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IMPORTANT FOODBORNE VIRAL AGENTS IN TERMS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 11 - 25, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1056066

Öz

In recent years, foodborne viral infections have acquired increasing importance. This study will provide an update on the literature and findings related to foodborne viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular microorganisms that have a low infection dose, stable, and can remain in foods for a long time without loss of infectivity. For this reason, foods are vectors for the transmission of viral agents to humans. They can survive in adverse conditions such as stomach acidity, intestinal enzymes, alkaline conditions, and host defense system. Human norovirus (HuNoV), human rotavirus (HRV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), human astrovirus (HAstV), Aichi virus (AiV), sapovirus (SaV), human adenovirus HAdV), and enterovirus (EV) are known as the most important viral agents of food origin in terms of public health. In addition, infectious avian influenza virus (H5N1) and Nipah virus (NiV) are important zoonotic agents that have been seen as the cause of serious disease in both humans and animals in recent years. In foodborne viral infections, transmission is mainly by the fecal-oral route. Some foods or water, especially shellfish caught from waters contaminated with feces, are potential sources of viral agents. On the other hand, raw or uncooked food prepared by infected personnel or contaminated after cooking is also an important source of contamination. Nowadays, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)-based methods are widely used in the detection of food-borne viral agents. Apart from the cooling and freezing processes applied to foodstuffs in the control of viruses. In recent years, non-thermal technological food processing methods such as high pressure processing (HPP: High pressure processing), cold plasma (CP: Cold plasma), ultraviolet light (UV: Ultraviolet light), irradiation, and pulsed electric field (PEF: Pulsed electric field) usage is also gaining importance.

Kaynakça

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HALK SAĞLIĞI AÇISINDAN ÖNEMLİ GIDA KAYNAKLI VİRAL ETKENLER

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 11 - 25, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1056066

Öz

Son yıllarda gıda kaynaklı viral enfeksiyonlar artan bir önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışması, gıda kaynaklı virüsler ile ilgili literatür ve bulgular hakkında bir güncelleme sağlamaktadır. Virüsler düşük enfeksiyon dozuna sahip olan stabil ve enfektivite kaybı olmaksızın gıdalarda uzun süre kalabilen zorunlu hücre içi mikroorganizmalardır. Bu nedenle gıdalar viral etkenlerin insanlara bulaşmasında vektör durumundadır. Mide asiditesi, bağırsak enzimleri ile alkali şartlar ve konakçı savunma sistemi gibi olumsuz koşullarda canlılıklarını sürdürebilirler. İnsan norovirüsü (HuNoV), insan rota virüsü (HRV), hepatit A virüsü (HAV), hepatit E virüsü (HEV), insan astrovirüsü (HAstV), Aichi virüsü (AiV), sapovirüs (SaV), insan adenovirüsü HAdV) ve enterovirüs (EV) halk sağlığı açısından gıda kaynaklı en önemli viral etkenler olarak bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, bulaşıcı kuş gribi virüsü (H5N1) ve Nipah virüsü (NiV) hem insan hem de hayvanlarda son yıllarda ciddi hastalık nedeni olarak görülen önemli zoonoz etkenlerdir. Gıda kaynaklı viral enfeksiyonlarda bulaşma esas olarak, fekal-oral yolla olmaktadır. Dışkı ile kontamine sulardan avlanan kabuklu deniz ürünleri başta olmak üzere bazı gıdalar veya su viral etkenlerin potansiyel kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Diğer taraftan enfekte personel tarafından hazırlanan çiğ veya yeterince pişirilmeden tüketilen ya da pişirildikten sonra kontamine olan gıdalar da önemli bulaşma kaynağıdır. Günümüzde gıda kaynaklı viral etkenlerin tespitinde PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) temelli yöntemler yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Virüslerin kontrolünde gıda maddelerine uygulanan soğutma ve dondurma işlemlerinin haricinde son dönemlerde yüksek basınçlı işleme (HPP: High pressure processing), soğuk plazma (CP: Cold plasma), ultraviyole ışık (UV: Ultraviolet light), ışınlama ve darbeli elektrik alanı (PEF: Pulsed electric field) gibi termal olmayan teknolojik gıda işleme yöntemlerinin kullanımı da önem kazanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bachofen, C. (2018). Selected Viruses Detected on and in our Food. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep, 5 (2), 143-153.
  • Baert, L., Mattison, K., Loisy-Hamon, F., Harlow, J., Martyres, A., Lebeau, B., Stals, A., Van Coillie, E., Herman, L. & Uyttendaele, M. (2011). Review: Norovirus prevalence in Belgian, Canadian and French fresh produce: A threat to human health? Int J Food Microbiol, 151 (3), 261-269.
  • Balada-Llasat, J. M., Rosenthal, N., Hasbun, R., Zimmer, L., Bozzette, S., Duff, S., Chung, J. & Ginocchio, C. C. (2019). Cost of managing meningitis and encephalitis among infants and children in the United States. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 93 (4), 349-354.
  • Banerjee, A., De, P., Manna, B. & Chawla-Sarkar, M. (2017). Molecular characterization of enteric adenovirus genotypes 40 and 41 identified in children with acute gastroenteritis in Kolkata, India during 2013–2014. J Med Virol, 89 (4), 606-614.
  • Beigel, J. H., Farrar, J., Han. A. M., Hayden, F. G., Hyer, R., De Jong, M., Lochindarat, S., Nguyen, T. K. T., Nguyen, T. H., Tran, T. H., Nicoll, A., Touch, S. & Yuen, K. Y. (2005). Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N Engl J Med, 353 (13), 1374-1385.
  • Bosch, A., Pinto, R. M. & Guix, S. (2016). Foodborne viruses. Curr Opin Food Sci, 2016, 8, 110-119.
  • Bosch, A., Gkogka, E., Le Guyader, F. S., Loisy-Hamon, F., Lee, A., van Lieshout, L., Marthi, B., Myrmel, M., Sansom, A., Schultz, A. C., Winkler, A., Zuber, S. & Phister, T. (2018). Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. Int J Food Microbiol, 285, 110-128.
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  • Lodder, W. J., Rutjes, S. A., Takumi, K. & de Roda Husman, A. M. (2013). Aichi virus in sewage and surface water, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis, 19 (8), 1222-1230.
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  • Mann, T. Z., Haddad, L. B., Williams, T. R., Hills, S. L., Read, J. S., Dee, D. L., Dziuban, E. J., Pérez-Padilla, J., Jamieson, D. J., Honein, M. A. & Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K. (2018). Breast milk transmission of flaviviruses in the context of Zika Virus: A Systematic Review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 32 (4), 358-368.
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  • Mattison, K., Grudeski, E., Auk, B., Charest, H., Drews, S. J., Fritzinger, A., Gregoricus, N., Hayward, S., Houde, A., Lee, B. E., Pang, X. L., Wong, J., Booth, T. F. & Vinje, J. (2009). Multicenter comparison of two Norovirus ORF2-based genotyping protocols. J Clin Microbiol, 47 (12), 3927-3932.
  • Miranda, R. C. & Schaffner, D. W. (2019). Virus risk in the food supply chain. Curr Opin Food Sci, 30, 43-48.
  • Moore, D. M., Escudero-Abarca, B. I., Suh, S. H. & Jaykus, L. A. (2015). Generation and characterization of nucleic acid aptamers targeting the capsid P domain of a human norovirus GII. 4 strain. J Biotechnol, 209, 41-49.
  • Moreno, L., Aznar, R. & Sánchez, G. (2015). Application of viability PCR to discriminate the infectivity of hepatitis A virus in food samples. Int J Food Microbiol, 201, 1-6.
  • Muranyi, W., Bahr, Udo., Zeier, M. & van der Woude, F. J. (2005). Hantavirus Infection. J Am Soc Nephrol, 16, 3669-3679.
  • Müller, L., Schultz, A. C., Fonager, J., Jensen, T., Lisby, M., Hindsdal, K., Krusell, L., Eshøj, A., Møller, L. T., Porsbo, L. J., Böttiger, B. E., Kuhn, K., Engberg, J. & Ethelberg, S. (2015). Separate norovirus outbreaks linked to one source of imported frozen raspberries by molecular analysis, Denmark, 2010–2011. Epidemiol Infect, 143 (11), 2299-2307.
  • Neethirajan, S., Ahmed, S. R., Chand, R., Buozis, J. & Nagy, É. (2017). Recent advances in biosensor development for foodborne virus detection. Nanotheranostics, 1 (3), 272-295.
  • Newell, D. G., Koopmans, M., Verhoef, L., Duizer, E., Aidara-Kane, A., Sprong, H., Opsteegh, M., Langelaar, M., Threfall, J., Scheutz, F., van der Giessen, J. & Kruse, H. (2010). Food-borne diseases the challenges of 20 years ago still persist while new ones continue to emerge Int J Food Microbiol, 139, 3-15.
  • Oka, T., Wang, Q., Katayama, K. & Saif, L. J. (2015). Comprehensive review of Human Sapoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev, 28 (1), 32-53.
  • Perrin, A., Loutreul, J., Boudaud, N., Bertrand, I. & Gantzer, C. (2015). Rapid, simple and efficient method for detection of viral genomes on raspberries. J Virol Methods, 224, 95-101.
  • Pexara, A. & Govaris, A. (2020). Foodborne Viruses and Innovative Non-Thermal Food-Processing Technologies. Foods, 9 (11), 1520.
  • Pintó, R. M., Costafreda, M. I. & Bosch, A. (2009). Risk assessment in shellfish-borne out-breaks of hepatitis A. Appl Environ Microbiol, 75 (23), 7350-7355.
  • Purdy, M. A., Harrison, T. J., Jameel, S., Meng, X. J., Okamoto, H.., Van der Poel W. H. M. & Smith, D. S. (2017). ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Hepeviridae. J Gen Virol, 98, 2645-2646.
  • Razafimahefa, R. M., Ludwig-Begall, L. F. & Thiry, E. (2020). Cockles and mussels, alive, alive, oh* The role of bivalve molluscs as transmission vehicles for Human Norovirus infections. Transbound. Emerg Dis, 67 (S2), 9-25.
  • Reuter, G., Boros, A. & Pankovics, P. (2011). Kobuviruses- a comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol, 21 (1), 32-41.
  • Rivadulla, E. & Romalde, J. L. (2020). A comprehensive review on Human Aichi virus. Virol Sin, 35 (5), 501-516.
  • Robilotti, E., Deresinski, S. & Pinsky, B. A. (2015). Norovirus. Clin Microbiol Rev, 28 (1), 134-164.
  • Rzezutka, A. & Cook, N. (2004). Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food. FEMS Microbiology Rev, 28 (4), 441-453.
  • Sanchez, G. (2015). Processing strategies to inactivate hepatitis A virus in food products: a critical review. Compr Rev Food Sci and Food Saf, 14 (6), 771-784.
  • Sanchez, G. & Bosch, A. (2016). Survival of Enteric viruses in the environment and food. In, Goyal SM, Cannon JL. Editors. Viruses in Foods, Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; pp. 367-392.
  • Sanchez, G., Elizaquível, P. & Aznar, R. (2012). Discrimination of infectious hepatitis A viruses by propidium monoazide real-time RT-PCR. Food Environ Virol, 4 (1), 21-25.
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  • Sarvikivi, E., Roivainen, M., Maunula, L., Niskanen, T., Korhonen, T., Lappalainen, M. & Kuusi, M. (2012). Multiple norovirus outbreaks linked to imported frozen raspberries. Epidemiol Infect, 140 (2), 260-267.
  • Sedlak, R. H. & Jerome, K. R. (2013). Viral diagnostics in the era of digital PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 75 (1), 1-4.
  • Shah, M. P. & Hall, A. J. (2018). Norovirus illnesses in children and adolescents. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 32 (1), 103-118.
  • Siebenga, J. J., Vennema, H., Zheng, D. P., Vinjé, J., Lee, B. E., Pang, X. L., Ho, E. C. M., Lim, W., Choudekar, A., Broor, S., Halperin, T., Rasool, N. B. G., Hewitt, J., Greening, G. E., Jin, M., Duan, Z. J., Lucero, Y., O’Ryan, M., Hoehne, M., Schreier, E., Ratcliff, R. M., White, P. A., Iritani, N., Reuter, G. & Koopmans, M. (2009). Norovirus illness is a global problem: Emergence and spread of Norovirus GII. 4 variants, 2001–2007. J Infect Dis, 200 (5), 802-812.
  • Silva, M. M. O., Tauro, L. B., Kikuti, M., Anjos, R. O., Santos, V. C., Gonçalves, T. S. F., Paploski, I. A. D., Moreira, P. S. S., Nascimento, L. C. J., Campos, G. S., Ko, A. I., Weaver, S. C., Reis, M. G., Kitron, U. & Ribeiro, G. S. (2018). Concomitant Transmission of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Viruses in Brazil: Clinical and Epidemiological Findings From Surveillance for Acute Febrile Illness. Clin Infect Dis, 69 (8), 1353-1359.
  • Sun, Y., Laird, D. T. & Shieh, Y. C. (2012). Temperature dependent survival of hepatitis A virus during storage of contaminated onions. Appl Environ Microbiol, 78 (14), 4976-4983.
  • Symes, S. J., Gunesekere, I. C., Marshall, J. A. & Wright, P. J. (2007). Norovirus mixed infection in an oyster-associated outbreak: an opportunity for recombination. Arch Virol, 152 (6), 1075-1086.
  • Tang, J. W. & Holmes, C. W. (2017). Acute and chronic disease caused by enteroviruses. Virulence, 8 (7), 1062-1065.
  • Todd, E. C. D. & Greig, J. D. (2015). Viruses of foodborne origin: A review. Virus Adapt Treat, 7, 25-45.
  • Trostle, J. A., Hubbard, A., Scott, J., Cevallos, W., Bates, S. J. & Eisenberg, J. N. S. (2008). Raising the level of analysis of food-borne outbreaks: Food-sharing networks in rural coastal Ecuador. Epidemiology, 19 (3), 384-390.
  • Uiprasertkul, M., Puthavathana, P., Sangsiriwut, K., Pooruk, P., Srisook, K., Peiris, M., Nicholls, J. M., Chokephaibulkit, K., Vanprapar, N. & Auewarakul, P. (2005). Influenza A H5N1 replication sites in humans. Emerg Infect Dis, 11 (7), 1036-1041.
  • Vinje´, J. (2015). Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of Norovirus. J Clin Microbiol, 53 (2), 373-381.
  • Vinjé, J., Hamidjaja, R. A. & Sobsey, M. D. (2004). Development and application of a capsid VP1 (region D) based reverse transcription PCR assay for genotyping of genogroup I and II noroviruses. J Virol Methods, 116 (2), 109-117.
  • Webb, G. W. & Dalton, H. R. (2019). Hepatitis E: an underestimated emerging threat. Ther Adv Infect Dis, 6, 1-18.
  • WHO (2008). Viruses in food: Scientific advice to support risk management. https://www.fao.org/3/i0451e/I0451E.pdf.
  • Yamashita, T., Ito, M., Tsuzuki, H. & Sakae, K. (2001). Identification of Aichi virus infection by measurement of immunoglobulin responses in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. J Clin Microbiol, 39 (11), 4178-4180.
  • Yeargin, T. & Gibson, K. E. (2018). Key characteristics of foods with an elevated risk for viral enteropathogen contamination. J Appl Microbiol, 2018, 126 (4), 996-1010.
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ömer Çakmak 0000-0002-7898-1764

Ulaş Acaröz 0000-0002-1533-4519

Hüseyin Gün 0000-0002-1879-4414

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 7 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmak, Ö., Acaröz, U., & Gün, H. (2022). HALK SAĞLIĞI AÇISINDAN ÖNEMLİ GIDA KAYNAKLI VİRAL ETKENLER. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 13(1), 11-25. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1056066