Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Antioxidant and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activities of some plant samples

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 293 - 303, 08.10.2023

Elmas Irmak Çil Arslan Özlem Saçan

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23026

Abstract

The antioxidant activity capacities of some plants, and their inhibitory effects on the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, the rate-determining enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, were investigated in our study. Antioxidant activity capacity and inhibitory effect of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme were detected in all plant extracts used in our research. The results obtained determined that both antioxidant activity and % inhibition values of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme increased as the plant extracts concentration increased. The strongest ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were exhibited by pomegranate fruit extract (IC50= 1.07 ±0.04 mg/mL and IC50= 0.39 ±0.01 mg/mL, respectively). At the same time, lemon had the strongest DMPD radical scavenging activity (IC50= 9×10-4 ±6×10-5 mg/mL). The best HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity was observed in persimmon fruit extract (IC50= 0.71 ±0.18 µg/mL). The inhibitory power of this extract was much higher than that of the enzyme’s standard inhibitor, Atorvastatin (IC50 = 1.76 ±0.12 µg/mL). The extracts' potent antioxidant and inhibitory properties can be attributed to the rich phytochemical composition of plant extracts. Thus, it may be a potential source of new bioactive compounds effective against oxidative stress, hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular complications.

Keywords

Antioxidant activity Enzyme HMG-CoA reductase Inhibition Plants

Supporting Institution

The Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa

Project Number

Project No. 28070

References

  • Afam, I.O.J., Henry S., Thakhani T., Adewale O.O., Henry O.U., Tonna A.A. (2021). Antioxidant-rich natural fruit and vegetable products and human health. International Journal of Food Properties, 24(1), 41-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1866597
  • Agudelo, C., Barros, L., Santos-Buelga, C., Martinez-Navarrete, N., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2017). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of grapefruit (Star Ruby): A comparison between fresh freeze-dried fruits and different powder formulations. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 80, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.02.006
  • Alagarsamy, S., Chellappan, P., Jesuraj, M.T., Mohan, M.S.G., Balakrishnan, R. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of the crude extract of Allium oschaninii scape. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 18, 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-018-0339-5
  • Almeida, M.M.B., de Sousa, P.H.M., Arriaga, A.M.C., do Prado, G.M., de Carvalho Magalhaes, C.E., Maia, G.A., de Lemos, T.L.G. (2011). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fresh exotic fruits from northeastern Brazil. Food Research International, 44(7), 2155–2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.051
  • Alrasheid, A.A., Mohamed, A.A., Mohieldin, E.G., Eldein, K.I., Yassin, L.F., Widdatallh, M.O., Alnour, M.I., Eltilib, S.H., Ahmed, S.A., Ayoub, S.M.H. (2019). Phytochemical investigation and assessment of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sudanese Citrus paradisi peel extract. Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2018.0531
  • Arnao, M.B., Cano, M., Acosta, M. (2001). The hydrophilic and lipophilic contribution to total antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 73, 239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00324-1
  • Aruoma, O.I. (1994). Nutrition and health aspects of free radicals and antioxidants. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32, 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(94)90011-6
  • Asale, Y., Dessalegn, E., Assefa, D., Abdisa, M. (2021). Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different apple cultivars grown in South Ethiopia: Case of the wolayta zone. International Journal of Food Properties, 24(1), 354-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2021.1885440
  • Aydin, E. (2021). Attributes of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and in-vitro simulated bioaccessibility of astringent, non-astringent and wild (rootstock) persimmons. Gida, 46(3), 669-680. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD21032
  • Baenas, N., Garcia-Viguera, C., Moreno, D.A. (2014). Biotic elicitors effectively increase the glucosinolates content in Brassicaceae sprouts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 1881–1889. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404876z
  • Bagchi, K., Puri, S. (1998). Free radicals and antioxidants in health and diseases. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 4, 350–360. https://doi.org/10.26719/1998.4.2.350
  • Beevi, S.S., Narasu, M.L., Gowda, B.B. (2010). Polyphenolics profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of Raphanus sativus L. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 65, 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0148-6
  • Bellosta, S., Corsini, A. (2012). Statin drug interactions and related adverse reactions. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 11(6), 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2012.712959
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • Brown, M.S., Goldstein, J.L. (1997). The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell, 89(3), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80213-5
  • Brunzell, J.D., Davidson, M., Furberg, C.D., Goldberg, R.B., Howard, B.V., Stein J.H., Witztum, J.L. (2008). Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: Consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Diabetes Care, 31(4), 811–822. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-9018
  • Byington, R.P., Jukema, J.W., Salonen, J.T., Pitt, B., Bruschke, A.V., Hoen, H., Furberg, C.D., Mancini, J. (1995). Reduction in cardiovascular events during pravastatin therapy: Pooled analysis of clinical events of the Pravastatin Atherosclerosis Intervention Program. Circulation, 92(9), 2419–2425. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.9.2419
  • Chihoub, W., Dias, M.I., Barros, L., Calhelha, R.C., Alves, M.J., Harzallah-Skhiri, F., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2019). Valorisation of the green waste parts from turnip, radish and wild cardoon: Nutritional value, phenolic profile and bioactivity evaluation. Food Research International, 126, 108651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108651
  • Choi, J.S., Park, S.H., Choi, J.H. (1989). Nitrite scavenging effect by flavonoids and its structure-effect relationship. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 12(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02855742
  • Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., Armitage, J., Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., et al. (2016). Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet, 388(10059), 2532–2561. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31357-5
  • de Almeida Siqueira, E.M., Rosa, F.R., Fustinoni, A.M., de Sant’Ana, L.P., Arruda, S.F. (2013). Brazilian savanna fruits contain higher bioactive compounds content and higher antioxidant activity relative to the conventional red delicious apple. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e72826. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072826
  • Dandare, S.U., Mainasara, B.B., Magaji, U.F., Dandare, A., A.Lailaba A., Sadiq, M.E. (2017). In vitro antioxidant activity of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 25(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v25i1.3
  • Djenidi, H., Khennouf, S., Bouaziz, A. (2020). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables in Algeria. Progress in Nutrition, 22(1), 224-235. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i1.7701
  • Espenshade, P.J., Hughes, A.L. (2007). Regulation of sterol synthesis in eukaryotes. Annual Review of Genetics, 41, 401–427. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130315
  • Floyd, R.A. (1999). Neuroinflammatory processes are important in neurodegenerative diseases: An hypothesis to explain the increased formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as major factors involved in neurodegenerative disease development. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9–10),1346–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00293-7
  • Fogliano, V., Verde, V., Randazzo, G., Ritieni, A. (1999). Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 1035-1040. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980496s
  • Frei, B., Stocker, R., Ames, B.N. (1988). Antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85, 9748–9752. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.24.9748
  • Furberg, C.D., Adams, H.P., Applegate, W.B., Byington, R.P., Espeland, M.A., Hartwell, T., Hunninghake, D.B., Lefkowitz, D.S., Probstfield, J., Riley, W.A., Young, B. (1994). Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation, 90, 1679–1687. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.4.1679
  • Furberg, C.D. (1999). Natural statins and stroke risk. Circulation, 99(2), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.2.185
  • Garcia-Closas, R., Berenguer, A., Tormo, M.J., Sanchez, M.J., Quiros, J.R., Navarro, C. (2004). Dietary sources of vitamin C, vitamin E and specific carotenoids in Spain. British Journal of Nutrition, 91, 1005–1011. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041130
  • Gheisari, H.R., Abhari, K.H. (2014). Drying method effects on the antioxidant activity of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) tea. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria, 13(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2014.2.2
  • Golomb, B.A., Evans, M.A. (2008). Statin adverse effects: A review of the literature and evidence for a mitochondrial mechanism. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 8 (6), 373–418. https://doi.org/10.2165/0129784-200808060-00004
  • Gorinstein, S., Cvikrová, M., Machackova, I., Haruenkit, R., Park, Y.S., Jung, S.T., Yamamoto, K., Ayala, A.L.M., Katrich, E., Trakhtenberg, S. (2004). Characterization of antioxidant compounds in Jaffa sweeties and white grapefruits. Food Chemistry, 84(4), 503–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00127-4
  • Goyeneche, R., Roura, S., Ponce, A., Vega-G´alvez, A., Quispe-Fuentes, I., Uribe, E., Di Scala, K. (2015). Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and roots. Journal of Functional Foods, 16, 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.049
  • Grundy, S.M., Stone, N.J., Bailey, A.L., Beam, C., Birtcher, K.K., Blumenthal, R.S., et al. (2019). 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 139(25), e1082–e1143. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000698
  • Haines, T.H. (2001). Do sterols reduce proton and sodium leaks through lipid bilayers? Progress in Lipid Research, 40(4), 299–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00009-1
  • Hanukoglu, I. (1992). Steroidogenic enzymes: Structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(8), 779–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5
  • Hmid, I., Elothmani, D., Hanine, H., Oukabli, A., Mehinagic, E. (2017). Comparative study of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant attributes of eighteen pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Morocco. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2675–S2684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.011
  • Kang, Y.H., Park, Y.K., Lee, G.D. (1996). The nitrite scavenging and electron donating ability of phenolic compounds. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 28(2), 232–239.
  • Karadeniz, F., Burdurlu, H.S., Koca, N., Soyer, Y. (2005). Antioxidant activity of selected fruits and vegetables grown in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Forestry, 29, 297-303.
  • Kizer, J.R., Madias, C., Wilner, B., Vaughan, C.J., Mushlin, A.I., Trushin, P., Jr Gotto, A.M., Pasternak, R. (2010). Relation of different measures of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to risk of coronary artery disease and death in a meta-regression analysis of large-scale trials of statin therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 105(9), 1289–1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.12.051
  • Lee, J.H., Lee, Y.B., Seo, W.D., Kang, S.T., Lim, J.W., Cho, K.M. (2012). Comparative studies of antioxidant activities and nutritional constituents of Persimmon juice (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Gapjubaekmok). Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 17(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2012.17.2.141
  • Lehrer, S., Rheinstein, P. (2020). Statins combined with niacin reduce the risk of peripheral neuropathy. International Journal of Functional Nutrition, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijfn.2020.3
  • Lewington, S., Whitlock, G., Clarke, R., Sherliker, P., Emberson, J., Halsey, J., Qizilbash, N., Peto, R., Collins, R. (2007). Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet, 370(9602), 1829–1839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4
  • Magaji, U.F., Sacan, O., Yanardag, R. (2022). Antilipase, antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera extracts. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 27(1), 3208-3214.
  • Magangana, T.P., Makunga, N.P., la Grange, C., Stander, M.A., Fawole, O.A., Opara, U.L. (2021). Blanching pre-treatment promotes high yields, bioactive compounds, antioxidants, enzyme inactivation and antibacterial activity of ‘wonderful’ pomegranate peel extracts at three different harvest maturities. Antioxidants, 10, 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071119
  • Mahato, D., Sharma, H.P. (2019). Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem.-in vitro study. Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 18(3), 493-499.
  • Makni, M., Jemai, R., Kriaa, W., Chtourou, Y., Fetoui, H. (2018). Citrus limon from Tunisia: Phytochemical and physicochemical properties and biological activities. BioMed Research International, 2018, 6251546. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6251546
  • Mir, S.A., Wani, S.M., Wani, T.A., Ahmad, M., Gani, A., Masoodi, F.A., Nazir, A. (2016). Comparative evaluation of the proximate composition and antioxidant properties of processed products of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller). International Food Research Journal, 23(2), 816-821.
  • Moreno-Ortega, A., Pereira-Caro, G., Luis O.J., Manuel M.R.J., Moreno-Rojas, R., Perez-Aparicio, J., Manuel M.R.J. (2020). Changes in the antioxidant activity and metabolite profile of three onion varieties during the elaboration of ‘black onion’. Food Chemistry, 311, 125958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125958
  • Murathan, Z.T. (2020). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Diospyros lotus L. fruits grown in Turkey. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 19(2), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.2.5
  • Muzykiewicz, A., Zielonka-Brzezicka, J., Klimowicz, A. (2018). Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) as a useful source of antioxidants–antioxidant activity evaluation. Herba Polonica, 64(4), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2018-0020
  • Naci, H., Brugts, J., Ades, T. (2013). Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: A study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 6(4), 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071
  • Nicholls, S.J. (2008). Rosuvastatin and progression of atherosclerosis. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 6(7), 925–933. https://doi.org/10.1586/14779072.6.7.925
  • Njie-Mbye, Y.F., Kulkarni-Chitnis M., Opere C.A., Barrett A., Ohia S.E. (2013). Lipid peroxidation: Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, 366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00366
  • Oikeh, E.I., Omoregie, E.S., Oviasogie, F.E., Oriakhi, K. (2015). Phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of different citrus juice concentrates. Food Science and Nutrition, 4(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.268
  • Park, C., Baskar, T., Park, S.Y., Kim, S.J., Valan, A.M., Al-Dhabi, N., Kim, J., Park, S. (2016). Metabolic profiling and antioxidant assay of metabolites from three radish cultivars (Raphanus sativus). Molecules, 21(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020157
  • Payne, A.H., Hales, D.B. (2004). Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones. Endocrine Reviews, 25(6), 947–970. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2003-0030
  • Pedersen, T.R., Kjekshus, J., Pyörälä, K., Olsson, A.G., Cook, T.J., Musliner, T.A., Tobert, J.A., Haghfelt, T. (1998). Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). The American Journal of Cardiology, 81, 333–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00904-1
  • Proteggente, A.R., Pannala, A.S., Paganga, G., Van Buren, L., Wagner, E., Wiseman, S., Van De Put, F., Dacombe, C., Rice-Evans, C.A. (2002). The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Radical Research, 36(2), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760290006484
  • Ren, F., Perussello, C.A., Zhang, Z., Gaffney, M.T., Kerry, J.P., Tiwari, B.K. (2017). Enhancement of phytochemical content and drying efficiency of onions (Allium cepa L.) through blanching. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(4), 1300-1309. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8594
  • Rinaldo, D., Fils-Lycaon, B., Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié, D. (2014). Antioxidant activity of tropical fruits as related to their polyphenol, vitamin C and carotenoid contents: A review. Acta Horticulturae, 1040, 261–268. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1040.36
  • Rufino, M.S.M., Alves, R.E., Brito, E.S., Perez-Jimenez, J., Saura-Calixto, F., Mancini-Filho, J. (2010). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of 18 non-traditional tropical fruits from Brazil. Food Chemistry, 121(4), 996–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.037
  • Selyutina, G., Gapontseva, O. (2016). Component composition of radish root essential oil. Ukrainian Food Journal, 5, 653-666. https://doi.org/10.24263/2304-974X-2016-5-4-5
  • Sicari, V., Pellicano, T. M., Giuffre, A. M., Zappia, C., Capocasale, M., Poiana, M. (2018). Physical chemical properties and antioxidant capacities of grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi) extracted from two different varieties. International Food Research Journal, 25(5), 1978-1984. Tekin, Z., Kucukbay, F. (2020). Evaluation of phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of pomegranate flower. Journal of The Turkish Chemical Soceity Chemistry A, 7(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.628615 Uckoo, R.M., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Balasubramaniam, V.M., Patil, B.S. (2012). Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad) phytochemicals composition is modulated by household processing techniques. Journal of Food Science, 17(9), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02865.x
  • Vasile, M., Bunea, A., Ioan, C.R., Ioan, B.C., Socaci, S., Viorel, M. (2021). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Malus domestica Borkh peel extracts. Molecules, 26(24), 7636. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247636
  • Wang, H., Cao, G., Prior, R.L. (1996). Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44(3), 701-705. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950579y
  • Willcox, J.K., Ash, S.K., Catignani, G.L. (2004). Antioxidants and prevention of chronic diseases. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44(4), 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490468489
  • Xiao, Z., Lester, G. E., Luo, Y., Wang, Q. (2012). Assessment of vitamin and carotenoid concentrations of emerging food products: Edible microgreens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(31), 7644–7651. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300459b
  • Yeagle, P.L. (1991). Modulation of membrane function by cholesterol. Biochimie, 73(10), 1303–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(91)90093-G
  • Zhao, X.X., Lin, F.J., Li, H., Li, H.B., Wu, D.T., Geng, F., Ma, W., Wang, Y., Miao, B.H., Gan, R.Y. (2021). Recent advances in bioactive compounds, health functions, and safety concerns of onion (Allium cepa L.). Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 669805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.669805

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 293 - 303, 08.10.2023

Elmas Irmak Çil Arslan Özlem Saçan

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23026

Abstract

Keywords

Antioxidant activity Enzyme HMG-CoA reductase Inhibition Plants

Project Number

Project No. 28070

References

  • Afam, I.O.J., Henry S., Thakhani T., Adewale O.O., Henry O.U., Tonna A.A. (2021). Antioxidant-rich natural fruit and vegetable products and human health. International Journal of Food Properties, 24(1), 41-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2020.1866597
  • Agudelo, C., Barros, L., Santos-Buelga, C., Martinez-Navarrete, N., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2017). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of grapefruit (Star Ruby): A comparison between fresh freeze-dried fruits and different powder formulations. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 80, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.02.006
  • Alagarsamy, S., Chellappan, P., Jesuraj, M.T., Mohan, M.S.G., Balakrishnan, R. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of the crude extract of Allium oschaninii scape. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 18, 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-018-0339-5
  • Almeida, M.M.B., de Sousa, P.H.M., Arriaga, A.M.C., do Prado, G.M., de Carvalho Magalhaes, C.E., Maia, G.A., de Lemos, T.L.G. (2011). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of fresh exotic fruits from northeastern Brazil. Food Research International, 44(7), 2155–2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.051
  • Alrasheid, A.A., Mohamed, A.A., Mohieldin, E.G., Eldein, K.I., Yassin, L.F., Widdatallh, M.O., Alnour, M.I., Eltilib, S.H., Ahmed, S.A., Ayoub, S.M.H. (2019). Phytochemical investigation and assessment of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sudanese Citrus paradisi peel extract. Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2018.0531
  • Arnao, M.B., Cano, M., Acosta, M. (2001). The hydrophilic and lipophilic contribution to total antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 73, 239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00324-1
  • Aruoma, O.I. (1994). Nutrition and health aspects of free radicals and antioxidants. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32, 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(94)90011-6
  • Asale, Y., Dessalegn, E., Assefa, D., Abdisa, M. (2021). Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different apple cultivars grown in South Ethiopia: Case of the wolayta zone. International Journal of Food Properties, 24(1), 354-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2021.1885440
  • Aydin, E. (2021). Attributes of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and in-vitro simulated bioaccessibility of astringent, non-astringent and wild (rootstock) persimmons. Gida, 46(3), 669-680. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD21032
  • Baenas, N., Garcia-Viguera, C., Moreno, D.A. (2014). Biotic elicitors effectively increase the glucosinolates content in Brassicaceae sprouts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 1881–1889. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404876z
  • Bagchi, K., Puri, S. (1998). Free radicals and antioxidants in health and diseases. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 4, 350–360. https://doi.org/10.26719/1998.4.2.350
  • Beevi, S.S., Narasu, M.L., Gowda, B.B. (2010). Polyphenolics profile, antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of leaves and stem of Raphanus sativus L. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 65, 8–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0148-6
  • Bellosta, S., Corsini, A. (2012). Statin drug interactions and related adverse reactions. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 11(6), 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2012.712959
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
  • Brown, M.S., Goldstein, J.L. (1997). The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell, 89(3), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80213-5
  • Brunzell, J.D., Davidson, M., Furberg, C.D., Goldberg, R.B., Howard, B.V., Stein J.H., Witztum, J.L. (2008). Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: Consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Diabetes Care, 31(4), 811–822. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-9018
  • Byington, R.P., Jukema, J.W., Salonen, J.T., Pitt, B., Bruschke, A.V., Hoen, H., Furberg, C.D., Mancini, J. (1995). Reduction in cardiovascular events during pravastatin therapy: Pooled analysis of clinical events of the Pravastatin Atherosclerosis Intervention Program. Circulation, 92(9), 2419–2425. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.92.9.2419
  • Chihoub, W., Dias, M.I., Barros, L., Calhelha, R.C., Alves, M.J., Harzallah-Skhiri, F., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2019). Valorisation of the green waste parts from turnip, radish and wild cardoon: Nutritional value, phenolic profile and bioactivity evaluation. Food Research International, 126, 108651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108651
  • Choi, J.S., Park, S.H., Choi, J.H. (1989). Nitrite scavenging effect by flavonoids and its structure-effect relationship. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 12(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02855742
  • Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., Armitage, J., Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., et al. (2016). Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet, 388(10059), 2532–2561. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31357-5
  • de Almeida Siqueira, E.M., Rosa, F.R., Fustinoni, A.M., de Sant’Ana, L.P., Arruda, S.F. (2013). Brazilian savanna fruits contain higher bioactive compounds content and higher antioxidant activity relative to the conventional red delicious apple. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e72826. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072826
  • Dandare, S.U., Mainasara, B.B., Magaji, U.F., Dandare, A., A.Lailaba A., Sadiq, M.E. (2017). In vitro antioxidant activity of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 25(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v25i1.3
  • Djenidi, H., Khennouf, S., Bouaziz, A. (2020). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables in Algeria. Progress in Nutrition, 22(1), 224-235. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i1.7701
  • Espenshade, P.J., Hughes, A.L. (2007). Regulation of sterol synthesis in eukaryotes. Annual Review of Genetics, 41, 401–427. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130315
  • Floyd, R.A. (1999). Neuroinflammatory processes are important in neurodegenerative diseases: An hypothesis to explain the increased formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as major factors involved in neurodegenerative disease development. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9–10),1346–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00293-7
  • Fogliano, V., Verde, V., Randazzo, G., Ritieni, A. (1999). Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 1035-1040. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980496s
  • Frei, B., Stocker, R., Ames, B.N. (1988). Antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85, 9748–9752. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.24.9748
  • Furberg, C.D., Adams, H.P., Applegate, W.B., Byington, R.P., Espeland, M.A., Hartwell, T., Hunninghake, D.B., Lefkowitz, D.S., Probstfield, J., Riley, W.A., Young, B. (1994). Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation, 90, 1679–1687. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.4.1679
  • Furberg, C.D. (1999). Natural statins and stroke risk. Circulation, 99(2), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.2.185
  • Garcia-Closas, R., Berenguer, A., Tormo, M.J., Sanchez, M.J., Quiros, J.R., Navarro, C. (2004). Dietary sources of vitamin C, vitamin E and specific carotenoids in Spain. British Journal of Nutrition, 91, 1005–1011. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041130
  • Gheisari, H.R., Abhari, K.H. (2014). Drying method effects on the antioxidant activity of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) tea. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria, 13(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2014.2.2
  • Golomb, B.A., Evans, M.A. (2008). Statin adverse effects: A review of the literature and evidence for a mitochondrial mechanism. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 8 (6), 373–418. https://doi.org/10.2165/0129784-200808060-00004
  • Gorinstein, S., Cvikrová, M., Machackova, I., Haruenkit, R., Park, Y.S., Jung, S.T., Yamamoto, K., Ayala, A.L.M., Katrich, E., Trakhtenberg, S. (2004). Characterization of antioxidant compounds in Jaffa sweeties and white grapefruits. Food Chemistry, 84(4), 503–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00127-4
  • Goyeneche, R., Roura, S., Ponce, A., Vega-G´alvez, A., Quispe-Fuentes, I., Uribe, E., Di Scala, K. (2015). Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves and roots. Journal of Functional Foods, 16, 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.049
  • Grundy, S.M., Stone, N.J., Bailey, A.L., Beam, C., Birtcher, K.K., Blumenthal, R.S., et al. (2019). 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 139(25), e1082–e1143. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000698
  • Haines, T.H. (2001). Do sterols reduce proton and sodium leaks through lipid bilayers? Progress in Lipid Research, 40(4), 299–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00009-1
  • Hanukoglu, I. (1992). Steroidogenic enzymes: Structure, function, and role in regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(8), 779–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(92)90307-5
  • Hmid, I., Elothmani, D., Hanine, H., Oukabli, A., Mehinagic, E. (2017). Comparative study of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant attributes of eighteen pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Morocco. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2675–S2684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.10.011
  • Kang, Y.H., Park, Y.K., Lee, G.D. (1996). The nitrite scavenging and electron donating ability of phenolic compounds. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology, 28(2), 232–239.
  • Karadeniz, F., Burdurlu, H.S., Koca, N., Soyer, Y. (2005). Antioxidant activity of selected fruits and vegetables grown in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Forestry, 29, 297-303.
  • Kizer, J.R., Madias, C., Wilner, B., Vaughan, C.J., Mushlin, A.I., Trushin, P., Jr Gotto, A.M., Pasternak, R. (2010). Relation of different measures of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to risk of coronary artery disease and death in a meta-regression analysis of large-scale trials of statin therapy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 105(9), 1289–1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.12.051
  • Lee, J.H., Lee, Y.B., Seo, W.D., Kang, S.T., Lim, J.W., Cho, K.M. (2012). Comparative studies of antioxidant activities and nutritional constituents of Persimmon juice (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Gapjubaekmok). Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 17(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2012.17.2.141
  • Lehrer, S., Rheinstein, P. (2020). Statins combined with niacin reduce the risk of peripheral neuropathy. International Journal of Functional Nutrition, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijfn.2020.3
  • Lewington, S., Whitlock, G., Clarke, R., Sherliker, P., Emberson, J., Halsey, J., Qizilbash, N., Peto, R., Collins, R. (2007). Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet, 370(9602), 1829–1839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4
  • Magaji, U.F., Sacan, O., Yanardag, R. (2022). Antilipase, antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera extracts. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 27(1), 3208-3214.
  • Magangana, T.P., Makunga, N.P., la Grange, C., Stander, M.A., Fawole, O.A., Opara, U.L. (2021). Blanching pre-treatment promotes high yields, bioactive compounds, antioxidants, enzyme inactivation and antibacterial activity of ‘wonderful’ pomegranate peel extracts at three different harvest maturities. Antioxidants, 10, 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071119
  • Mahato, D., Sharma, H.P. (2019). Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activity of Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem.-in vitro study. Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 18(3), 493-499.
  • Makni, M., Jemai, R., Kriaa, W., Chtourou, Y., Fetoui, H. (2018). Citrus limon from Tunisia: Phytochemical and physicochemical properties and biological activities. BioMed Research International, 2018, 6251546. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6251546
  • Mir, S.A., Wani, S.M., Wani, T.A., Ahmad, M., Gani, A., Masoodi, F.A., Nazir, A. (2016). Comparative evaluation of the proximate composition and antioxidant properties of processed products of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller). International Food Research Journal, 23(2), 816-821.
  • Moreno-Ortega, A., Pereira-Caro, G., Luis O.J., Manuel M.R.J., Moreno-Rojas, R., Perez-Aparicio, J., Manuel M.R.J. (2020). Changes in the antioxidant activity and metabolite profile of three onion varieties during the elaboration of ‘black onion’. Food Chemistry, 311, 125958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125958
  • Murathan, Z.T. (2020). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Diospyros lotus L. fruits grown in Turkey. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 19(2), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.2.5
  • Muzykiewicz, A., Zielonka-Brzezicka, J., Klimowicz, A. (2018). Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) as a useful source of antioxidants–antioxidant activity evaluation. Herba Polonica, 64(4), 23-33. https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2018-0020
  • Naci, H., Brugts, J., Ades, T. (2013). Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: A study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 6(4), 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071
  • Nicholls, S.J. (2008). Rosuvastatin and progression of atherosclerosis. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 6(7), 925–933. https://doi.org/10.1586/14779072.6.7.925
  • Njie-Mbye, Y.F., Kulkarni-Chitnis M., Opere C.A., Barrett A., Ohia S.E. (2013). Lipid peroxidation: Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, 366. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00366
  • Oikeh, E.I., Omoregie, E.S., Oviasogie, F.E., Oriakhi, K. (2015). Phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of different citrus juice concentrates. Food Science and Nutrition, 4(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.268
  • Park, C., Baskar, T., Park, S.Y., Kim, S.J., Valan, A.M., Al-Dhabi, N., Kim, J., Park, S. (2016). Metabolic profiling and antioxidant assay of metabolites from three radish cultivars (Raphanus sativus). Molecules, 21(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21020157
  • Payne, A.H., Hales, D.B. (2004). Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones. Endocrine Reviews, 25(6), 947–970. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2003-0030
  • Pedersen, T.R., Kjekshus, J., Pyörälä, K., Olsson, A.G., Cook, T.J., Musliner, T.A., Tobert, J.A., Haghfelt, T. (1998). Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). The American Journal of Cardiology, 81, 333–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00904-1
  • Proteggente, A.R., Pannala, A.S., Paganga, G., Van Buren, L., Wagner, E., Wiseman, S., Van De Put, F., Dacombe, C., Rice-Evans, C.A. (2002). The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Radical Research, 36(2), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760290006484
  • Ren, F., Perussello, C.A., Zhang, Z., Gaffney, M.T., Kerry, J.P., Tiwari, B.K. (2017). Enhancement of phytochemical content and drying efficiency of onions (Allium cepa L.) through blanching. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(4), 1300-1309. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8594
  • Rinaldo, D., Fils-Lycaon, B., Mbéguié-A-Mbéguié, D. (2014). Antioxidant activity of tropical fruits as related to their polyphenol, vitamin C and carotenoid contents: A review. Acta Horticulturae, 1040, 261–268. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1040.36
  • Rufino, M.S.M., Alves, R.E., Brito, E.S., Perez-Jimenez, J., Saura-Calixto, F., Mancini-Filho, J. (2010). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of 18 non-traditional tropical fruits from Brazil. Food Chemistry, 121(4), 996–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.037
  • Selyutina, G., Gapontseva, O. (2016). Component composition of radish root essential oil. Ukrainian Food Journal, 5, 653-666. https://doi.org/10.24263/2304-974X-2016-5-4-5
  • Sicari, V., Pellicano, T. M., Giuffre, A. M., Zappia, C., Capocasale, M., Poiana, M. (2018). Physical chemical properties and antioxidant capacities of grapefruit juice (Citrus paradisi) extracted from two different varieties. International Food Research Journal, 25(5), 1978-1984. Tekin, Z., Kucukbay, F. (2020). Evaluation of phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of pomegranate flower. Journal of The Turkish Chemical Soceity Chemistry A, 7(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.628615 Uckoo, R.M., Jayaprakasha, G.K., Balasubramaniam, V.M., Patil, B.S. (2012). Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad) phytochemicals composition is modulated by household processing techniques. Journal of Food Science, 17(9), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02865.x
  • Vasile, M., Bunea, A., Ioan, C.R., Ioan, B.C., Socaci, S., Viorel, M. (2021). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Malus domestica Borkh peel extracts. Molecules, 26(24), 7636. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247636
  • Wang, H., Cao, G., Prior, R.L. (1996). Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44(3), 701-705. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf950579y
  • Willcox, J.K., Ash, S.K., Catignani, G.L. (2004). Antioxidants and prevention of chronic diseases. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 44(4), 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490468489
  • Xiao, Z., Lester, G. E., Luo, Y., Wang, Q. (2012). Assessment of vitamin and carotenoid concentrations of emerging food products: Edible microgreens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(31), 7644–7651. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300459b
  • Yeagle, P.L. (1991). Modulation of membrane function by cholesterol. Biochimie, 73(10), 1303–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(91)90093-G
  • Zhao, X.X., Lin, F.J., Li, H., Li, H.B., Wu, D.T., Geng, F., Ma, W., Wang, Y., Miao, B.H., Gan, R.Y. (2021). Recent advances in bioactive compounds, health functions, and safety concerns of onion (Allium cepa L.). Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 669805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.669805
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology, Chemical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Elmas Irmak Çil Arslan 0000-0001-7888-5118

Özlem Saçan 0000-0001-6503-4613

Project Number Project No. 28070
Early Pub Date July 27, 2023
Publication Date October 8, 2023
Submission Date February 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 9 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çil Arslan, E. I., & Saçan, Ö. (2023). Antioxidant and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activities of some plant samples. Food and Health, 9(4), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH23026
 Download Cover Image

16339

Journal is licensed under a

CreativeCommons Attribtion-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence  14627 1331027042
Diamond Open Access refers to a scholarly publication model in which journals and platforms do not charge fees to either authors or readers.

Open Access Statement:

This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.

Archiving Policy:

27222

Archiving is done according to ULAKBİM "DergiPark" publication policy (LOCKSS).