Research Article
Year 2017,
, 117 - 131, 18.06.2017
Abstract
In this work, we present thermal and IR
spectral profile and thereby molecular information about the probiotic
bacteria- Streptococcus salivarius K12 (SsK12)
to be further used with functional foods. In this context, for the first time,
we characterized the global cellular constituents of this bacteria i.e. its
proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, ribosomes, nucleic acids and cell wall by
powerful calorimetric (differential scanning calorimetry) and infrared
spectroscopic techniques, which are widely applied bioanalytical methods
especially in the food microbiology and industry. Our results can be used by
food specialists for the development of probiotic functional foods such as
cheese, kefir, yogurt, buttermilk, pickle and chewing gum enriched with viable
lyophilized bacteria to preserve
oral health.
Furthermore, the information we present here, would contribute for the
development of prophylactic strategies and for the generation of recombinant
probiotic SsK12 strains, which would help to launch out a new public
health-care action plans.
Keywords
Probiotics FTIR Differential Scanning Calorimetry Functional Foods Freeze Drying Streptococcus salivarius K12 (SsK12)
References
- Abuladze, M.K., Sokhadze, V.M., Namchevadze, E.N., Kiziria, E., Tabatadze, L. V., Lejava, L.V., Gogichaishvili, Sh, Bakradze, N.B. (2009). Thermal analysis of whole bacterial cells exposed to potassium permanganate using differential scanning calorimetry: a biphasic dose-dependent response to stress. The Scientific World Journal, 9, 109-117. Alpas, H., Lee, J., Bozoglu, F. & Kaletunç, G. (2003). Evaluation of high hydrostatic pressure sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by differential scanning calorimetry. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 87(3), 229-237. Anderson, W.A., Hedges, N.D., Jones, M.V. & Cole, M. B. (1991). Thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of General Microbiology, 137(6), 1419-1424. Banyay, M., Sarkar, M. & Graslund, A. (2003). A library of IR bands of nucleic acids in solution. Biophysical Chemistry, 104(2), 477-488. Brannan, A.M., Whelan, W.A., Cole, E. & Booth, V. (2015). Differential scanning calorimetry of whole Escherichia coli treated with the antimicrobial peptide MSI-78 indicate a multi-hit mechanism with ribosomes as a novel target. Peer J, 3, e1516. Chiu, M.H. & Prenner, E.J. (2011). Differential scanning calorimetry: An invaluable tool for a detailed thermodynamic characterization of macromolecules and their interactions. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 3(1), 39-59. Di Pierro, F., Adami, T., Rapacioli, G., Giardini, N., & Streitberger, C. (2013). Clinical evaluation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 13(3), 339-343. Di Pierro, F., Colombo, M., Zanvit, A., Risso, P., & Rottoli, A. S. (2014). Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of streptococcal and viral pharyngotonsillitis in children. Journal of Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 6, 15-20. Di Pierro, F., Di Pasquale, D., & Di Cicco, M. (2015). Oral use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in children with secretory otitis media: preliminary results of a pilot, uncontrolled study. International Journal of General Medicine, 8, 303-308. Dianawati, D., Mishra, V., & Shah, N. P. (2013). Effect of drying methods of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris on secondary protein structure and glass transition temperature as studied by Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(3), 1419-1430. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6058 Dziuba, B., Babuchowski, A., Nałęcz, D., & Niklewicz, M. (2007). Identification of lactic acid bacteria using FTIR spectroscopy and cluster analysis. International Dairy Journal, 17(3), 183-189. Erukhimovitch, V., Pavlov, V., Talyshinsky, M., Souprun, Y., & Huleihel, M. (2005). FTIR microscopy as a method for identification of bacterial and fungal infections. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 37(5), 1105-1108. Gregori, G., Righi, O., Risso, P., Boiardi, G., Demuru, G., Ferzetti, A., . . . Suzzani, L. (2016). Reduction of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus pharyngo-tonsillar infections associated with use of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12: a retrospective observational study. Journal of Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 12, 87-92. Guglielmetti, S., Taverniti, V., Minuzzo, M., Arioli, S., Stuknyte, M., Karp, M., & Mora, D. (2010). Oral Bacteria as Potential Probiotics for the Pharyngeal Mucosa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(12), 3948-3958. Gurbanov, R., Bilgin, M., & Severcan, F. (2016). Restoring effect of selenium on the molecular content, structure and fluidity of diabetic rat kidney brush border cell membrane. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1858(4), 845-854. Gurbanov, R., Simsek Ozek, N., Gozen, A. G., & Severcan, F. (2015). Quick Discrimination of Heavy Metal Resistant Bacterial Populations Using Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics. Analytical Chemistry, 87(19), 9653-9661. Haris, P. I., & Severcan, F. (1999). FTIR spectroscopic characterization of protein structure in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 7(1), 207-221. Helm, D., & Naumann, D. (1995). Identification of some bacterial cell components by FT-IR spectroscopy. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 126(1), 75-79. Kaletunç, G., Lee, J., Alpas, H., & Bozoglu, F. (2004). Evaluation of structural changes induced by high hydrostatic pressure in Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(2), 1116-1122. Kamnev, A. A. (2008). FTIR spectroscopic studies of bacterial cellular responses to environmental factors, plant-bacterial interactions and signalling. Spectroscopy, 22(2-3). Kong, J., & Yu, S. (2007). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of protein secondary structures. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 39(8), 549-559. Lee, J., & Kaletunc, G. (2002). Evaluation of the heat inactivation of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum by differential scanning calorimetry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(11), 5379-5386. Lepock, J. R., Frey, H. E., Heynen, M. P., Nishio, J., Waters, B., Ritchie, K. P., & Kruuv, J. (1990). Increased thermostability of thermotolerant CHL V79 cells as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 142(3), 628-634. Mackey, B. M., Miles, C. A., Parsons, S. E., & Seymour, D. A. (1991). Thermal denaturation of whole cells and cell components of Escherichia coli examined by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of General Microbiology, 137(10), 2361-2374. Maeda, Y., Kagami, I., & Koga, S. (1978). Thermal analysis of the spores of Bacillus cereus with special reference to heat activation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 24(11), 1331-1334. Maquelin, K., Kirschner, C., Choo-Smith, L. P., Ngo-Thi, N. A., van Vreeswijk, T., Stammler, M., . . . Puppels, G. J. (2003). Prospective study of the performance of vibrational spectroscopies for rapid identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens recovered from blood cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41(1), 324-329. Miles, C. A., Mackey, B. M., & Parsons, S. E. (1986). Differential scanning calorimetry of bacteria. Microbiology, 132(4), 939-952. Mohácsi-Farkas, C., Farkas, J., Mészáros, L., Reichart, O., & Andrássy, É. (1999). Thermal Denaturation of Bacterial Cells Examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 57(2), 409-414. Mostefaoui, Y., Bart, C., Frenette, M., & Rouabhia, M. (2004). Candida albicans and Streptococcus salivarius modulate IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha expression and secretion by engineered human oral mucosa cells. Cellular Microbiology, 6(11), 1085-1096. Naumann, D., Helm, D., & Labischinski, H. (1991). Microbiological characterizations by FT-IR spectroscopy. Nature, 351(6321), 81-82. Naumann, D., Helm, D., & Schultz, C. (1994). Characterization and Identification of Micro-Organisms by FT-IR Spectroscopy and FT-IR Microscopy. In F. G. Priest, A. Ramos-Cormenzana, & B. J. Tindall (Eds.), Bacterial Diversity and Systematics (pp. 67-85). Boston, MA: Springer US. Patras, K. A., Wescombe, P. A., Rosler, B., Hale, J. D., Tagg, J. R., & Doran, K. S. (2015). Streptococcus salivarius K12 Limits Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization. Infection and Immunity, 83(9), 3438-3444. Power, D. A., Burton, J. P., Chilcott, C. N., Dawes, P. J., & Tagg, J. R. (2008). Preliminary investigations of the colonisation of upper respiratory tract tissues of infants using a paediatric formulation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 27(12), 1261-1263. Randriamahefa, S., Renard, E., Guerin, P., & Langlois, V. (2003). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for screening and quantifying production of PHAs by Pseudomonas grown on sodium octanoate. Biomacromolecules, 4(4), 1092-1097. Santagati, M., Scillato, M., Patane, F., Aiello, C., & Stefani, S. (2012). Bacteriocin-producing oral streptococci and inhibition of respiratory pathogens. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 65(1), 23-31. Tagg, J. R. (2004). Prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis by anti-Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Streptococcus salivarius. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119 Suppl, 13-16. Tagg, J. R. (2009). Streptococcal Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances: Some Personal Insights into the Bacteriocin-Like Activities Produced by Streptococci Good and Bad. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 1(1), 60-66. Tagg, J. R., & Dierksen, K. P. (2003). Bacterial replacement therapy: adapting 'germ warfare' to infection prevention. Trends in Biotechnology, 21(5), 217-223. Tunick, M. H., Bayles, D. O., & Novak, J. S. (2006). DSCAnalysis of foodborne bacteria. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 83(1), 23-26. van Zon, A., van der Heijden, G. J., van Dongen, T. M., Burton, M. J., & Schilder, A. G. (2012). Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9), Cd009163. Wenning, M., Breitenwieser, F., Konrad, R., Huber, I., Busch, U., & Scherer, S. (2014). Identification and differentiation of food-related bacteria: A comparison of FTIR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 103, 44-52. Wenning, M., & Scherer, S. (2013). Identification of microorganisms by FTIR spectroscopy: perspectives and limitations of the method. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(16), 7111-7120. Wescombe, P. A., Hale, J. D., Heng, N. C., & Tagg, J. R. (2012). Developing oral probiotics from Streptococcus salivarius. Future Microbiology, 7(12), 1355-1371. Wescombe, P. A., Heng, N. C., Burton, J. P., & Tagg, J. R. (2010). Something Old and Something New: An Update on the Amazing Repertoire of Bacteriocins Produced by Streptococcus salivarius. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 2(1), 37-45. Wescombe, P. A., Heng, N. C. K., Burton, J. P., Chilcott, C. N., & Tagg, J. R. (2009). Streptococcal bacteriocins and the case for Streptococcus salivarius as model oral probiotics. Future Microbiology, 4(7), 819-835. Whelan, D. R., Bambery, K. R., Heraud, P., Tobin, M. J., Diem, M., McNaughton, D., & Wood, B. R. (2011). Monitoring the reversible B to A-like transition of DNA in eukaryotic cells using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Nucleic Acids Research, 39(13), 5439-5448. Whelan, D. R., Hiscox, T. J., Rood, J. I., Bambery, K. R., McNaughton, D., & Wood, B. R. (2014). Detection of an en masse and reversible B-to A-DNA conformational transition in prokaryotes in response to desiccation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 11(97), 20140454. Yang, H., Yang, S., Kong, J., Dong, A., & Yu, S. (2015). Obtaining information about protein secondary structures in aqueous solution using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Nature Protocols, 10(3), 382-396. Yildiz, F. (2016). Oral Microbiotada, Yeni bir Probiyotik: Streptococcus salivarius K12 ve Streptococcus salivarius M18. Paper presented at the 3.Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Probiyotikler Kongresi, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. www.probiyotik2016.org
Year 2017,
, 117 - 131, 18.06.2017
Abstract
References
- Abuladze, M.K., Sokhadze, V.M., Namchevadze, E.N., Kiziria, E., Tabatadze, L. V., Lejava, L.V., Gogichaishvili, Sh, Bakradze, N.B. (2009). Thermal analysis of whole bacterial cells exposed to potassium permanganate using differential scanning calorimetry: a biphasic dose-dependent response to stress. The Scientific World Journal, 9, 109-117. Alpas, H., Lee, J., Bozoglu, F. & Kaletunç, G. (2003). Evaluation of high hydrostatic pressure sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by differential scanning calorimetry. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 87(3), 229-237. Anderson, W.A., Hedges, N.D., Jones, M.V. & Cole, M. B. (1991). Thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of General Microbiology, 137(6), 1419-1424. Banyay, M., Sarkar, M. & Graslund, A. (2003). A library of IR bands of nucleic acids in solution. Biophysical Chemistry, 104(2), 477-488. Brannan, A.M., Whelan, W.A., Cole, E. & Booth, V. (2015). Differential scanning calorimetry of whole Escherichia coli treated with the antimicrobial peptide MSI-78 indicate a multi-hit mechanism with ribosomes as a novel target. Peer J, 3, e1516. Chiu, M.H. & Prenner, E.J. (2011). Differential scanning calorimetry: An invaluable tool for a detailed thermodynamic characterization of macromolecules and their interactions. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 3(1), 39-59. Di Pierro, F., Adami, T., Rapacioli, G., Giardini, N., & Streitberger, C. (2013). Clinical evaluation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 13(3), 339-343. Di Pierro, F., Colombo, M., Zanvit, A., Risso, P., & Rottoli, A. S. (2014). Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of streptococcal and viral pharyngotonsillitis in children. Journal of Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety, 6, 15-20. Di Pierro, F., Di Pasquale, D., & Di Cicco, M. (2015). Oral use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in children with secretory otitis media: preliminary results of a pilot, uncontrolled study. International Journal of General Medicine, 8, 303-308. Dianawati, D., Mishra, V., & Shah, N. P. (2013). Effect of drying methods of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris on secondary protein structure and glass transition temperature as studied by Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(3), 1419-1430. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6058 Dziuba, B., Babuchowski, A., Nałęcz, D., & Niklewicz, M. (2007). Identification of lactic acid bacteria using FTIR spectroscopy and cluster analysis. International Dairy Journal, 17(3), 183-189. Erukhimovitch, V., Pavlov, V., Talyshinsky, M., Souprun, Y., & Huleihel, M. (2005). FTIR microscopy as a method for identification of bacterial and fungal infections. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 37(5), 1105-1108. Gregori, G., Righi, O., Risso, P., Boiardi, G., Demuru, G., Ferzetti, A., . . . Suzzani, L. (2016). Reduction of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus pharyngo-tonsillar infections associated with use of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12: a retrospective observational study. Journal of Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 12, 87-92. Guglielmetti, S., Taverniti, V., Minuzzo, M., Arioli, S., Stuknyte, M., Karp, M., & Mora, D. (2010). Oral Bacteria as Potential Probiotics for the Pharyngeal Mucosa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(12), 3948-3958. Gurbanov, R., Bilgin, M., & Severcan, F. (2016). Restoring effect of selenium on the molecular content, structure and fluidity of diabetic rat kidney brush border cell membrane. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1858(4), 845-854. Gurbanov, R., Simsek Ozek, N., Gozen, A. G., & Severcan, F. (2015). Quick Discrimination of Heavy Metal Resistant Bacterial Populations Using Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics. Analytical Chemistry, 87(19), 9653-9661. Haris, P. I., & Severcan, F. (1999). FTIR spectroscopic characterization of protein structure in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 7(1), 207-221. Helm, D., & Naumann, D. (1995). Identification of some bacterial cell components by FT-IR spectroscopy. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 126(1), 75-79. Kaletunç, G., Lee, J., Alpas, H., & Bozoglu, F. (2004). Evaluation of structural changes induced by high hydrostatic pressure in Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(2), 1116-1122. Kamnev, A. A. (2008). FTIR spectroscopic studies of bacterial cellular responses to environmental factors, plant-bacterial interactions and signalling. Spectroscopy, 22(2-3). Kong, J., & Yu, S. (2007). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of protein secondary structures. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, 39(8), 549-559. Lee, J., & Kaletunc, G. (2002). Evaluation of the heat inactivation of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum by differential scanning calorimetry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(11), 5379-5386. Lepock, J. R., Frey, H. E., Heynen, M. P., Nishio, J., Waters, B., Ritchie, K. P., & Kruuv, J. (1990). Increased thermostability of thermotolerant CHL V79 cells as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 142(3), 628-634. Mackey, B. M., Miles, C. A., Parsons, S. E., & Seymour, D. A. (1991). Thermal denaturation of whole cells and cell components of Escherichia coli examined by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of General Microbiology, 137(10), 2361-2374. Maeda, Y., Kagami, I., & Koga, S. (1978). Thermal analysis of the spores of Bacillus cereus with special reference to heat activation. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 24(11), 1331-1334. Maquelin, K., Kirschner, C., Choo-Smith, L. P., Ngo-Thi, N. A., van Vreeswijk, T., Stammler, M., . . . Puppels, G. J. (2003). Prospective study of the performance of vibrational spectroscopies for rapid identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens recovered from blood cultures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41(1), 324-329. Miles, C. A., Mackey, B. M., & Parsons, S. E. (1986). Differential scanning calorimetry of bacteria. Microbiology, 132(4), 939-952. Mohácsi-Farkas, C., Farkas, J., Mészáros, L., Reichart, O., & Andrássy, É. (1999). Thermal Denaturation of Bacterial Cells Examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 57(2), 409-414. Mostefaoui, Y., Bart, C., Frenette, M., & Rouabhia, M. (2004). Candida albicans and Streptococcus salivarius modulate IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha expression and secretion by engineered human oral mucosa cells. Cellular Microbiology, 6(11), 1085-1096. Naumann, D., Helm, D., & Labischinski, H. (1991). Microbiological characterizations by FT-IR spectroscopy. Nature, 351(6321), 81-82. Naumann, D., Helm, D., & Schultz, C. (1994). Characterization and Identification of Micro-Organisms by FT-IR Spectroscopy and FT-IR Microscopy. In F. G. Priest, A. Ramos-Cormenzana, & B. J. Tindall (Eds.), Bacterial Diversity and Systematics (pp. 67-85). Boston, MA: Springer US. Patras, K. A., Wescombe, P. A., Rosler, B., Hale, J. D., Tagg, J. R., & Doran, K. S. (2015). Streptococcus salivarius K12 Limits Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization. Infection and Immunity, 83(9), 3438-3444. Power, D. A., Burton, J. P., Chilcott, C. N., Dawes, P. J., & Tagg, J. R. (2008). Preliminary investigations of the colonisation of upper respiratory tract tissues of infants using a paediatric formulation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 27(12), 1261-1263. Randriamahefa, S., Renard, E., Guerin, P., & Langlois, V. (2003). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for screening and quantifying production of PHAs by Pseudomonas grown on sodium octanoate. Biomacromolecules, 4(4), 1092-1097. Santagati, M., Scillato, M., Patane, F., Aiello, C., & Stefani, S. (2012). Bacteriocin-producing oral streptococci and inhibition of respiratory pathogens. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 65(1), 23-31. Tagg, J. R. (2004). Prevention of streptococcal pharyngitis by anti-Streptococcus pyogenes bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Streptococcus salivarius. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119 Suppl, 13-16. Tagg, J. R. (2009). Streptococcal Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances: Some Personal Insights into the Bacteriocin-Like Activities Produced by Streptococci Good and Bad. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 1(1), 60-66. Tagg, J. R., & Dierksen, K. P. (2003). Bacterial replacement therapy: adapting 'germ warfare' to infection prevention. Trends in Biotechnology, 21(5), 217-223. Tunick, M. H., Bayles, D. O., & Novak, J. S. (2006). DSCAnalysis of foodborne bacteria. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 83(1), 23-26. van Zon, A., van der Heijden, G. J., van Dongen, T. M., Burton, M. J., & Schilder, A. G. (2012). Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9), Cd009163. Wenning, M., Breitenwieser, F., Konrad, R., Huber, I., Busch, U., & Scherer, S. (2014). Identification and differentiation of food-related bacteria: A comparison of FTIR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 103, 44-52. Wenning, M., & Scherer, S. (2013). Identification of microorganisms by FTIR spectroscopy: perspectives and limitations of the method. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(16), 7111-7120. Wescombe, P. A., Hale, J. D., Heng, N. C., & Tagg, J. R. (2012). Developing oral probiotics from Streptococcus salivarius. Future Microbiology, 7(12), 1355-1371. Wescombe, P. A., Heng, N. C., Burton, J. P., & Tagg, J. R. (2010). Something Old and Something New: An Update on the Amazing Repertoire of Bacteriocins Produced by Streptococcus salivarius. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 2(1), 37-45. Wescombe, P. A., Heng, N. C. K., Burton, J. P., Chilcott, C. N., & Tagg, J. R. (2009). Streptococcal bacteriocins and the case for Streptococcus salivarius as model oral probiotics. Future Microbiology, 4(7), 819-835. Whelan, D. R., Bambery, K. R., Heraud, P., Tobin, M. J., Diem, M., McNaughton, D., & Wood, B. R. (2011). Monitoring the reversible B to A-like transition of DNA in eukaryotic cells using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Nucleic Acids Research, 39(13), 5439-5448. Whelan, D. R., Hiscox, T. J., Rood, J. I., Bambery, K. R., McNaughton, D., & Wood, B. R. (2014). Detection of an en masse and reversible B-to A-DNA conformational transition in prokaryotes in response to desiccation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 11(97), 20140454. Yang, H., Yang, S., Kong, J., Dong, A., & Yu, S. (2015). Obtaining information about protein secondary structures in aqueous solution using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Nature Protocols, 10(3), 382-396. Yildiz, F. (2016). Oral Microbiotada, Yeni bir Probiyotik: Streptococcus salivarius K12 ve Streptococcus salivarius M18. Paper presented at the 3.Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Probiyotikler Kongresi, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. www.probiyotik2016.org
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Details
| Subjects | Food Engineering |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 18, 2017 |
| Submission Date | February 20, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 |
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