Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 293 - 300, 02.10.2025

Abdulmajeed Khalaf , Alican Bahadır Semerci , Şule Baran

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25025

Abstract

References

  • Baran, Ş., Alazzawı, S., & Semerci, A.B. (2024). The effects of Equisetum arvense L. extracts prepared using different solvents and extraction methods for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Food and Health, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH24001
  • Beevi, S.S., Narasu, M.L., & Gowda, B.B. (2010). Polyphenolics profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of Raphanus sativus L. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 65(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0148-6
  • Beevi, S.S., Mangamoori, L.N., & Gowda, B.B. (2011). Polyphenolics profile and antioxidant properties of Raphanus sativus L. Natural Product Research, 26(6), 557-563. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.521884
  • Bilal, M., Rasheed, T., Iqbal, H. M. N., Hu, H., Wang, W., Zhang, X. (2017). Macromolecular agents with antimicrobial potentialities: A drive to combat antimicrobial resistance. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 103, 554–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.071
  • Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617), 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  • Bors, M.D., Semeniuc, C.A., Socaci, S., Varva, L., Moldovan, O., Vlaic, R., & Tofana, M. (2015). Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of radish as influenced by the variety and vegetative stage. Bulletin UASVM Food science and technology, 72(1), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:11087
  • Chaves, N., Santiago, A., & Alías, J.C. (2020). Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used. Antioxidants, 9(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010076
  • Eruygur, N., Büyükyıldırım, T., Kırcı, D., Ayaz, F., Bağcı, Y., & Doğu, S. (2024). Evaluation of the in vitro enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity of Clinopodium betulifolium (Boiss. & Balansa) Kuntze. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(6), 1282-1288.
  • Ahmad, F., Hasan, I., Chishti, D.K., Ahmad, H. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Raphanus sativus Linn. seed extract. Global Journals, 12(11).
  • Ghaffar, N., & Perveen, A. (2024). Solvent polarity effects on extraction yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of Malvaceae family seeds: A comparative study. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2024.2392705
  • Gorlenko, C.L., Kiselev, H.Y., Budanova, E.V., Zamyatnin, A.A., & Ikryannikova, L.N. (2020). Plant secondary metabolites in the battle of drugs and drug-resistant bacteria: New heroes or worse clones of antibiotics. Antibiotics, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040170
  • Goyeneche, R., Roura, S., Ponce, A., Vega-Gálvez, A., Quispe-Fuentes, I., Uribe, E., & Di Scala, K. (2015). Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and roots. Journal of Functional Foods, 16, 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.049
  • Gulcin, İ. (2020). Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: An updated overview. In Archives of Toxicology,94(3) 651–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3
  • Jaafar, N.A., Ahmed, A.S., & Al-Sandooq, D.L. (2020). Detection of active compounds in radish Raphanus sativus L. and their various biological effects. Plant Arch, 20(2), 1647-50.
  • Jadoun, J., Yazbak, A., Rushrush, S., Rudy, A., & Azaizeh, H. (2016). Identification of a new antibacterial sulfur compound from Raphanus sativus seeds. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016(1),9271285. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9271285
  • Jamuna, K.S., Ramesh, C.K., Mahmood, R., Pallavi, M., & Rao, S.A. (2015). Effect of different extraction methods on total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Raphanus sativus. International Journal of Biology, 4(12), 4653-4657.
  • Janjua, S., & Shahid, M. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of root peel extract of Raphanus sativus L. var niger. Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research, 1(1), 1-7.
  • Kaymak, H.Ç., Caglar Kaymak, H., Ozturk Yilmaz, S., Ercisli, S., Guvenc, I. (2018). Antibacterial Activities of Red Colored Radish Types (Raphanus sativus L.). Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.26327/RBL2018.144
  • Kim, J.K., Baskar, T.B., & Park, S.U. (2016). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of two Raphanus sativus L. cultivars (cherry belle and valentine). Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 13(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1999
  • Li, Y., Kong, D., Fu, Y., Sussman, M.R., Wu, H. (2020). The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148, 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006
  • Lim, H.-W., Song, K.-Y., Chon, J.-W., Jeong, D., Seo, K.-H. (2019). Antimicrobial Action of Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (radish) extracts against foodborne bacteria present in various milk products: A preliminary study. Journal of Milk Science and Biotechnology, 37(3), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.22424/jmsb.2019.37.3.187
  • Mohamed, Z., Nawrooz, M., Hlail, H., Hamad, M., Hamadi, S., & Jaber, S. (2024). An extraction, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of Raphanus sativus extracts. The Continents States University Journal, 1(1.0), 14-18.
  • Muthusamy, B., Shanmugam, G. (2020). Analysis of flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of in vitro hairy root extract of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 140(3), 619–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-019-01757-6
  • Narayanaswamy, N., Balakrishnan, K.P. (2013). Evaluation of some Medicinal Plants for their Antioxidant Properties. In International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN 3 (1).
  • Noman, O.M., Nasr, F.A., Alqahtani, A.S., Al-Zharani, M., Cordero, M.A.W., Alotaibi, A.A., Bepari, A., Alarifi, S., Daoud, A. (2021). Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia. Open Chemistry, 19(1), 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0042
  • Razali, N., Razab, R., Junit, S.M. & Aziz, A.A. (2008). Radical scavenging and reducing properties of extracts of cashew shoots (Anacardium occidentale). Food Chemistry, 111, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.024
  • Semerci, A.B., Tunç, K., & Sağiroğlu, M. (2024). Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities, phenolic contents of Allium staticiforme bulb fractions in different polarities. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 23(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijtk.v23i2.8725
  • Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144
  • Shin, T., Ahn, M., Kim, G.O., Park, S. U. (2015). Biological activity of various radish species. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 15(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-015-0183-9
  • Solmaz, M. (2017). Kara Turpun (Raphanus sativus L. niger) Bazı Biyoaktif Bileşenlerinin Ekstarksiyonu. Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun
  • Tiraş, S., Kartal, Y.K., Ercan, N., & Sel, T. (2024). Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of different Raphanus sativus L. extracts. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 75(3), 7757-7764. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.35433
  • Umamaheswari, M., Puthenpurackal, A. Kuppusamy, A., & Thirumalaiswamy, S. (2012). In vitro angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of seed extract of Raphanus sativus Linn. Central European Journal of Experimental Biology, 1(1), 11-17.
  • Zhang, W., Li, C., You, L.J., Fu, X., Chen, Y.S., & Luo, Y.Q. (2014). Structural identification of compounds from Toona sinensis leaves with antioxidant and anticancer activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 10, 427-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.015
  • Ziemlewska, A., Zagórska-Dziok, M., Mokrzyńska, A., Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Z., Szczepanek, D., Sowa, I., & Wójciak, M. (2024). Comparison of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of Raphanus sativus L. leaf and root kombucha-fermented extracts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11), 5622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115622
  • Zrouri, H., Elbouzidi, A., Bouhrim, M., Bencheikh, N., Kharchoufa, L., Ouahhoud, S., ... & Choukri, M. (2021). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and nephroprotective effect of the Raphanus sativus aqueous extract. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 11(1), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.13171/mjc02101211565lk

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Black, Red, and Chinese cultivars of Raphanus sativus

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 293 - 300, 02.10.2025

Abdulmajeed Khalaf , Alican Bahadır Semerci , Şule Baran

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25025

Abstract

Our study sought to ascertain the biological activities of three distinct radish cultivars: Black, Red, and Chinese. The materials were subjected to lyophilisation for 72 hours, after which ethanolic extracts were obtained via the Soxhlet method. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts was assessed using the DPPH scavenging assay and the ferric reducing assay. At the same time, the total phenolic content was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antibacterial efficacy of the extracts against the test bacteria was assessed via the disc diffusion method. The findings revealed that Chinese radish exhibited the highest phenolic concentration, quantified at 18.1 mg GAE/g. The DPPH scavenging assay results indicated that, concerning the total phenolic content, the maximum scavenging activity was seen in Chinese radish at 72%. Subsequently, black radish exhibited a DPPH scavenging rate of 59%, while red radish demonstrated a rate of 39%. The ferric reducing power results corroborated the DPPH scavenging assay, indicating the activity hierarchy as Chinese radish, black radish, and red radish, respectively. Antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts obtained was also examined; according to the results, only the black radish extract showed antibacterial action against Enterococcus faecalis (13.5 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (11 mm). This study revealed the effects of different radish cultivars on antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

Keywords

Antibacterial activity DPPH scavenging Food Radish

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this study does not involve experiments with human or animal subjects, and therefore, ethics committee approval is not required.

References

  • Baran, Ş., Alazzawı, S., & Semerci, A.B. (2024). The effects of Equisetum arvense L. extracts prepared using different solvents and extraction methods for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Food and Health, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH24001
  • Beevi, S.S., Narasu, M.L., & Gowda, B.B. (2010). Polyphenolics profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of Raphanus sativus L. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 65(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0148-6
  • Beevi, S.S., Mangamoori, L.N., & Gowda, B.B. (2011). Polyphenolics profile and antioxidant properties of Raphanus sativus L. Natural Product Research, 26(6), 557-563. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.521884
  • Bilal, M., Rasheed, T., Iqbal, H. M. N., Hu, H., Wang, W., Zhang, X. (2017). Macromolecular agents with antimicrobial potentialities: A drive to combat antimicrobial resistance. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 103, 554–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.071
  • Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617), 1199-1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0
  • Bors, M.D., Semeniuc, C.A., Socaci, S., Varva, L., Moldovan, O., Vlaic, R., & Tofana, M. (2015). Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of radish as influenced by the variety and vegetative stage. Bulletin UASVM Food science and technology, 72(1), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:11087
  • Chaves, N., Santiago, A., & Alías, J.C. (2020). Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used. Antioxidants, 9(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010076
  • Eruygur, N., Büyükyıldırım, T., Kırcı, D., Ayaz, F., Bağcı, Y., & Doğu, S. (2024). Evaluation of the in vitro enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity of Clinopodium betulifolium (Boiss. & Balansa) Kuntze. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(6), 1282-1288.
  • Ahmad, F., Hasan, I., Chishti, D.K., Ahmad, H. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Raphanus sativus Linn. seed extract. Global Journals, 12(11).
  • Ghaffar, N., & Perveen, A. (2024). Solvent polarity effects on extraction yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of Malvaceae family seeds: A comparative study. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2024.2392705
  • Gorlenko, C.L., Kiselev, H.Y., Budanova, E.V., Zamyatnin, A.A., & Ikryannikova, L.N. (2020). Plant secondary metabolites in the battle of drugs and drug-resistant bacteria: New heroes or worse clones of antibiotics. Antibiotics, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040170
  • Goyeneche, R., Roura, S., Ponce, A., Vega-Gálvez, A., Quispe-Fuentes, I., Uribe, E., & Di Scala, K. (2015). Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and roots. Journal of Functional Foods, 16, 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.049
  • Gulcin, İ. (2020). Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: An updated overview. In Archives of Toxicology,94(3) 651–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3
  • Jaafar, N.A., Ahmed, A.S., & Al-Sandooq, D.L. (2020). Detection of active compounds in radish Raphanus sativus L. and their various biological effects. Plant Arch, 20(2), 1647-50.
  • Jadoun, J., Yazbak, A., Rushrush, S., Rudy, A., & Azaizeh, H. (2016). Identification of a new antibacterial sulfur compound from Raphanus sativus seeds. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016(1),9271285. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9271285
  • Jamuna, K.S., Ramesh, C.K., Mahmood, R., Pallavi, M., & Rao, S.A. (2015). Effect of different extraction methods on total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Raphanus sativus. International Journal of Biology, 4(12), 4653-4657.
  • Janjua, S., & Shahid, M. (2013). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of root peel extract of Raphanus sativus L. var niger. Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research, 1(1), 1-7.
  • Kaymak, H.Ç., Caglar Kaymak, H., Ozturk Yilmaz, S., Ercisli, S., Guvenc, I. (2018). Antibacterial Activities of Red Colored Radish Types (Raphanus sativus L.). Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.26327/RBL2018.144
  • Kim, J.K., Baskar, T.B., & Park, S.U. (2016). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities of two Raphanus sativus L. cultivars (cherry belle and valentine). Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 13(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1999
  • Li, Y., Kong, D., Fu, Y., Sussman, M.R., Wu, H. (2020). The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148, 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006
  • Lim, H.-W., Song, K.-Y., Chon, J.-W., Jeong, D., Seo, K.-H. (2019). Antimicrobial Action of Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (radish) extracts against foodborne bacteria present in various milk products: A preliminary study. Journal of Milk Science and Biotechnology, 37(3), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.22424/jmsb.2019.37.3.187
  • Mohamed, Z., Nawrooz, M., Hlail, H., Hamad, M., Hamadi, S., & Jaber, S. (2024). An extraction, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of Raphanus sativus extracts. The Continents States University Journal, 1(1.0), 14-18.
  • Muthusamy, B., Shanmugam, G. (2020). Analysis of flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of in vitro hairy root extract of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 140(3), 619–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-019-01757-6
  • Narayanaswamy, N., Balakrishnan, K.P. (2013). Evaluation of some Medicinal Plants for their Antioxidant Properties. In International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN 3 (1).
  • Noman, O.M., Nasr, F.A., Alqahtani, A.S., Al-Zharani, M., Cordero, M.A.W., Alotaibi, A.A., Bepari, A., Alarifi, S., Daoud, A. (2021). Comparative study of antioxidant and anticancer activities and HPTLC quantification of rutin in white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and root extracts grown in Saudi Arabia. Open Chemistry, 19(1), 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0042
  • Razali, N., Razab, R., Junit, S.M. & Aziz, A.A. (2008). Radical scavenging and reducing properties of extracts of cashew shoots (Anacardium occidentale). Food Chemistry, 111, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.024
  • Semerci, A.B., Tunç, K., & Sağiroğlu, M. (2024). Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities, phenolic contents of Allium staticiforme bulb fractions in different polarities. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 23(2), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.56042/ijtk.v23i2.8725
  • Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144
  • Shin, T., Ahn, M., Kim, G.O., Park, S. U. (2015). Biological activity of various radish species. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 15(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-015-0183-9
  • Solmaz, M. (2017). Kara Turpun (Raphanus sativus L. niger) Bazı Biyoaktif Bileşenlerinin Ekstarksiyonu. Yayımlanmış yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun
  • Tiraş, S., Kartal, Y.K., Ercan, N., & Sel, T. (2024). Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of different Raphanus sativus L. extracts. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 75(3), 7757-7764. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.35433
  • Umamaheswari, M., Puthenpurackal, A. Kuppusamy, A., & Thirumalaiswamy, S. (2012). In vitro angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of seed extract of Raphanus sativus Linn. Central European Journal of Experimental Biology, 1(1), 11-17.
  • Zhang, W., Li, C., You, L.J., Fu, X., Chen, Y.S., & Luo, Y.Q. (2014). Structural identification of compounds from Toona sinensis leaves with antioxidant and anticancer activities. Journal of Functional Foods, 10, 427-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.015
  • Ziemlewska, A., Zagórska-Dziok, M., Mokrzyńska, A., Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Z., Szczepanek, D., Sowa, I., & Wójciak, M. (2024). Comparison of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of Raphanus sativus L. leaf and root kombucha-fermented extracts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11), 5622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115622
  • Zrouri, H., Elbouzidi, A., Bouhrim, M., Bencheikh, N., Kharchoufa, L., Ouahhoud, S., ... & Choukri, M. (2021). Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and nephroprotective effect of the Raphanus sativus aqueous extract. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 11(1), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.13171/mjc02101211565lk
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Biotechnology, Food Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Abdulmajeed Khalaf 0009-0007-1490-7278

Alican Bahadır Semerci 0000-0001-9502-9321

Şule Baran 0000-0003-2497-5876

Early Pub Date August 12, 2025
Publication Date October 2, 2025
Submission Date February 10, 2025
Acceptance Date May 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Khalaf, A., Semerci, A. B., & Baran, Ş. (2025). Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Black, Red, and Chinese cultivars of Raphanus sativus. Food and Health, 11(4), 293-300. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH25025
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