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EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON AFLATOXIN CONTENT IN EXTRACTS OF VIRGINIA TYPE PEANUT SKINS

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 75 - 83, 02.02.2015

Paul J. Sarnoski Vanessa E. Billingsley Jodie V. Johnson Sean F. O'keefe

https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS15007

Abstract

Peanut
skins are currently a waste product that may be a potential source of flavonoid
rich compounds. In or­der to make use of these compounds, an extract would need
to be produced. One of the potential issues with a peanut skin extract could be
that any aflatoxins in the whole skins may be concentrated by solvent
extraction. A
multistep peanut skin extraction (PSE) method (100% water) and a methanol-water
method (30:70 and 80:20) were used to extract proanthocyanidins from natural
peanut skins samples and from peanut skin sam­ples treated with an aflatoxin
standard to determine the recovery by each extraction procedure. Liquid Chroma­tography-Mass
Spectrometry (LC-MS) detection was employed for the determination and
quantitation of af­latoxins G2, G1, B2, and B1 in the extracts from each of the
samples. No aflatoxins of
interest were detected in the PSE, 30% methanol aqueous (aq.), and 80% methanol
aq. extract of un-spiked peanut skin samples. For aflatoxin spiked standard
(G2, G1, B2, B1) sam­ples, the PSE method (100% water) recovered the least
aflatoxin with mean recoveries of 1-2%. The 30% methanol aq. procedure yielded
mean recoveries of 17-36%. The 80% methanol aq. extraction method recov­ered
the most aflatoxin, with mean recoveries of 35-63%. Statistical analysis
revealed significant differ­ences in aflatoxin recovery between the three
extraction methods, indicating that both concentration and type of extraction
solvent play significant roles in extraction of aflatoxin. This study provides
evidence that if aflatox­ins are present in the starting material for a
flavonoid rich extract, the aflatoxins will carryover and concen­trate in the
resultant extract, especially if a high per­centage of methanol is used as the
major extraction sol­vent.

Keywords

Phenolic compounds peanut aflatoxins LC-MS

References

  • Bacaloni, A., Cavaliere, C., Cucci, F., Foglia, P., Samperi, R., Laganà, A. (2008): Determination of aflatoxins in hazelnuts by various sample preparation methods and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1179: 182-189.
  • Blesa, J., Soriano, J.M., Molto, J.C., Marin, R., Manes, J. (2003): Determination of aflatoxins in peanuts by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1011(1-2): 49-54.
  • Bradburn, N., Coker, R.D., Jewers, K., Tomlins, K.I. (1990): Evaluation of the ability of different concentrations of aqueous acetone, aqueous methanol and aqueous acetone: Methanol (1∶1) to extract aflatoxin from naturally contaminated maize. Chromatographia, 29(9-10): 435-440.
  • Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Nzzari, M., Samperi, R., Laganà, A. (2007): A sensitive confirmatory method for aflatoxins in maize based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 21: 550-556.
  • Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). (2014): Minimum quality and handling standards for domestic and imported peanuts marketed in the United States. Code title 7, § 996.11
  • Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2011): National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition. Available from http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Aflatoxins.pdf. Accessed 2014 April 14.
  • Do, J.H., Choi, D.K. (2007): Aflatoxins: detection, toxicity, and biosynthesis. Biotechnology Bioprocess Engineering, 12(6): 585-593.
  • Hoffpauir, C.L. (1953): Peanut composition, relation to processing and utilization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1(10): 668-671.
  • Hussein, H.S., Brasel, J.M. (2001): Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2): 101-134.
  • Garcia, M., Blanco, J., Suarez, G. (1994): Aflatoxins B1 and G1 solubility in standard solutions and stability during cold storage. Mycotoxin Ressearch, 10(2): 97-100.
  • Gilbert, J., Vargas, E. (2005): Advances in sampling and analysis for aflatoxins in food and animal feed. In: Abbas H, editor. Aflatoxins and Food Safety. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 237-268.
  • Jaimez, J., Fente, C.A., Vazquez, B.I., Franco, C.M., Cepeda, A., Mahuzier, G., Prognon, P. (2000): Application of the assay of aflatoxins by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in food analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 882(1): 1-10.
  • Lamb, M.C., Sternitzke, D.A. (2001): Cost of aflatoxin to the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the southeast United States peanut industry. Peanut Science, 28: 59-63.
  • Malmberg, C.G., Maryott, A.A. (1956): Dielectric constant of water from 0° to 100°C. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 56(1): 1-8.
  • Masquelier, J. (1987): Inventor; Societe Civile d’Investigations Phamacologiques d’Aquitaine, Horphag Overseas Ltd., assignees. Plant extract with a proanthocyanidins content as therapeutic agent having radical scavenger effect and use thereof. U.S. patent 4, 698, 360.
  • McDaniel, A., Holmes, W.E., Williams, P., Armbrust, K.L., Sparks, D.L., Brown, A.E. (2011): Effect of matrix clean-up for aflatoxin analysis in corn and dried distillers grains. Scientific Research Essays 2(4): 1-8.
  • Mirghani, M.E.S., Man, Y.B.C., Jinap, S., Baharin, B.S., Bakar, J. (2001): A new method for determining aflatoxins in groundnut and groundnut cake using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 78(10): 985-992.
  • Nepote, V., Grosso, N.R., Guzman, C.A. (2000): Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from peanut skin. Molecules, 5(3): 391-395.
  • Nonaka, Y., Saito, K., Hanioka, N., Narimatsu, S., Kataoka, H. (2009): Determination of aflatoxins in food samples by automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(20): 4416-4422.
  • Passone, M.A., Resnik, S., Etcheverry, M.G. (2007): Potential use of phenolic antioxidants on peanut to control growth and aflatoxin B1 accumulation by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(11): 2121-2130.
  • Rustom, I.Y.S. (1997): Aflatoxin in food and feed: occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chemistry, 59(1): 57-67.
  • Sarnoski, P.J., Johnson, J.V., Reed, K.A., Tanko, J.M., O’Keefe, S.F. (2012): Separation and characterisation of proanthocyanidins in Virginia type peanut skins by LC–MSn. Food Chemistry, 131(3): 927-939.
  • Scheidegger, K., Payne, G.A. (2005): Unlocking the secrets behind secondary metabolism: A review of Aspergillus flavus from pathogenicity to functional genomics. In: Abbas H, editor. Aflatoxins and Food Safety. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 137-166.
  • Shannon, G.M., Shotwell, O.L. (1979): Minicolumn detection methods for aflatoxin in yellow corn: collaborative study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 62(5): 1070-1075.
  • Stroka, J., Anklam, E., Jörissen, U., Gilbert, J. (2000): Using post-column bromination for determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste, and paprika powder: Collaborative study. Journal of the AOAC International, 83(2): 320-340.
  • Sweeny, M.J., Dobson, A.D.W. (1998): Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 43(3): 141-158.
  • University of Washington. (2014). Dielectric Constant of Common Solvents. Available from http://depts.washington.edu/eooptic/linkfiles/dielectric_chart%5B1%5D.pdf. Accessed 2014 April 21.
  • Van Egmond, H.P., Visconti, A., Boenke, A., Speijers, G.J.A. (1995): Mycotoxins and toxic plant components (EC, WHO/IPCS, FAO, and ILSI Europe joint workshop). Natural Toxins, 3(4): 181.
  • Ventura, M., Gomez, A., Diaz, J., Broto, F., Agut, M., Comellas, L. (2004): Determination of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2 and G2 in medicinal herbs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1048(1): 25-29.

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 75 - 83, 02.02.2015

Paul J. Sarnoski Vanessa E. Billingsley Jodie V. Johnson Sean F. O'keefe

https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS15007

Abstract

References

  • Bacaloni, A., Cavaliere, C., Cucci, F., Foglia, P., Samperi, R., Laganà, A. (2008): Determination of aflatoxins in hazelnuts by various sample preparation methods and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1179: 182-189.
  • Blesa, J., Soriano, J.M., Molto, J.C., Marin, R., Manes, J. (2003): Determination of aflatoxins in peanuts by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1011(1-2): 49-54.
  • Bradburn, N., Coker, R.D., Jewers, K., Tomlins, K.I. (1990): Evaluation of the ability of different concentrations of aqueous acetone, aqueous methanol and aqueous acetone: Methanol (1∶1) to extract aflatoxin from naturally contaminated maize. Chromatographia, 29(9-10): 435-440.
  • Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Nzzari, M., Samperi, R., Laganà, A. (2007): A sensitive confirmatory method for aflatoxins in maize based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 21: 550-556.
  • Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). (2014): Minimum quality and handling standards for domestic and imported peanuts marketed in the United States. Code title 7, § 996.11
  • Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2011): National Toxicology Program Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition. Available from http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/Aflatoxins.pdf. Accessed 2014 April 14.
  • Do, J.H., Choi, D.K. (2007): Aflatoxins: detection, toxicity, and biosynthesis. Biotechnology Bioprocess Engineering, 12(6): 585-593.
  • Hoffpauir, C.L. (1953): Peanut composition, relation to processing and utilization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1(10): 668-671.
  • Hussein, H.S., Brasel, J.M. (2001): Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2): 101-134.
  • Garcia, M., Blanco, J., Suarez, G. (1994): Aflatoxins B1 and G1 solubility in standard solutions and stability during cold storage. Mycotoxin Ressearch, 10(2): 97-100.
  • Gilbert, J., Vargas, E. (2005): Advances in sampling and analysis for aflatoxins in food and animal feed. In: Abbas H, editor. Aflatoxins and Food Safety. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 237-268.
  • Jaimez, J., Fente, C.A., Vazquez, B.I., Franco, C.M., Cepeda, A., Mahuzier, G., Prognon, P. (2000): Application of the assay of aflatoxins by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in food analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 882(1): 1-10.
  • Lamb, M.C., Sternitzke, D.A. (2001): Cost of aflatoxin to the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the southeast United States peanut industry. Peanut Science, 28: 59-63.
  • Malmberg, C.G., Maryott, A.A. (1956): Dielectric constant of water from 0° to 100°C. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 56(1): 1-8.
  • Masquelier, J. (1987): Inventor; Societe Civile d’Investigations Phamacologiques d’Aquitaine, Horphag Overseas Ltd., assignees. Plant extract with a proanthocyanidins content as therapeutic agent having radical scavenger effect and use thereof. U.S. patent 4, 698, 360.
  • McDaniel, A., Holmes, W.E., Williams, P., Armbrust, K.L., Sparks, D.L., Brown, A.E. (2011): Effect of matrix clean-up for aflatoxin analysis in corn and dried distillers grains. Scientific Research Essays 2(4): 1-8.
  • Mirghani, M.E.S., Man, Y.B.C., Jinap, S., Baharin, B.S., Bakar, J. (2001): A new method for determining aflatoxins in groundnut and groundnut cake using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 78(10): 985-992.
  • Nepote, V., Grosso, N.R., Guzman, C.A. (2000): Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from peanut skin. Molecules, 5(3): 391-395.
  • Nonaka, Y., Saito, K., Hanioka, N., Narimatsu, S., Kataoka, H. (2009): Determination of aflatoxins in food samples by automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(20): 4416-4422.
  • Passone, M.A., Resnik, S., Etcheverry, M.G. (2007): Potential use of phenolic antioxidants on peanut to control growth and aflatoxin B1 accumulation by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87(11): 2121-2130.
  • Rustom, I.Y.S. (1997): Aflatoxin in food and feed: occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chemistry, 59(1): 57-67.
  • Sarnoski, P.J., Johnson, J.V., Reed, K.A., Tanko, J.M., O’Keefe, S.F. (2012): Separation and characterisation of proanthocyanidins in Virginia type peanut skins by LC–MSn. Food Chemistry, 131(3): 927-939.
  • Scheidegger, K., Payne, G.A. (2005): Unlocking the secrets behind secondary metabolism: A review of Aspergillus flavus from pathogenicity to functional genomics. In: Abbas H, editor. Aflatoxins and Food Safety. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 137-166.
  • Shannon, G.M., Shotwell, O.L. (1979): Minicolumn detection methods for aflatoxin in yellow corn: collaborative study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 62(5): 1070-1075.
  • Stroka, J., Anklam, E., Jörissen, U., Gilbert, J. (2000): Using post-column bromination for determination of aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste, and paprika powder: Collaborative study. Journal of the AOAC International, 83(2): 320-340.
  • Sweeny, M.J., Dobson, A.D.W. (1998): Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 43(3): 141-158.
  • University of Washington. (2014). Dielectric Constant of Common Solvents. Available from http://depts.washington.edu/eooptic/linkfiles/dielectric_chart%5B1%5D.pdf. Accessed 2014 April 21.
  • Van Egmond, H.P., Visconti, A., Boenke, A., Speijers, G.J.A. (1995): Mycotoxins and toxic plant components (EC, WHO/IPCS, FAO, and ILSI Europe joint workshop). Natural Toxins, 3(4): 181.
  • Ventura, M., Gomez, A., Diaz, J., Broto, F., Agut, M., Comellas, L. (2004): Determination of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2 and G2 in medicinal herbs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1048(1): 25-29.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Paul J. Sarnoski

Vanessa E. Billingsley

Jodie V. Johnson

Sean F. O'keefe

Publication Date February 2, 2015
Submission Date February 3, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2015Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Sarnoski, P. J., Billingsley, V. E., Johnson, J. V., O’keefe, S. F. (2015). EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON AFLATOXIN CONTENT IN EXTRACTS OF VIRGINIA TYPE PEANUT SKINS. Food and Health, 1(2), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS15007
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