Research Article
INVESTIGATION OF THE PRESENCE AND VIRULENCE TRAITS OF VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS IN WATER SAMPLES
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the incidence
of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in tap and artesian well waters and
to detect the vancomycin resistance genes and virulence genes of the isolates
obtained from the samples. For this purpose, 200 samples (119 tap and 81
artesian well waters) were collected from several water supplies during
November 2013 and June 2015 period in Bursa province. Seven isolates were
recovered from artesian well waters and confirmed as Enterococcus by PCR method. E-test
performed for vancomycin and teicoplanin MIC values indicated that only two
isolates had the intermediate-level (8
μg/mL) resistance to vancomycin.
No resistance was observed to teicoplanin in any of these isolates by E-test. All of 7 isolates were tested
for vancomycin resistance genes (vanA,
vanB and vanC) and virulence genes (gelE,
agg, esp and ace). The results showed that enterococci isolates had no these
genes. The present study suggested that the presence of the intermediate level
VRE in artesian well waters and, also the waters from environmental supplies
near human and animal niches could be play a role as potential reservoirs for
enterococci having several types of resistance to vancomycin. Also, vancomycin
resistant strains can be possible the spread in environment and also the
transmission to human and animals through contaminated water sources.
References
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- Cariolato, D., Andrighetto, C. & Lombardi, A. (2008). Occurence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium collected from dairy and human samples in North Italy. Food Control, 19, 886-892.
- Cetinkaya, F., Elal Mus, T., Soyutemiz, G.E. & Cıbık, R. (2013). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in animal originated foods. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 37, 588-593.
- Chajecka-Wierzchowska, W., Zadernowska, A. & Łaniewska-Trokenheim, L. (2016). Virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in Enterococcus spp. isolated from retail shrimps. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 69, 117-122.
- CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) (2014). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement. M100-S24, Vol. 34, No. 1 (76-79), Wayne PA, USA.
- Cortes, C., De la Fuente, R., Contreras, A., Sanchez, A., Corrales, J.C., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteira, J.A. & Orden, J.A. (2006). Occurrence and preliminary study of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from dairy goats in Spain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 110, 100–103.
- Dutka-Malen, S., Evers, S. & Courvalin, P. (1995). Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33(1), 24–27.
- Eaton, T.J. & Gasson, M.J. (2001). Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 1628-1635.
- Evers, S., Sahm, D.F. & Courvalin, P. (1993). The vanB gene of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583 is structurally related to genes encoding D-Ala:D-Ala ligases and glycopeptide-resistance proteins vanA and vanC. Gene, 124, 143-144.
- Handwerger, S., Perlman, D.C., Altarac, D. & McAuliffe, V. (1992). Concomitant high level vancomycin and penicillin resistance in clinical isolates of enterococci. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14, 655-661.
- Ke, D., Picard, F.J., Martineau, F., Menard, C.H., Roy, P.H., Ouellette, M. & Bergeron, M.G. (1999). Development of a PCR assay for rapid detection of enterococci. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(11), 3497-3503.
- Macedo, A.S., Freitas, A.R., Abreu, C., Machado, E., Peixe, L., Sousa, J.C. & Novais, C. (2011). Characterization of antibiotic resistant enterococci isolated from untreated waters for human consumption in Portugal. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 315-319.
- Mannu, L., Paba, A., Daga, E., Comunian, R., Zannetti, S., Dupre, I. & Sechi, L.A. (2003). Comparison of the incidence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance between Enterococcus faecium strains of dairy, animal and clinical origin. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 88, 291-304.
- Messi, P., Guerrieri, E., de Niederhausern, S., Sabia, C. & Bondi, M. (2006). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in meat and environmental samples. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107, 218-222.
- Nam, S., Kim, M.J., Park, C., Park, F.G., Maeng, P.J. & Lee, G.C. (2013). Detection and genotyping of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in Korean aquatic environmental samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 216, 421-427.
- Oryaşın, E., Bıyık, H.H., Başbülbül, G. & Bozdoğan, B. (2013) Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of environmental and hospital isolations of enterococci in Aydın. Turkish Journal of Biology, 37, 514-519.
- Rathnayake, I.U., Hargreaves, M. & Huygens, F. (2012). Antibiotic resistance and virulence traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 35, 326-333.
- Said, L.B., Klibi, N., Lozano, C., Dziri, R., Slama, K.B., Boudabous, A. & Torres, C. (2015). Diversity of enterococcal species and characterization of high-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci of samples of wastewater and surface water in Tunisia. Science of the Total Environment, 530-531, 11-17.
- Servais, P. & Passerat, J. (2009). Antimicrobial resistance of fecal bacteria in waters of Seine river watershed (France). Science of the Total Environment, 408, 365-372.
- Shankar, V., Baghdayan, A., Huycke, M.M., Lindahl, G. & Gilmore, M.S. (1999). Infection-derived Enterococcus faecalis strains are enriched in esp, a gene encoding a novel surface protein. Infection and Immunity, 67, 193 – 200.
- Sidhu, J.P.S., Skelly, E., Hodgers, L., Ahmed, W., Li, Y. & Toze, S. (2014). Prevalence of Enterococcus species and their virulence genes in fresh water prior to and after storm events. Environmental Science and Technolgy, 48, 2979-2988.
- Strateva, T., Atanasova, T., Savov, E., Petroga, G. & Mitov, I. (2016). Incidence of virulence determinants in clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates collected in Bulgaria. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 20(2), 127-133.
- Varela, A.R., Ferro, G., Vredenburg, J., Yanık, M., Vieira, L., Rizzo, L., Lameiras, C. & Manaia, C.M. (2013). Vancomycin resistant enterococci: From the hospital effluent to the urban wastewater treatment plant. Science of the Total Environment, 450-451, 155-161.
- Wilson, I.G. & McAfee, GG. (2002). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in shellfish, unchlorinated waters, and chicken. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 79, 143-151.
- Zdragas, A., Partheniou, P., Kotzamanidis, C., Psoni, L., Koutita, O., Moraitou, E., Tzanetakis, N. & Yiangou, M. (2008). Molecular characterization of low-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci found in coastal water of Thermaikos Gulf, Northern Greece. Water Research, 42, 1274-1280.
Year 2017,
Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 75 - 81, 24.03.2017
Abstract
References
- Boehm, A.B. & Sassoubre, L.M. (2014). Enterococci as indicators of environmental fecal contamination. In: Gilmore M.S., Clewell D.B., Ike Y. et al. (eds), Enterococci: from Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Buyukyoruk, S., Ayaz, N.D., Gencay, Y.E., Beyaz, D. & Koçak, P. (2014). Species distribution, molecular characteristics and vancomycin resistance gene profiles of Enterococcus sp. isolates from farmhouse cheeses in western Turkey. International Journal of Dairy Technoogyl, 67(1), 103-109.
- Cariolato, D., Andrighetto, C. & Lombardi, A. (2008). Occurence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium collected from dairy and human samples in North Italy. Food Control, 19, 886-892.
- Cetinkaya, F., Elal Mus, T., Soyutemiz, G.E. & Cıbık, R. (2013). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in animal originated foods. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 37, 588-593.
- Chajecka-Wierzchowska, W., Zadernowska, A. & Łaniewska-Trokenheim, L. (2016). Virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in Enterococcus spp. isolated from retail shrimps. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 69, 117-122.
- CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) (2014). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement. M100-S24, Vol. 34, No. 1 (76-79), Wayne PA, USA.
- Cortes, C., De la Fuente, R., Contreras, A., Sanchez, A., Corrales, J.C., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteira, J.A. & Orden, J.A. (2006). Occurrence and preliminary study of antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from dairy goats in Spain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 110, 100–103.
- Dutka-Malen, S., Evers, S. & Courvalin, P. (1995). Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33(1), 24–27.
- Eaton, T.J. & Gasson, M.J. (2001). Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 1628-1635.
- Evers, S., Sahm, D.F. & Courvalin, P. (1993). The vanB gene of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583 is structurally related to genes encoding D-Ala:D-Ala ligases and glycopeptide-resistance proteins vanA and vanC. Gene, 124, 143-144.
- Handwerger, S., Perlman, D.C., Altarac, D. & McAuliffe, V. (1992). Concomitant high level vancomycin and penicillin resistance in clinical isolates of enterococci. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14, 655-661.
- Ke, D., Picard, F.J., Martineau, F., Menard, C.H., Roy, P.H., Ouellette, M. & Bergeron, M.G. (1999). Development of a PCR assay for rapid detection of enterococci. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(11), 3497-3503.
- Macedo, A.S., Freitas, A.R., Abreu, C., Machado, E., Peixe, L., Sousa, J.C. & Novais, C. (2011). Characterization of antibiotic resistant enterococci isolated from untreated waters for human consumption in Portugal. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 315-319.
- Mannu, L., Paba, A., Daga, E., Comunian, R., Zannetti, S., Dupre, I. & Sechi, L.A. (2003). Comparison of the incidence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance between Enterococcus faecium strains of dairy, animal and clinical origin. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 88, 291-304.
- Messi, P., Guerrieri, E., de Niederhausern, S., Sabia, C. & Bondi, M. (2006). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in meat and environmental samples. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 107, 218-222.
- Nam, S., Kim, M.J., Park, C., Park, F.G., Maeng, P.J. & Lee, G.C. (2013). Detection and genotyping of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction in Korean aquatic environmental samples. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 216, 421-427.
- Oryaşın, E., Bıyık, H.H., Başbülbül, G. & Bozdoğan, B. (2013) Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of environmental and hospital isolations of enterococci in Aydın. Turkish Journal of Biology, 37, 514-519.
- Rathnayake, I.U., Hargreaves, M. & Huygens, F. (2012). Antibiotic resistance and virulence traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 35, 326-333.
- Said, L.B., Klibi, N., Lozano, C., Dziri, R., Slama, K.B., Boudabous, A. & Torres, C. (2015). Diversity of enterococcal species and characterization of high-level aminoglycoside resistant enterococci of samples of wastewater and surface water in Tunisia. Science of the Total Environment, 530-531, 11-17.
- Servais, P. & Passerat, J. (2009). Antimicrobial resistance of fecal bacteria in waters of Seine river watershed (France). Science of the Total Environment, 408, 365-372.
- Shankar, V., Baghdayan, A., Huycke, M.M., Lindahl, G. & Gilmore, M.S. (1999). Infection-derived Enterococcus faecalis strains are enriched in esp, a gene encoding a novel surface protein. Infection and Immunity, 67, 193 – 200.
- Sidhu, J.P.S., Skelly, E., Hodgers, L., Ahmed, W., Li, Y. & Toze, S. (2014). Prevalence of Enterococcus species and their virulence genes in fresh water prior to and after storm events. Environmental Science and Technolgy, 48, 2979-2988.
- Strateva, T., Atanasova, T., Savov, E., Petroga, G. & Mitov, I. (2016). Incidence of virulence determinants in clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates collected in Bulgaria. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 20(2), 127-133.
- Varela, A.R., Ferro, G., Vredenburg, J., Yanık, M., Vieira, L., Rizzo, L., Lameiras, C. & Manaia, C.M. (2013). Vancomycin resistant enterococci: From the hospital effluent to the urban wastewater treatment plant. Science of the Total Environment, 450-451, 155-161.
- Wilson, I.G. & McAfee, GG. (2002). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in shellfish, unchlorinated waters, and chicken. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 79, 143-151.
- Zdragas, A., Partheniou, P., Kotzamanidis, C., Psoni, L., Koutita, O., Moraitou, E., Tzanetakis, N. & Yiangou, M. (2008). Molecular characterization of low-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci found in coastal water of Thermaikos Gulf, Northern Greece. Water Research, 42, 1274-1280.
There are 26 citations in total.
Details
| Subjects | Food Engineering |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 24, 2017 |
| Submission Date | January 16, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017Volume: 3 Issue: 2 |
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