Research Article
DOES THE REALISTIC CONTACT AND DAILY USE CONDITIONS LIMIT THE USE OF POLYCARBONATE BABY BOTTLES FOR MIGRATION AND RESIDUE LEVEL OF BISPHENOL-A
Abstract
Bisphenol-A
(BPA) which is a plastic monomer acting as endocrine disruptor, can cause
developmental effects and change the metabolism even at low concentrations.
This study was carried out to make (i) a general assessment by performing
residue analysis on the polycarbonate baby bottles, (ii) determining the
factors affecting the migration of BPA to the food and (iii) determining the
effect of repetitive procedures on PC baby bottles in daily use. Amount of residual BPA ranged from 0.60 ±0.05
ppm to 6.23 ±0.24 ppm and BPA
migration could not be detected in any of contact conditions. Estimated
daily intakes of BPA via infant formula in PC baby bottle were calculated as 1.8 µg kg-1 bw day-1 for a 3 month-old infant and 1.22 µg kg-1 bw day-1
for a 6 month-old infant which was lower than but very
close to the latest value of t-TDI (4 µg kg-1 bw day-1)
determined by EFSA. Sterilization procedures changed the amount of residual BPA
significantly. Although it is concluded that the use of brand-new PC baby
bottles does not pose a risk to health, sterilization procedures can lead to
the higher amounts of migrated BPA which can be toxically important.
References
- Biedermann-Brem, S. & Grob, K. (2009). Release of Bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: water hardness as the most relevant factor. European Food Research Technology, 228, 679-684.
- Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K. & Fjeldahl, P. (2008). Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: mechanism of formation and investigation of worst case scenarios. European Food Research Technology, 227, 1053-1060.
- Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley, T.H. & Hollifield, H.C. (1997). Determination of bisphenol-a in reusable polycarbonate food-contact plastics and migration to food-simulating liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3541-3544.
- Brede, C., Fjeldal, P., Skjevrak, I. & Herikstad, H. (2003). Increased migration levels of Bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles after dishwashing, boiling and brushing conditions. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20(7), 684-689.
- CSL (Central Science Laboratory). (2004). A study of the migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate feeding bottles into food simulants. Central Science Laboratory Test Report L6BB-1008 for the Boots Group.
- Commission Directive. 2002/72/EC. (2002). Relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 220/ 27.
- Commission Directive. 2011/8/EU. (2011). Amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the restriction of use of Bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 26/ 11.
- Commission Regulation. No 10/2011. (2011). Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 12/1.
- Council Directive. 85/572/EEC. (1985) .The list of simulants to be used for testing migration of constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 372 /14
- Davis, M., Fould, J., Freeman, A., Khatter, K., Polyzou, C., Robinson, J., Schade, M., Smith, R. & Vom Saal, F. (2007). Baby’s Toxic Bottle: Bisphenol a leaching from popular baby bottles. Columbia: University of Missouri.
- Ehlert, K.A., Beumer, C.W.E. and Groot, M.C.E. (2008). Migration of bisphenol A into water from polycarbonate baby bottles during microwave heating. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 25(7), 904-910.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2002). Opinion of the scientific committee on food on Bisphenol A.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2006). Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (Bisphenol A). EFSA Journal, 428, 1-75.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2008). Toxicokinetics of bisphenol a: scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC). EFSA Journal, 759, 1-10.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2014). Draft scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence 2 of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2015). Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: Executive summary. EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids.
- Geueke, B., Wagner, C.C. & Muncke, J. (2014). Food contact substances and chemicals of concern: a comparison of inventories. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 33, 1438-1450.
- Hanai, Y. (1997). Bisphenol-A eluted from nursing bottles. Unpublishing data. Enviromental Science Research Center. Yokohama National University.
- IBM Corp. Released 2010. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- IAT (Institute for Agricult. and Trade Policy), (2007), Toxic Chemical Leaches from Popular Baby Bottles
- Kawamura,Y., Koyama,Y., Takeda, Y. & Yamada T. (1998). Migration of bisphenol-A from polycarbonate products. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 39, 206-212.
- Maia, J., Cruz, J.M., Sendon, R., Bustos J., Sanchez J.J. & Paseiro P. (2009). Effect of detergents in the release of bisphenol a from polycarbonate baby bottles. Food Research International, 42, 1410-1414.
- Maragou, N.C., Marki, A., Lampi, E.N., Thomaidis, N.S. & Koupparis M.A. (2008). Migration of bisphenol A from poycarbonate baby bottles under real use conditions. Food Additives and Contaminants, 25(3), 373-383.
- Mountfort, K.A., Kelly, J., Jickells, S.M. & Castle, L. (1997). Investigations in to the potential degradation of polycarbonate baby bottles during sterilization with consequent release of Bisphenol A. Food Additives and Contaminants, 14 (6-7), 737-740.
- NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2008). NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Bisphenol A. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. NIH Publication No: 08-5994. Robertson, G.L. (2006). Food packaging: principles and practice. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis. p. 9-42.
- Sajiki, J., Yonekubo, J. (2004). Leaching of Bisphenol A (BPA) from polycarbonate plastic to water containing amino acids and its degradation by radical oxygen species. Chemosphere, 55, 861-867.
- Sugiura-Ogasawara, M., Ozaki, Y., Sonta, S.I., Makino, T. & Suzumori, K. (2005). Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with recurrent miscarriage. Human Reproduction, 20, 2325-2329.
- Takeuchi, T. & Tsutsumi, O. (2002). Serum bisphenol A concentrations showed gender differences, possibly linked to androgen levels. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 291, 76-78.
- Üçüncü, M. (2007). Plastikler ve Plastik Esaslı Ambalaj Materyalleri. In Üçüncü, M. (Ed). Gıda Ambalajlama Teknolojisi. p. 328-329. İzmir: Meta Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri.
- Vandenberg, N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N. & Wade, W. (2007). Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology, 24, 139-177.
- Wong, K.O., Leo, L.W. & Seah, H.L. (2005). Dietary exposure assessment of infants to bisphenol A from the use of polycarbonate baby milk bottles. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 22(3), 280-288.
- Yamada, H., Furuta, I., Kato, E.H., Kataoka, S., Usuki, Y. & Kobashi, G. (2002). Maternal serum and amniotic fluid bisphenol A concentrations in the early second trimester. Reproductive Toxicology, 16, 735-739.
Year 2017,
Volume: 3 Issue: 4, 150 - 160, 22.09.2017
Abstract
References
- Biedermann-Brem, S. & Grob, K. (2009). Release of Bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: water hardness as the most relevant factor. European Food Research Technology, 228, 679-684.
- Biedermann-Brem, S., Grob, K. & Fjeldahl, P. (2008). Release of bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles: mechanism of formation and investigation of worst case scenarios. European Food Research Technology, 227, 1053-1060.
- Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley, T.H. & Hollifield, H.C. (1997). Determination of bisphenol-a in reusable polycarbonate food-contact plastics and migration to food-simulating liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3541-3544.
- Brede, C., Fjeldal, P., Skjevrak, I. & Herikstad, H. (2003). Increased migration levels of Bisphenol A from polycarbonate baby bottles after dishwashing, boiling and brushing conditions. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20(7), 684-689.
- CSL (Central Science Laboratory). (2004). A study of the migration of bisphenol A from polycarbonate feeding bottles into food simulants. Central Science Laboratory Test Report L6BB-1008 for the Boots Group.
- Commission Directive. 2002/72/EC. (2002). Relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 220/ 27.
- Commission Directive. 2011/8/EU. (2011). Amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the restriction of use of Bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 26/ 11.
- Commission Regulation. No 10/2011. (2011). Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 12/1.
- Council Directive. 85/572/EEC. (1985) .The list of simulants to be used for testing migration of constituents of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 372 /14
- Davis, M., Fould, J., Freeman, A., Khatter, K., Polyzou, C., Robinson, J., Schade, M., Smith, R. & Vom Saal, F. (2007). Baby’s Toxic Bottle: Bisphenol a leaching from popular baby bottles. Columbia: University of Missouri.
- Ehlert, K.A., Beumer, C.W.E. and Groot, M.C.E. (2008). Migration of bisphenol A into water from polycarbonate baby bottles during microwave heating. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 25(7), 904-910.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2002). Opinion of the scientific committee on food on Bisphenol A.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2006). Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (Bisphenol A). EFSA Journal, 428, 1-75.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2008). Toxicokinetics of bisphenol a: scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC). EFSA Journal, 759, 1-10.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2014). Draft scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence 2 of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids.
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2015). Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs: Executive summary. EFSA panel on food contact materials, enzymes, flavourings and processing aids.
- Geueke, B., Wagner, C.C. & Muncke, J. (2014). Food contact substances and chemicals of concern: a comparison of inventories. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 33, 1438-1450.
- Hanai, Y. (1997). Bisphenol-A eluted from nursing bottles. Unpublishing data. Enviromental Science Research Center. Yokohama National University.
- IBM Corp. Released 2010. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
- IAT (Institute for Agricult. and Trade Policy), (2007), Toxic Chemical Leaches from Popular Baby Bottles
- Kawamura,Y., Koyama,Y., Takeda, Y. & Yamada T. (1998). Migration of bisphenol-A from polycarbonate products. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 39, 206-212.
- Maia, J., Cruz, J.M., Sendon, R., Bustos J., Sanchez J.J. & Paseiro P. (2009). Effect of detergents in the release of bisphenol a from polycarbonate baby bottles. Food Research International, 42, 1410-1414.
- Maragou, N.C., Marki, A., Lampi, E.N., Thomaidis, N.S. & Koupparis M.A. (2008). Migration of bisphenol A from poycarbonate baby bottles under real use conditions. Food Additives and Contaminants, 25(3), 373-383.
- Mountfort, K.A., Kelly, J., Jickells, S.M. & Castle, L. (1997). Investigations in to the potential degradation of polycarbonate baby bottles during sterilization with consequent release of Bisphenol A. Food Additives and Contaminants, 14 (6-7), 737-740.
- NTP (National Toxicology Program). (2008). NTP-CERHR Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Bisphenol A. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. NIH Publication No: 08-5994. Robertson, G.L. (2006). Food packaging: principles and practice. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis. p. 9-42.
- Sajiki, J., Yonekubo, J. (2004). Leaching of Bisphenol A (BPA) from polycarbonate plastic to water containing amino acids and its degradation by radical oxygen species. Chemosphere, 55, 861-867.
- Sugiura-Ogasawara, M., Ozaki, Y., Sonta, S.I., Makino, T. & Suzumori, K. (2005). Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with recurrent miscarriage. Human Reproduction, 20, 2325-2329.
- Takeuchi, T. & Tsutsumi, O. (2002). Serum bisphenol A concentrations showed gender differences, possibly linked to androgen levels. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 291, 76-78.
- Üçüncü, M. (2007). Plastikler ve Plastik Esaslı Ambalaj Materyalleri. In Üçüncü, M. (Ed). Gıda Ambalajlama Teknolojisi. p. 328-329. İzmir: Meta Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri.
- Vandenberg, N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N. & Wade, W. (2007). Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology, 24, 139-177.
- Wong, K.O., Leo, L.W. & Seah, H.L. (2005). Dietary exposure assessment of infants to bisphenol A from the use of polycarbonate baby milk bottles. Food Additives and Contaminants A, 22(3), 280-288.
- Yamada, H., Furuta, I., Kato, E.H., Kataoka, S., Usuki, Y. & Kobashi, G. (2002). Maternal serum and amniotic fluid bisphenol A concentrations in the early second trimester. Reproductive Toxicology, 16, 735-739.
There are 32 citations in total.
Details
| Subjects | Food Engineering |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 22, 2017 |
| Submission Date | February 15, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017Volume: 3 Issue: 4 |
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