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PESTICIDE RISKS OF SEAFOOD IN TURKEY

Year 2015, , 19 - 32, 01.01.2015
https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS15003

Abstract

Turkey is a rich country in terms of seas
and inland wa­ter sources. The aquatic ecosystems in Turkey are threatened by
the agricultural activities and pesticide contamination.  In parallel to the world, the use of pes­ticides
began in the 1940s in Turkey. In the beginning of 1970’s some pesticides have
prohibited by reason of their accumulation to environment and food chains,
toxic effects on non-target organisms. Pesticides can easily be included to the
food chain in the aquatic envi­ronment which causes many risks on human health
and food safety. There are still not enough data on the con­centrations of
pesticides in seafood and fish in Turkey. 

References

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  • Aksoy, A., Guvenc, D., Yavuz, O., Das, Y.K., Atmaca, E. (2012): Seasonal variation of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide levels of sea and cultured farm fish in the Samsun Region of Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88: 842-849.
  • Aktumsek, A., Kara, H., Huseyin Kara, Nizamlioglu, F., Dinç, I. (2002): Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in pikeperch, Stizostedion lucioperca L. in Beyşehir Lake (Central Anatolia). Environmental Technology, 23: 391-394.
  • Arslan, S. (2009): Bitkisel kaynaklı aktif karbon ile pestisit giderimi. M.A. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University.
  • Atamanalp, M., Yanık, T. (2001): Pestisitlerin Cyprinidae’lere toksik etkileri. Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science, 3(4): 555-563.
  • Ayas, Z. (2007): Review on DDT and its residues in Turkey’s wetlands. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28: 707-715.
  • Barlas, H., Coelhan, M., Bayat, C. (2000): Marmara Denizi’ndeki bazı balıklarda pestisit kirliliği düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. The Symposium the Marmara Sea 2000, 11-12 November, İstanbul.
  • Başçınar, N., Gumrukcu, F., Okumus, I. (2008): Genç gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) yemleme stratejisi üzerine bir çalışma. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 2: 224-232.
  • Başpınar, H., Durmusoglu, E., Yıldırım, E.M. (2010): Türkiye’de tarım ilaçları üretim ve kullanımı.Turkey agricultural engineering VII Technical Congress, 11-15 January 2010, Ankara.
  • Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L., Corbella, J., Teixido, A., Casas, C. (2003): Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: Human exposure through the diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 3191-3195.
  • Boscolo, R., Cacciatore, F., Berto, D., Giani, M. (2007): Polychlorinated biphenyls in clams Tapes philippinarum cultured in the Venice Lagoon (Italy): Contamination levels and dietary exposure assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45: 1065-1075.
  • Bulut, S., Erdoğmuş, S.F., Konuk, M., Cemek, M. (2010): The Organochlorine pesticide residues in the drinking waters, of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Ekoloji, 74: 24-31.
  • Bulut, H., Tamer, A. (1996): Pestisit kullanımının azaltılması ile ilgili politika ve stratejiler. II. Symposium National Pest Eradication Chemicals, 18-20 November, Ankara.
  • Carvalho, F.P. (2006): Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environmental Science and Policy, 9: 685-692.
  • Chopra, A.K., Sharma, M.K., Chamoli, S. (2010): Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic system- an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173 (1-4): 905-916.
  • Coelhan, M., Strohmeier, J., Barlas, H. (2006): Organochlorine levels in edible fish from the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environment International, 32: 775-780.
  • Çakırogulları, G.C. (2006): İzmit Körfezi’nde su, sediment, mezgit (Gadus merlangus L.1758) ve istavrit (Trachurus mediterraneus S.1868) balıklarında poliklorlu bifeniller ile DDT’nin saptanması. M.A. Thesis, Department of Seafood, Ankara University.
  • Çakırogulları, G.C., Kılıç, D., Uçar, Y. (2010): Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzo-p-furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) from Turkey. Food Control, 21: 1245-1249.
  • Çakıroğulları, G.Ç., Uçar, Y., Kılıç, D. (2011): PCDD, PCDF and PCB contamination in Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) from Turkey. Food Control, 22: 67-71.
  • Delen, N., Durmuşoğlu, E., Güncan, A., Güngör, N., Turgut, C., Burçak, A. (2005) Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımı kalıntı ve organizmalarda duyarlılık azalışı sorunları. Turkey Agricultural Engineering Sixth Technical Congress, 3-7 January, Ankara.
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  • DPT (Turkish Prime Ministry-State Planning Organization) (2001): Eight Plan of Five-year Development. Chemical Industry (Pesticides) Special Commission Report, Ankara.
  • DPT (Turkish Prime Ministry-State Planning Organization) (2008): Ninth Plan of Development. Chemical Industry Special Commission, Fertilizer-Pesticide Working Group Report, Ankara.
  • Erdoğan, B.Y. (2010): Samsun’da yaygın olarak kullanılan pestisitlerin sağlığa ve çevreye etkileri. Alınteri, 19(B): 28-35.
  • Erkmen, B., Kolankaya, D. (2006): Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in water, sediment and fish samples from the Meriç Delta, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 86: 161-169.
  • Ezemonye, L.I., Ikpesu, T.O., Tongo,I. (2009): Distribution of endosulfan in water, sediment and fish from Warri river, Niger delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology, 48: 248-254.
  • Flandysz, J., Wyrzykkowska, B., Worzocha, J., Barska, I., Garbacik-Wesolowska, A., Szefer, P. (2004): Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in perch Perca Fluviatilis from the Odra/Oder River estuary, Baltic Sea. Food Chemistry, 87: 17-23.
  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2002): International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides (Release date 2010-9-25). http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4544E/y4544e00.htm (accessed January 30, 2013).
  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011): FAOSTAT. Pesticide Consumption 1990-2011, (Release date: 24 April 2012). http://faostat.fao.org/site/424/default.aspx#ancor (accessed November 17, 2012).
  • Ferrante, M.C., Clausi, M.T., Meli, R., Fusco, G., Naccari, C., Lucisano, A. (2010): Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Garigliano River (Campania region, Italy). Chemosphere, 78: 709-716.
  • Güvenc, D., Aksoy, A. (2007): Poliklorlu bifenillerin toksikolojisi. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 78: 18-25.
  • Hamilton, D., Crossley, S. (2004): Pesticide Residues in Food and Drinking Water Human Exposure and Risks. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England.
  • Harvey, J., Harwell, L., Summers, J.K. (2008): Contaminant concentrations in whole-body fish and shellfish US estuaries. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137: 403-412.
  • Kalyoncu, L., Agca, İ., Aktümsek, A. (2009): Some organochlorine pesticide residues in fish species in Konya, Turkey. Chemosphere, 74: 885-889.
  • Karakaya, M., Boyraz, N. (1992): Gıda kirlenmesinde pestisitler ve korunma yolları. Çevre Dergisi, 4: 11-15.
  • Kaya, H. (2007): Atikhisar Barajı ve Sarıçay’da pestisit ve evsel kirliliğin araştırılması. M.A. Thesis, Department of Seafood, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
  • Kınık, Ö. (2002): Süt ve Ürünlerinde Pestisitler, TMMOB. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi, 6: 31-38.
  • Kurşun, Ö., MOR, F. (2009): Aperspective on the potential health risks of dioxin in human food. Uludag University Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 28: 43-47.
  • Liu, Z., Zhong, H., Tao, M., Yang, S., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Ma, D., He, Z. (2010): Organochlorine pesticides in consumer fish and mollusks of lianoning province, China: Distribution and human exposure implications. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59: 444-453.
  • Llobet Juan, M.., Domingo, J.L., Bocio, A., Casas, C., Teixido, A., Müller, L. (2003): Human exposure to dioxins through the diet in Catalonia, Spain: Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Chemosphere, 50: 1193-1200.
  • Mathur, N., Pandey, G., Jain, G.C. (2010): Pesticides: A review of the male reproductive toxicity. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 4(1): 1-8.
  • Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCaig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C., Griffin, P.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1999): Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5: 607-625.
  • Okay, O.S., Karacık, B., Başak, S., Henkelmann, B., Bernhöft, S., Shcramm, K.W. (2009): PCB and PCDD/F in sediments and mussels of the Istanbul Strait (Turkey). Chemosphere, 76: 159-166.
  • Okay, O.S., Karacık, B., Henkelmann, B., Shcramm, K.W. (2011): Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and mussels from the Istanbul strait. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 176: 51-65.
  • Özçelik, B., Uygun, Ü., Bayram, B. (2011): Handbook of Seafood Quality, Safety and Health Applications. In: Alasalvar, C., Shahidi, F., Miyashita, K., Wanasundara, U. (Eds.), Seafoods and Environmental Contaminants. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., UK, pp. 303-311.
  • Özden, Ö., Kruse, R., Erkan, N. (2001): Vorkommen von Rükständen an Organochlor-Pestiziden, Nitromoschusverbindungen und Polychlorierten Biphenylen in türkischen Fisdauerkonserven. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 108: 159-163.
  • Özden, Ö., Kruse, R., Erkan, N. (2002): Bestimmung von Organochlor-Pestiziden und Polychlorierten Biphenylen in Miesmuscheln. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 98: 215-220.
  • Saler, S. (2006): Pestisitlerin akuatik omurgasızlar üzerine etkisi. Sümder Dergisi, 25-26: 28-32.
  • Seyran, A., Erişir, M. (2008): Poliklorlu bifeniller ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Fırat University Veterinary Journal of Health Sciences, 22 (1): 33-40.
  • Smith, A.G., Gangolli, S.D. (2002): Organochlorine chemicals in seafood: Occurrence and health concerns. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40: 767-779.
  • Storelli, M.M. (2008): Potential human health risks from metals (Hg, Cd and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via seafood consumption: Estimation of target hazard quotients (THQs) and toxic equivalents (TEQs). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 2782-2788.
  • Syasina, I. G. (2003): Organochlorine pesticides in fishes and mollusks from lower reaches of the Tumen River and of the contiguous part of Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan). Ecology, 29: 23-30.
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Year 2015, , 19 - 32, 01.01.2015
https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS15003

Abstract

References

  • Ağca, İ. (2006): Konya’da satılan bazı balık türlerinde organoklorlu bazı pestisit kalıntılarının tayini. M.A. Thesis, Department of Biology, University of Selçuk.
  • Aksoy, A., Guvenc, D., Yavuz, O., Das, Y.K., Atmaca, E. (2012): Seasonal variation of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide levels of sea and cultured farm fish in the Samsun Region of Turkey. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88: 842-849.
  • Aktumsek, A., Kara, H., Huseyin Kara, Nizamlioglu, F., Dinç, I. (2002): Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in pikeperch, Stizostedion lucioperca L. in Beyşehir Lake (Central Anatolia). Environmental Technology, 23: 391-394.
  • Arslan, S. (2009): Bitkisel kaynaklı aktif karbon ile pestisit giderimi. M.A. Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University.
  • Atamanalp, M., Yanık, T. (2001): Pestisitlerin Cyprinidae’lere toksik etkileri. Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science, 3(4): 555-563.
  • Ayas, Z. (2007): Review on DDT and its residues in Turkey’s wetlands. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28: 707-715.
  • Barlas, H., Coelhan, M., Bayat, C. (2000): Marmara Denizi’ndeki bazı balıklarda pestisit kirliliği düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. The Symposium the Marmara Sea 2000, 11-12 November, İstanbul.
  • Başçınar, N., Gumrukcu, F., Okumus, I. (2008): Genç gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) yemleme stratejisi üzerine bir çalışma. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 2: 224-232.
  • Başpınar, H., Durmusoglu, E., Yıldırım, E.M. (2010): Türkiye’de tarım ilaçları üretim ve kullanımı.Turkey agricultural engineering VII Technical Congress, 11-15 January 2010, Ankara.
  • Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L., Corbella, J., Teixido, A., Casas, C. (2003): Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: Human exposure through the diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 3191-3195.
  • Boscolo, R., Cacciatore, F., Berto, D., Giani, M. (2007): Polychlorinated biphenyls in clams Tapes philippinarum cultured in the Venice Lagoon (Italy): Contamination levels and dietary exposure assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45: 1065-1075.
  • Bulut, S., Erdoğmuş, S.F., Konuk, M., Cemek, M. (2010): The Organochlorine pesticide residues in the drinking waters, of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Ekoloji, 74: 24-31.
  • Bulut, H., Tamer, A. (1996): Pestisit kullanımının azaltılması ile ilgili politika ve stratejiler. II. Symposium National Pest Eradication Chemicals, 18-20 November, Ankara.
  • Carvalho, F.P. (2006): Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environmental Science and Policy, 9: 685-692.
  • Chopra, A.K., Sharma, M.K., Chamoli, S. (2010): Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic system- an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173 (1-4): 905-916.
  • Coelhan, M., Strohmeier, J., Barlas, H. (2006): Organochlorine levels in edible fish from the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environment International, 32: 775-780.
  • Çakırogulları, G.C. (2006): İzmit Körfezi’nde su, sediment, mezgit (Gadus merlangus L.1758) ve istavrit (Trachurus mediterraneus S.1868) balıklarında poliklorlu bifeniller ile DDT’nin saptanması. M.A. Thesis, Department of Seafood, Ankara University.
  • Çakırogulları, G.C., Kılıç, D., Uçar, Y. (2010): Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzo-p-furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) from Turkey. Food Control, 21: 1245-1249.
  • Çakıroğulları, G.Ç., Uçar, Y., Kılıç, D. (2011): PCDD, PCDF and PCB contamination in Atherina boyeri (Risso, 1810) from Turkey. Food Control, 22: 67-71.
  • Delen, N., Durmuşoğlu, E., Güncan, A., Güngör, N., Turgut, C., Burçak, A. (2005) Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımı kalıntı ve organizmalarda duyarlılık azalışı sorunları. Turkey Agricultural Engineering Sixth Technical Congress, 3-7 January, Ankara.
  • DPMARA (Department of Publication of the Ministry of the Agriculture and Rurl Areas) (2011): http://turkiyeharitalar.blogspot.com/2011/11/turkiye-tarmsal-uretim-haritas.html (accessed January 30, 2013).
  • DPT (Turkish Prime Ministry-State Planning Organization) (2001): Eight Plan of Five-year Development. Chemical Industry (Pesticides) Special Commission Report, Ankara.
  • DPT (Turkish Prime Ministry-State Planning Organization) (2008): Ninth Plan of Development. Chemical Industry Special Commission, Fertilizer-Pesticide Working Group Report, Ankara.
  • Erdoğan, B.Y. (2010): Samsun’da yaygın olarak kullanılan pestisitlerin sağlığa ve çevreye etkileri. Alınteri, 19(B): 28-35.
  • Erkmen, B., Kolankaya, D. (2006): Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in water, sediment and fish samples from the Meriç Delta, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 86: 161-169.
  • Ezemonye, L.I., Ikpesu, T.O., Tongo,I. (2009): Distribution of endosulfan in water, sediment and fish from Warri river, Niger delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology, 48: 248-254.
  • Flandysz, J., Wyrzykkowska, B., Worzocha, J., Barska, I., Garbacik-Wesolowska, A., Szefer, P. (2004): Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in perch Perca Fluviatilis from the Odra/Oder River estuary, Baltic Sea. Food Chemistry, 87: 17-23.
  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2002): International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides (Release date 2010-9-25). http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4544E/y4544e00.htm (accessed January 30, 2013).
  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011): FAOSTAT. Pesticide Consumption 1990-2011, (Release date: 24 April 2012). http://faostat.fao.org/site/424/default.aspx#ancor (accessed November 17, 2012).
  • Ferrante, M.C., Clausi, M.T., Meli, R., Fusco, G., Naccari, C., Lucisano, A. (2010): Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Garigliano River (Campania region, Italy). Chemosphere, 78: 709-716.
  • Güvenc, D., Aksoy, A. (2007): Poliklorlu bifenillerin toksikolojisi. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 78: 18-25.
  • Hamilton, D., Crossley, S. (2004): Pesticide Residues in Food and Drinking Water Human Exposure and Risks. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England.
  • Harvey, J., Harwell, L., Summers, J.K. (2008): Contaminant concentrations in whole-body fish and shellfish US estuaries. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137: 403-412.
  • Kalyoncu, L., Agca, İ., Aktümsek, A. (2009): Some organochlorine pesticide residues in fish species in Konya, Turkey. Chemosphere, 74: 885-889.
  • Karakaya, M., Boyraz, N. (1992): Gıda kirlenmesinde pestisitler ve korunma yolları. Çevre Dergisi, 4: 11-15.
  • Kaya, H. (2007): Atikhisar Barajı ve Sarıçay’da pestisit ve evsel kirliliğin araştırılması. M.A. Thesis, Department of Seafood, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University.
  • Kınık, Ö. (2002): Süt ve Ürünlerinde Pestisitler, TMMOB. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi, 6: 31-38.
  • Kurşun, Ö., MOR, F. (2009): Aperspective on the potential health risks of dioxin in human food. Uludag University Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 28: 43-47.
  • Liu, Z., Zhong, H., Tao, M., Yang, S., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Ma, D., He, Z. (2010): Organochlorine pesticides in consumer fish and mollusks of lianoning province, China: Distribution and human exposure implications. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59: 444-453.
  • Llobet Juan, M.., Domingo, J.L., Bocio, A., Casas, C., Teixido, A., Müller, L. (2003): Human exposure to dioxins through the diet in Catalonia, Spain: Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Chemosphere, 50: 1193-1200.
  • Mathur, N., Pandey, G., Jain, G.C. (2010): Pesticides: A review of the male reproductive toxicity. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 4(1): 1-8.
  • Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCaig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C., Griffin, P.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1999): Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5: 607-625.
  • Okay, O.S., Karacık, B., Başak, S., Henkelmann, B., Bernhöft, S., Shcramm, K.W. (2009): PCB and PCDD/F in sediments and mussels of the Istanbul Strait (Turkey). Chemosphere, 76: 159-166.
  • Okay, O.S., Karacık, B., Henkelmann, B., Shcramm, K.W. (2011): Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and mussels from the Istanbul strait. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 176: 51-65.
  • Özçelik, B., Uygun, Ü., Bayram, B. (2011): Handbook of Seafood Quality, Safety and Health Applications. In: Alasalvar, C., Shahidi, F., Miyashita, K., Wanasundara, U. (Eds.), Seafoods and Environmental Contaminants. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., UK, pp. 303-311.
  • Özden, Ö., Kruse, R., Erkan, N. (2001): Vorkommen von Rükständen an Organochlor-Pestiziden, Nitromoschusverbindungen und Polychlorierten Biphenylen in türkischen Fisdauerkonserven. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 108: 159-163.
  • Özden, Ö., Kruse, R., Erkan, N. (2002): Bestimmung von Organochlor-Pestiziden und Polychlorierten Biphenylen in Miesmuscheln. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 98: 215-220.
  • Saler, S. (2006): Pestisitlerin akuatik omurgasızlar üzerine etkisi. Sümder Dergisi, 25-26: 28-32.
  • Seyran, A., Erişir, M. (2008): Poliklorlu bifeniller ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Fırat University Veterinary Journal of Health Sciences, 22 (1): 33-40.
  • Smith, A.G., Gangolli, S.D. (2002): Organochlorine chemicals in seafood: Occurrence and health concerns. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40: 767-779.
  • Storelli, M.M. (2008): Potential human health risks from metals (Hg, Cd and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via seafood consumption: Estimation of target hazard quotients (THQs) and toxic equivalents (TEQs). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 2782-2788.
  • Syasina, I. G. (2003): Organochlorine pesticides in fishes and mollusks from lower reaches of the Tumen River and of the contiguous part of Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan). Ecology, 29: 23-30.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şafak Ulusoy

Özkan Özden

Publication Date January 1, 2015
Submission Date October 10, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2015

Cite

APA Ulusoy, Ş., & Özden, Ö. (2015). PESTICIDE RISKS OF SEAFOOD IN TURKEY. Food and Health, 1(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS15003

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