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THE EFFECTS OF RAW MILK AND PASTEURIZED MILK CONSUMPTION ON PUBLIC HEALTH

Year 2019, , 197 - 204, 01.07.2019

Artun Yıbar , Sefa Can Küçük

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH19021

Abstract



Milk contains
almost all the necessary nutrients needed for the growth, development and
survival of a person. Despite the beneficial effects of consumption of milk and
dairy products on nutrition and health, raw milk can harbor dangerous
microorganisms such as Salmonella, E.
coli and Listeria, which can pose
serious health risks. In order to destroy possible pathogenic microorganisms
that may be found in raw milk and to protect nutritional value, heat treatments
accepted in international norms are applied. Pasteurization is a process that
destroys harmful bacteria by heating the raw milk to a certain Temperature for
a certain period of time. While pasteurization helps provide safe, nutritious
milk and cheese, some people claim that pasteurisation destroys important
nutritional items in the milk, has the therapeutic properties of such as asthma
and reduction of allergies, and is a safer alternative. In this review, in the
conjunction with the literatüre, the effect of pasteurisation on the quality of
milk nutrients and alleged potential benefits of raw milk are described as
critical.

Keywords

Raw milk Pasteurisation Pasteurized milk Public health

References

  • AAP. (2014). Consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk and milk products by pregnant women and children. Pediatrics, 133(1), 175-179.
  • Abbring, S., Verheijden, K.A.T., Diks, M.A.P., Leusink-Muis, A., Hols, G., Baars, T., Garssen, J., van Esch B.C.A.M. (2017). Raw cow’s milk prevents the development of airway ınflammation in a murine house dust mite-ınduced asthma model. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1-10.
  • Anonim (2018). Milk as a growth medium. https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodscience/book-page/milk-growth-medium (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Beerens, H., Perriere B.H.B., Gavini, F. (2000). Evaluation of the hygienic quality of raw milk based on the presence of bifidobacteria: the cow as a source of faecal contamination. International Journal of Food Microbiology,, 54(3), 163-169.
  • Castillo, D.S., Cassola, A. (2017). Novel sensitive monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of raw and processed bovine beta-casein. Plos One, 12(7), 1-19.
  • Chaneton, L., Tirante, L., Malto, J., Chaves, J., Bussmann, L.E. (2008). Relationship between milk lactoferrin and etiological agent in the mastitic bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science, 91,1865-1873.
  • Claeys, W.L., Cardoen, S., Daube, G., Block, J., Dewettinck, K., Dierick, K., Zutter, L.D., Huyghebaert, A., Imberechts, H., Thiange, P., Vandenplas, Y., Herman, L. (2013). Raw or heated cow milk consumption: Rewiew of risks and benefits. Food Control, 31, 251-262.
  • Costard, S., Espejo, L., Groenendaal, H., Zagmutt, F.J. (2017). Outbreak-related disease burden associated with consumption of unpasteurized cow’s milk and cheese, united states, 2009-2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(6), 957-964.
  • Czaplicki, A. (2007). Pure milk ıs better than purified milk. Social Science History, 31(3), 411-433.
  • David, S.D. (2014). Raw milk and the first amendment: Imlications for public health policy and practice. Public Health Reports, 129, 455-457.
  • Delcenserie, V., Bechoux, N., China, B., Daube, G., Gavini, F. (2005). A PCR method for detection of bifidobacteria in raw milk and raw milk cheese: comparison with culture-based methods. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 61, 55-67.
  • Delcenserie, V., Gavini, F., China, B., Daube, G. (2011). Bifidobacterium pseudolongum are efficient indicators of animal fecal contamination in raw milk cheese industry. BioMed Central Microbiology, 11, 1-9.
  • Enticott, G. (2003). Risking the rural: natüre, morality and the consumption of unpasteurised milk. Journal of Rural Studies, 19(4), 411-424.
  • Fahrländer, C.B., Mutius, E.V. (2010). Can farm milk consumption prevent allergic diseases. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 41, 29-35.
  • FDA. (2017). Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance-2017 Revision. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/UCM612027.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • FDA. (2018a). The Dangers of Raw Milk: Unpasteurized Milk Can Pose a Serious Health Risk. https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/buystoreservesafefood/ucm079516.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • FDA. (2018b). Raw Milk Misconceptions and the Danger of Raw Milk Consumption. https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/BuyStoreServeSafeFood/ucm247991.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • FDA. (2018c). Problems Digesting Dairy Products?. https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm094550.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Gözener, B., Sayılı, M. (2013). Tüketicilerin açık süt ve süt ürünleri tüketim tercihlerinin incelenmesi: Tokat-Turhal ilçesi örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1, 160-175.
  • Güzeler, N., Esmek, E.M. (2017). Okul sütü programı: Osmaniye ili örneği. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(2), 15-26.
  • Heine, R.G., AlRefaee, F., Bachina, P., De leon, J.C., Geng, L., Gong, S., Madrazo, J.A., Ngamphaiboon, J., Ong, C., Rogacion, J.M. (2017). Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow’s milk allergy in infants and children- common misconceptions revisited. World Allergy Organization Journal, 10, 1-8.
  • Jarde, A., Lewis-Mikhael, A.M., Moayyedi, P., Stearns J.C., Collins, S.M., Beyene, J., McDonald, S.D. (2018). Pregnancy Outcomes in women taking probiotics or prebiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed Central Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 1-14.
  • Karakaya, E., Akbay, C. (2014). İstanbul ili kentsel alanda tüketicilerin açık ve paket süt tüketim alışkanlıkları. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 20(1), 17-27.
  • Lacroix, M., Leonil, J., Bos, C., Henry, G., Airinel, G., Fauquant, J., Tome, D., Gaudichon, C. (2006). Heat markers and quality ındexes of ındustrially heat-treated [15n] milk protein measured in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 1508-1517.
  • Langer, A.J., Ayers, T., Grass, J., Lynch, M., Angulo, F.J., Mahon, B.E. (2012). Nonpasteurized dairy products, disease outbreaks, and state laws- United States, 1993-2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(3), 385-391.
  • LeJeune, J.T., Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2009). Food safety: unpasteurized milk: a continued public helath threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(1), 93-100.
  • Lucey, J.A. (2015). Raw milk consumption. Nutrition Today, 50(4), 189-193.
  • Macdonald, L.E., Brett, J., Kelton, D., Majowicz, S.E., Snedeker, K., Sargeant, J.M. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pasteurization on milk vitamins, and evidence for raw milk consumption and other health-related outcomes. Journal of Food Protection, 77(11), 1814-1832.
  • Markowiak, P., Slizewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1-30.
  • Mullin, G.E., Belkoff, S.M. (2014). Survey to determine why people drink raw milk. Global Advances Health and Medicine, 3(6), 19-24.
  • Mummah, S., Oelrich, B., Hope, J., Vu, Q., Gardner, C.D. (2014). Effect of raw milk on lactose ıntolerance: a randomized controlled pilot study. Annals of Family Medicine, 12(2), 134-141.
  • Mungai, E.A., Behravesh, C.B., Gould, L.H. (2015). Increased outbreaks associated with nonpasteurized milk, United States, 2007-2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 119-122.
  • Musayeva, K., Sederevicius, A., Zelvyte, R., Monkeviciene, I., Beliavska-Aleksiejune, D., Kerziene, S. (2016). Concentration of lactoferrin and immünoglobulin G in cows’ milk in relation to health status of the udder, lactation and season. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 19(4), 737-744.
  • Onurlubaş, E., Yılmaz, N. (2013). The factors affecting milk consumption preferences of the consumers in Edirne Keşan township. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 11(3&4), 516-518.
  • Peila, C., Moro, G.E., Bertino, E., Cavallarin, L., Giribaldi, M., Giuliani, F., Cresi, F., Coscia, A. (2016). The effect of holder pasteurization on nutrients and biologically-active components in donor human milk human milk: A review. Nutrients, 8(8), 1-19.
  • Pereira, P.C. (2014). Milk Nutritional Composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30, 619-627.
  • Sarkar, S. (2016). Microbiological safety concerns of raw milk. Journal of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, 1(2), 1-7.
  • Taşdemir, A. (2017). Probiyotikler, prebiyotikler ve sinbiyotikler. Kastamonu Sağlık Akademisi, 2(1), 71-88.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2018). Sağlıklı Bir Gelecek İçin Süt İçin. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,2552/brsaglikli-bir-gelecek-icin-sut-icin.html (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Topcu, Y., Baram, D., Denizli, G. (2016). Tüketicilerin süt tüketim tercih modellerini temel alan pazarlama taktik ve stratejilerinin belirlenmesi. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 31, 18-32.
  • Truswell, A.S. (2005). The A2 milk case: a critical review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(5), 623-631.
  • Tse, K., Horner, A.A. (2008). Allergen tolerance versus the allergic march: The hygiene hypothesis revisited. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 8(6), 475-483. Vrankes, A.P., Popovic, M., Jevtic, M. (2015). Raw milk consumption and health. Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, 143(1-2), 87-92.
  • WHO. (2018). The challenges of preventing bovine tuberculosis. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/96/2/18-020218/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Yu, J., Miller, R.L. (2016). Got milk? Understanding the farm milk effect in allergy and asthma Prevention. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 137(6), 1707-1708.

ÇİĞ SÜT ve PASTÖRİZE SÜT TÜKETİMİNİN HALK SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Year 2019, , 197 - 204, 01.07.2019

Artun Yıbar , Sefa Can Küçük

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH19021

Abstract



Süt
insanın büyümesi, gelişmesi ve yaşamını devam ettirmesi için gerekli olan hemen
hemen tüm besin öğelerini içermektedir. Süt ve süt ürünleri tüketiminin
besleyici ve sağlığa faydalı etkilerine rağmen, çiğ süt halk sağlığı üzerinde
ciddi riskler oluşturabilecek Salmonella,
E. coli ve Listeria gibi
tehlikeli mikroorganizmaları barındırabilir. Çiğ sütte bulunabilecek olası
patojen mikroorganizmaları tahrip edebilmek ve sütün besin değerini
koruyabilmek için uluslararası normlarda kabul gören ısıl işlemler uygulanmaktadır.
Pastörizasyon, belirli bir süre boyunca çiğ sütü belirli bir sıcaklığa kadar
ısıtmak suretiyle zararlı bakterileri öldüren bir işlemdir. Pastörizasyon
güvenli, besin öğeleri bakımından zengin süt ve süt ürünleri üretmeye yardımcı
olurken, bazı araştırmacılar pastörizasyon işleminin sütteki önemli besin
öğelerini yok ettiğini, çiğ sütün astım ve alerjilerin azaltılması gibi
terapötik özelliklere sahip olduğunu ve daha güvenli bir alternatif olduğunu
iddia etmektedir. Bu derlemede, literatürler eşliğinde pastörizasyonun sütün
besin kalitesi üzerine etkisi ve çiğ sütün iddia edilen potansiyel faydaları
eleştirel olarak anlatılmıştır.

Keywords

Çiğ süt Pastörizasyon Pastörize süt Halk sağlığı

References

  • AAP. (2014). Consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk and milk products by pregnant women and children. Pediatrics, 133(1), 175-179.
  • Abbring, S., Verheijden, K.A.T., Diks, M.A.P., Leusink-Muis, A., Hols, G., Baars, T., Garssen, J., van Esch B.C.A.M. (2017). Raw cow’s milk prevents the development of airway ınflammation in a murine house dust mite-ınduced asthma model. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1-10.
  • Anonim (2018). Milk as a growth medium. https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodscience/book-page/milk-growth-medium (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Beerens, H., Perriere B.H.B., Gavini, F. (2000). Evaluation of the hygienic quality of raw milk based on the presence of bifidobacteria: the cow as a source of faecal contamination. International Journal of Food Microbiology,, 54(3), 163-169.
  • Castillo, D.S., Cassola, A. (2017). Novel sensitive monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of raw and processed bovine beta-casein. Plos One, 12(7), 1-19.
  • Chaneton, L., Tirante, L., Malto, J., Chaves, J., Bussmann, L.E. (2008). Relationship between milk lactoferrin and etiological agent in the mastitic bovine mammary gland. Journal of Dairy Science, 91,1865-1873.
  • Claeys, W.L., Cardoen, S., Daube, G., Block, J., Dewettinck, K., Dierick, K., Zutter, L.D., Huyghebaert, A., Imberechts, H., Thiange, P., Vandenplas, Y., Herman, L. (2013). Raw or heated cow milk consumption: Rewiew of risks and benefits. Food Control, 31, 251-262.
  • Costard, S., Espejo, L., Groenendaal, H., Zagmutt, F.J. (2017). Outbreak-related disease burden associated with consumption of unpasteurized cow’s milk and cheese, united states, 2009-2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 23(6), 957-964.
  • Czaplicki, A. (2007). Pure milk ıs better than purified milk. Social Science History, 31(3), 411-433.
  • David, S.D. (2014). Raw milk and the first amendment: Imlications for public health policy and practice. Public Health Reports, 129, 455-457.
  • Delcenserie, V., Bechoux, N., China, B., Daube, G., Gavini, F. (2005). A PCR method for detection of bifidobacteria in raw milk and raw milk cheese: comparison with culture-based methods. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 61, 55-67.
  • Delcenserie, V., Gavini, F., China, B., Daube, G. (2011). Bifidobacterium pseudolongum are efficient indicators of animal fecal contamination in raw milk cheese industry. BioMed Central Microbiology, 11, 1-9.
  • Enticott, G. (2003). Risking the rural: natüre, morality and the consumption of unpasteurised milk. Journal of Rural Studies, 19(4), 411-424.
  • Fahrländer, C.B., Mutius, E.V. (2010). Can farm milk consumption prevent allergic diseases. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 41, 29-35.
  • FDA. (2017). Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance-2017 Revision. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Milk/UCM612027.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • FDA. (2018a). The Dangers of Raw Milk: Unpasteurized Milk Can Pose a Serious Health Risk. https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/buystoreservesafefood/ucm079516.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • FDA. (2018b). Raw Milk Misconceptions and the Danger of Raw Milk Consumption. https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/BuyStoreServeSafeFood/ucm247991.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • FDA. (2018c). Problems Digesting Dairy Products?. https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm094550.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Gözener, B., Sayılı, M. (2013). Tüketicilerin açık süt ve süt ürünleri tüketim tercihlerinin incelenmesi: Tokat-Turhal ilçesi örneği. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1, 160-175.
  • Güzeler, N., Esmek, E.M. (2017). Okul sütü programı: Osmaniye ili örneği. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(2), 15-26.
  • Heine, R.G., AlRefaee, F., Bachina, P., De leon, J.C., Geng, L., Gong, S., Madrazo, J.A., Ngamphaiboon, J., Ong, C., Rogacion, J.M. (2017). Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow’s milk allergy in infants and children- common misconceptions revisited. World Allergy Organization Journal, 10, 1-8.
  • Jarde, A., Lewis-Mikhael, A.M., Moayyedi, P., Stearns J.C., Collins, S.M., Beyene, J., McDonald, S.D. (2018). Pregnancy Outcomes in women taking probiotics or prebiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BioMed Central Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 1-14.
  • Karakaya, E., Akbay, C. (2014). İstanbul ili kentsel alanda tüketicilerin açık ve paket süt tüketim alışkanlıkları. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 20(1), 17-27.
  • Lacroix, M., Leonil, J., Bos, C., Henry, G., Airinel, G., Fauquant, J., Tome, D., Gaudichon, C. (2006). Heat markers and quality ındexes of ındustrially heat-treated [15n] milk protein measured in rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 1508-1517.
  • Langer, A.J., Ayers, T., Grass, J., Lynch, M., Angulo, F.J., Mahon, B.E. (2012). Nonpasteurized dairy products, disease outbreaks, and state laws- United States, 1993-2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(3), 385-391.
  • LeJeune, J.T., Rajala-Schultz, P.J. (2009). Food safety: unpasteurized milk: a continued public helath threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(1), 93-100.
  • Lucey, J.A. (2015). Raw milk consumption. Nutrition Today, 50(4), 189-193.
  • Macdonald, L.E., Brett, J., Kelton, D., Majowicz, S.E., Snedeker, K., Sargeant, J.M. (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pasteurization on milk vitamins, and evidence for raw milk consumption and other health-related outcomes. Journal of Food Protection, 77(11), 1814-1832.
  • Markowiak, P., Slizewska, K. (2017). Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients, 9(9), 1-30.
  • Mullin, G.E., Belkoff, S.M. (2014). Survey to determine why people drink raw milk. Global Advances Health and Medicine, 3(6), 19-24.
  • Mummah, S., Oelrich, B., Hope, J., Vu, Q., Gardner, C.D. (2014). Effect of raw milk on lactose ıntolerance: a randomized controlled pilot study. Annals of Family Medicine, 12(2), 134-141.
  • Mungai, E.A., Behravesh, C.B., Gould, L.H. (2015). Increased outbreaks associated with nonpasteurized milk, United States, 2007-2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 119-122.
  • Musayeva, K., Sederevicius, A., Zelvyte, R., Monkeviciene, I., Beliavska-Aleksiejune, D., Kerziene, S. (2016). Concentration of lactoferrin and immünoglobulin G in cows’ milk in relation to health status of the udder, lactation and season. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 19(4), 737-744.
  • Onurlubaş, E., Yılmaz, N. (2013). The factors affecting milk consumption preferences of the consumers in Edirne Keşan township. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 11(3&4), 516-518.
  • Peila, C., Moro, G.E., Bertino, E., Cavallarin, L., Giribaldi, M., Giuliani, F., Cresi, F., Coscia, A. (2016). The effect of holder pasteurization on nutrients and biologically-active components in donor human milk human milk: A review. Nutrients, 8(8), 1-19.
  • Pereira, P.C. (2014). Milk Nutritional Composition and its role in human health. Nutrition, 30, 619-627.
  • Sarkar, S. (2016). Microbiological safety concerns of raw milk. Journal of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, 1(2), 1-7.
  • Taşdemir, A. (2017). Probiyotikler, prebiyotikler ve sinbiyotikler. Kastamonu Sağlık Akademisi, 2(1), 71-88.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2018). Sağlıklı Bir Gelecek İçin Süt İçin. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,2552/brsaglikli-bir-gelecek-icin-sut-icin.html (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Topcu, Y., Baram, D., Denizli, G. (2016). Tüketicilerin süt tüketim tercih modellerini temel alan pazarlama taktik ve stratejilerinin belirlenmesi. Alınteri Zirai Bilimler Dergisi, 31, 18-32.
  • Truswell, A.S. (2005). The A2 milk case: a critical review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(5), 623-631.
  • Tse, K., Horner, A.A. (2008). Allergen tolerance versus the allergic march: The hygiene hypothesis revisited. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 8(6), 475-483. Vrankes, A.P., Popovic, M., Jevtic, M. (2015). Raw milk consumption and health. Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, 143(1-2), 87-92.
  • WHO. (2018). The challenges of preventing bovine tuberculosis. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/96/2/18-020218/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30.08.2018).
  • Yu, J., Miller, R.L. (2016). Got milk? Understanding the farm milk effect in allergy and asthma Prevention. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 137(6), 1707-1708.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Review
Authors

Artun Yıbar 0000-0001-9510-5734

Sefa Can Küçük 0000-0002-0919-5874

Publication Date July 1, 2019
Submission Date September 12, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Yıbar, A., & Küçük, S. C. (2019). ÇİĞ SÜT ve PASTÖRİZE SÜT TÜKETİMİNİN HALK SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ. Food and Health, 5(3), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH19021

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