsatti, C.L., Missima, F., Pagliarone, A.C., Sforcin, J.M. (2010). Th1/Th2 cytokines’ expression and production by propolis-treated mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 129(3), 314-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.030
  • Orsolic, N., Knezevic, A.H., Sver, L., Terzic, S., Basic, I. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94(2-3), 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.006
  • Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6), 629-632. https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
  • Park, Y.K., Koo, M.H., Ikegaki, M., Contado, J.L. (1997). Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologia e Technologia, 40(1), 97-106.
  • Peixoto, M., Freitas, A.S., Cunha, A., Oliveira, R., Aguia, C.A. (2021). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of blends of propolis samples collected in different years. LWT -Food Science and Technology, 145, 111311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111311
  • Pietta, P.G., Gardana, C., Pietta, A.M. (2002). Analytical methods for quality control of propolis. Fitoterapia, 73(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00186-7
  • Pinchuk, I., Lichtenberg, D. (2002). The mechanism of action of antioxidants against lipoprotein peroxidation, evaluation based on kinetic experiments. Progress in Lipid Research, 41(4), 279-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00026-1
  • Schnitzler, P., Neuner, A., Nolkemper, S., Zundel, C., Nowack, H., Sensch, K.H., Reichling, J. (2010). Antiviral activity and mode of action of propolis extracts and selected compounds. Phytotheraphy Research, 24, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2868
  • Sforcin, J.M. (2007). Propolis and the immune system: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.012
  • Silva, J.C., Rodrigues, S., Feas, X., Estevinho, L.M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity, phenolic profile and role in the inflammation of propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(5), 1790-1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.097
  • Siripatrawan, U., Vitchayakitti, W., Sanguandeekul, R. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Thai propolis extracted using ethanol aqueous solution. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03152.x
  • Thamnopoulos, I-A.I., Michailidis, G.F., Fletouris, D.J., Badeka, A., Kontominas, M.G., Angelidis, A.S. (2018). Inhibitory activity of propolis against Listeria monocytogenes in milk stored under refrigeration. Food Microbiology, 73,168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.021
  • Wang, K., Zhang, J., Ping, S., Ma, Q., Chen, X., Xuan, H., Shi, J., Zhang, C., Hu, F. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of Chinese propolis and buds from poplar (Populus x canadensis). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.037

Comparison of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of propolis in different solvents

Year 2022, , 111 - 117, 01.04.2022

Tuğba Nigar Bozkuş , Orhan Değer

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH22011

Abstract

This study aims to determine which solvent is the best for the solubility of the propolis by using concentrations of total polyphenols and flavonoids, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and total antioxidant status (TAS) in extracts of propolis from different provinces of Türkiye prepared with water, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol and acetone. Propolis samples were lyophilized in the same solvents except for that glycerol and acetone. Total concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids, FRAP, and TAS of both normal and lyophilized extracts were found be consistent when compared with each other. After extraction of propolis and evaluation of the total polyphenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity, we concluded that it is mostly dissolved in DMSO, and after that in ethanol, acetone, glycerol respectively, and the least in water according to our extraction and analysis methods. 

Keywords

Propolis Flavonoids Polyphenols Solubility Different solvents

References

  • Alencar, S.M., Oldoni, T.L.C., Castro, M.L., Cabral, I.S.R., Costa-Neto, C.M., Cury, J.A., Rosalen, P.L., Ikegaki, M. (2007). Chemical composition and biological activity of a new type of Brazilian propolis: Red propolis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(2), 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.005
  • Aliyazicioglu, Y., Demir, S., Turan, I., Cakiroglu, T.N., Akalin, I., Deger, O., Bedir, A. (2011). Preventive and protective effects of Turkish propolis on H2O2-induced DNA damage in foreskin fibroblast cell lines. Acta Biologica Hungarica, 62(4), 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1556/abiol.62.2011.4.5
  • Arslan, S., Silici, S., Perçin, D., Koç, A.N., Er, Ö. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of poplar propolis on mutans streptococci and caries development in rats. Turkish Journal of Biology, 36, 65-73.
  • Azarshinfam, N., Tanomand, A., Soltanzadeh, H., Rad, F.A. (2021). Evaluation of anticancer effects of propolis extract with or without combination with layered double hydroxide nanoparticles on Bcl-2 and Bax genes expression in HT-29 cell lines. Gene Reports, 23, 101031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101031
  • Bankova, V.S., De Castro, S.L., Marcucci, M.C. (2000). Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31, 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000102
  • Banskota, A.H., Nagaoka, T., Sumioka, L.Y., Tezuka, Y., Awale, S., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., Kadota, S. (2002). Antiproliferative activity of the Netherlands propolis and its active principles in cancer cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 80(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00022-3
  • Banskota, A.H., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I.K., Midorikawa, K., Matsushige, K., Message, D., Huertas, A.A.G., Kadota, S. (2000). Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(1-2), 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00252-X
  • Barlak, Y., Değer, O., Uçar, M., Çakıroğlu, T.N. (2015). Effects of Turkish propolis extract on secretion of polymorphonuclear elastase following respiratory burst. Turkish Journal of Biology, 39, 194-201. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1402-48
  • Benkovic, V., Horvat Knezevi, A., Dikic, D., Lisicic, D., Orsolic, N., Basic, I., Kosalec, I., Kopjar, N. (2008). Radioprotective effects of propolis and quercetin in γ-irradiated mice evaluated by the alkaline comet assay. Phytomedicine, 15(10), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.02.010 Burdock, G.A. (1998). Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36(4), 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00145-2
  • Cruz, A.I.C., Costa, M.C., Mafra, J.F., Ferreira, M.A., Miranda, F.M., Costa, J.A., Watanabe, Y.N., Ribeiro, P.R., Araujo, F.M., Evangelista-Barreto N.S. (2021). Evangelista-BarretoA sodium alginate bilayer coating incorporated with green propolis extract as a powerful tool to extend Colossoma macropomum fillet shelf-life. Food Chemistry, 355, 129610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129610
  • Erel, O. (2004). A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clinical Biochemistry, 37(4), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015
  • Frozza, C.O.S., Garcia, C.S.C., Gambato, G., Souza, M.D.O., Salvador, M., Moura, S., Padilha, F.F., Seixas, F.K., Collares, T., Borsuk, S., Dellagostin, O.A., Henriques, J.A.P., Roesch-Ely, M. (2013). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 52, 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.013
  • Havsteen, B.H. (2002). The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 96(2-3), 67-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00298-X
  • Kheiri, F., Sabzi, R.E., Jannatdoust, E., Shojaeefar, E., Sedghi, H. (2011). A novel amperometric immunosensor based on acetone-extracted propolis forthe detection of the HIV-1 p24 antigen. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26, 4457-4463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.05.002
  • Kujumgiev, A., Tsvetkova, I., Serkedjieva, Yu., Bankova, V., Christov, R., Popov, S. (1999). Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64(3), 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00131-7
  • Kumazawa, S., Hamasaka, T., Nakayama, T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry, 84(3), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00216-4
  • Laskar, R.A., Sk., I., Roy, N., Begum, N.A. (2010). Antioxidant activity of Indian propolis and its chemical constituents. Food Chemistry, 122(1), 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.068
  • Liao, N., Sun, L., Wang, D., Chen, L., Wang, J., Qi, X., Zhang, H., Tang, M., Wu, G., Chen, J., Zhang, R. (2021). Antiviral properties of propolis ethanol extract against norovirus and its application in fresh juices. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 152, 112169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112169
  • Lotito, S.B., Frei, B. (2004). Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: Contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36(2), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.10.005
  • Mani, F., Damasceno, H.C.R., Novelli, E.L.B., Martins, E.A.M., Sforcin, J.M. (2006). Propolis: Effect of different concentrations, extracts and intake period on seric biochemical variables. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105(1-2), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.10.011
  • Mohtar, L.G., Messina, G.A., Bertolino, F.A., Pereira, S.V., Raba, J., Nazareno, M.A. (2020). Comparative study of different methodologies for the determination the antioxidant activity of Venezuelan propolis. Microchemical Journal, 158, 105244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.105244
  • Nagai, T., Inoue, R., Inoue, H., Suzuki, N. (2003). Preparation and antioxidant properties of water extract of propolis. Food Chemistry, 80(1), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00231-5
  • Nakajima, Y., Shimazawa, M., Mishima, S., Hara, H. (2007). Water extract of propolis and its main constituents, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, exert neuroprotective effects via antioxidant actions. Life Sciences, 80, 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.017
  • Nakajima, Y., Tsuruma, K., Shimazawa, M., Mishima, S., Hara, H. (2009). Comparison of bee products based on assays of antioxidant capacities. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-9-4
  • Orsatti, C.L., Missima, F., Pagliarone, A.C., Sforcin, J.M. (2010). Th1/Th2 cytokines’ expression and production by propolis-treated mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 129(3), 314-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.030
  • Orsolic, N., Knezevic, A.H., Sver, L., Terzic, S., Basic, I. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 94(2-3), 307-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.006
  • Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6), 629-632. https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307
  • Park, Y.K., Koo, M.H., Ikegaki, M., Contado, J.L. (1997). Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologia e Technologia, 40(1), 97-106.
  • Peixoto, M., Freitas, A.S., Cunha, A., Oliveira, R., Aguia, C.A. (2021). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of blends of propolis samples collected in different years. LWT -Food Science and Technology, 145, 111311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111311
  • Pietta, P.G., Gardana, C., Pietta, A.M. (2002). Analytical methods for quality control of propolis. Fitoterapia, 73(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00186-7
  • Pinchuk, I., Lichtenberg, D. (2002). The mechanism of action of antioxidants against lipoprotein peroxidation, evaluation based on kinetic experiments. Progress in Lipid Research, 41(4), 279-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00026-1
  • Schnitzler, P., Neuner, A., Nolkemper, S., Zundel, C., Nowack, H., Sensch, K.H., Reichling, J. (2010). Antiviral activity and mode of action of propolis extracts and selected compounds. Phytotheraphy Research, 24, 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2868
  • Sforcin, J.M. (2007). Propolis and the immune system: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.012
  • Silva, J.C., Rodrigues, S., Feas, X., Estevinho, L.M. (2012). Antimicrobial activity, phenolic profile and role in the inflammation of propolis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(5), 1790-1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.097
  • Siripatrawan, U., Vitchayakitti, W., Sanguandeekul, R. (2013). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Thai propolis extracted using ethanol aqueous solution. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03152.x
  • Thamnopoulos, I-A.I., Michailidis, G.F., Fletouris, D.J., Badeka, A., Kontominas, M.G., Angelidis, A.S. (2018). Inhibitory activity of propolis against Listeria monocytogenes in milk stored under refrigeration. Food Microbiology, 73,168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.021
  • Wang, K., Zhang, J., Ping, S., Ma, Q., Chen, X., Xuan, H., Shi, J., Zhang, C., Hu, F. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of Chinese propolis and buds from poplar (Populus x canadensis). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.037
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology, Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tuğba Nigar Bozkuş 0000-0001-9613-6911

Orhan Değer 0000-0003-3584-6324

Publication Date April 1, 2022
Submission Date July 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Bozkuş, T. N., & Değer, O. (2022). Comparison of total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of propolis in different solvents. Food and Health, 8(2), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH22011

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