Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

COVID-19 Salgınında Türkiye’de Stres, Yalnızlık ve Önlemlere Uyum: COVIDiSTRESS Küresel Çalışması Bulguları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 93

Gülden Sayılan Gözde İkizer İlknur Dilekler Aybegüm Memişoğlu Sanlı

https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1351067

Öz

Koronavirüs hastalığının (COVID-19) neden olduğu salgın tüm dünyada önemli bir kriz haline gelmiştir ve bireylerin hem fiziksel hem psikolojik iyilik haline bir tehdit olmayı sürdürmektedir. COVIDiSTRESS Küresel Çalışması 39 ülkeden araştırmacıların dahil olduğu bir açık bilim girişimidir ve insanların salgın sırasındaki deneyimlerine odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 30 Mart-30 Mayıs 2020 tarihleri arasında COVIDiSTRESS Küresel Çalışmasına Türkiye'den katılan 766 kişinin verisi kullanılarak stres, yalnızlık ve koruyucu önlemlere uyum ile ilişkili etkenlerin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları algılanan stres, yalnızlık ve önlemlere uyum davranışlarının sosyodemografik özellikler, duygusal dengesizlik ve dışa dönüklük, salgına yönelik endişeler, stres verici etkenler ve stres kaynakları ile başa çıkma/rahatsızlığı azaltmayla ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu bulgular belirli duygusal, bilişsel ve davranışsal sonuçlar için olası risk etkenleri ve koruyucu etkenlere yönelik bilgi sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca bu bulgular salgın sırasında ya da sonrasında psikolojik iyilik halini artırmaya yönelik önleme ve/veya müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir. Bireylere ve hükümete/sağlık sistemine güven ve sosyal desteğin ise bu ilişkilerde aracı rolünün anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu, güveni ve sosyal desteği artırmanın stresi, yalnızlığı azaltmaya ve koronavirüsün yayılmasını yavaşlatmaya yönelik önlemlere uyumu artırmaya yardımcı olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

algılanan stres yalnızlık uyum kişilik başa çıkma güven sosyal destek COVID-19

Kaynakça

  • Abdulghani, H. M., Sattar, K., Ahmad, T. ve Akram, A. (2020). Association of COVID-19 pandemic with undergraduate medical students' perceived stress and coping. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 871-881. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S276938
  • Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M. ve Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). Day-to-day dynamics of experience-cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(45), 17058-17063. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605053103
  • AlAteeq, D. A., Aljhani, S. ve AlEesa, D. (2020). Perceived stress among students in virtual classrooms during the COVID-19 outbreak in KSA. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 15(5), 398-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.004
  • Algren, M. H., Ekholm, O., Nielsen, L., Ersbøll, A. K., Bak, C. K. ve Andersen, P. T. (2020). Social isolation, loneliness, socioeconomic status, and health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods in Denmark: A cross-sectional study. SSM - Population Health, 10, 100546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100546
  • Almutairi, A. F., BaniMustafa, A. A., Alessa, Y. M., Almutairi, S. B. ve Almaleh, Y. (2020). Public trust and compliance with the precautionary measures against COVID-19 employed by authorities in Saudi Arabia. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 753-760. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FRMHP.S257287
  • Amerikan Psikoloji Birliği. (2020, 25 Eylül). Global inequality and "Equity Flattens the Curve". https://www.apa.org/international/global-insights/equity-flattens-curve
  • Anderson, G. O. ve Thayer, C. T. (2018, Ekim). Loneliness and social connections: A national survey of adults 45 and older. AARP Research. https://doi.org/10.26419/res.00246.001
  • Arial, M., Gonik, V., Wild, P. ve Danuser, B. (2010). Association of work related chronic stressors and psychiatric symptoms in a Swiss sample of police officers: A cross sectional questionnaire study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 83(3), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-009-0500-z
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  • Aschwanden, D., Strickhouser, J. E., Sesker, A. A., Lee, J. H., Luchetti, M., Stephan, Y.,...Terracciano, A. (2020). Psychological and behavioural responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019: The role of personality. European Journal of Personality, 35(1), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2281
  • Asendorpf, J. B. ve Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1531-1544. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1531
  • Auerbach, R. P., Mortier, P., Bruffaerts, R., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Cuijpers, P.,...WHO WMH-ICS Collaborators (2018). WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project: Prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(7), 623-638. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000362
  • Banerjee, D. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak: Crucial role the psychiatrists can play. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 102014. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102014
  • Barańczuk, U. (2019). The five factor model of personality and emotion regulation: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.025
  • Bargain, O. ve Aminjonov, U. (2020). Trust and compliance to public health policies in times of Covid-19. IZA Discussion Paper No. 13205. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3596671
  • Durak Batıgün, A. (2008). İntihar olasılığı ve cinsiyet: İletişim becerileri, yaşamı sürdürme nedenleri, yalnızlık ve umutsuzluk açısından bir inceleme. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(62), 65-78.
  • Beere, P., Keeling, S. ve Jamieson, H. (2019). Ageing, loneliness, and the geographic distribution of New Zealand’s interRAI-HC cohort. Social Science and Medicine, 227(2019), 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.002
  • Belek, I. (2000). Social class, income, education, area of residence and psychological distress: does social class have an independent effect on psychological distress in Antalya, Turkey? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35(2), 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050013
  • Bish, A. ve Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
  • Bogg, T. ve Milad, E. (2020). Demographic, personality, and social cognition correlates of coronavirus guideline adherence in a U.S. sample. Health Psychology, 39(12), 1026-1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000891
  • Boullion, G. Q., Pavlacic, J. M., Schulenberg, S. E., Buchanan, E. M. ve Steger, M. F. (2020). Meaning, social support, and resilience as predictors of posttraumatic growth: A study of the Louisiana flooding of August 2016. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(5), 578-585. https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ort0000464
  • Breznau, N. (2021). The welfare state and risk perceptions: the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic and public concern in 70 countries. European Societies, 23(S1), S33-S46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1793215
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Brouard, S., Vasilopoulos, P. ve Becher, M. (2020). Sociodemographic and psychological correlates of compliance with the COVID-19 public health measures in France. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53, 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000335
  • Bruce, L. D., Wu, J. S., Lustig, S. L., Russell, D. W. ve Nemecek, D. A. (2019). Loneliness in the United States: A 2018 National Panel Survey of demographic, structural, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics. American Journal of Health Promotion, 33, 1123-1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117119856551
  • Brück, T., Ferguson, N. T. N., Justino, P. ve Stojetz, W. (2020). Trust in the time of corona. United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research Working Paper 2020/82. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/Publications/Working-paper/PDF/wp2020-82.pdf
  • Bu, F., Steptoe, A. ve Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 186, 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036
  • Buecker, S., Maes, M., Denissen, J. J. A. ve Luhmann, M. (2020). Loneliness and the Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 34, 8-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2229
  • Burger, K. ve Samuel, R. (2017). The role of perceived stress and self-efficacy in young people’s life satisfaction: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 78-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10964-016-0608-x
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Berntson, G. G., Nouriani, B. ve Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1054-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007
  • Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L. ve Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615570616
  • Campagne, D. M. (2019). Stress and perceived social isolation (loneliness). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 82, 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.02.007
  • Carvalho, L. D. F., Pianowski, G. ve Gonçalves, A. P. (2020). Personality differences and COVID-19: Are extroversion and conscientiousness personality traits associated with engagement with containment measures?. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 42(2), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2020-0029
  • Cerami, C., Santi, G. C., Galandra, C., Dodich, A., Cappa, S. F., Vecchi, T., ve Crespi, C. (2020). Covid-19 outbreak in Italy: Are we ready for the psychosocial and the economic crisis? Baseline findings from the PsyCovid study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00556
  • Chang, Q., Peng, C., Guo, Y., Cai, Z. ve Yip, P. S. (2020). Mechanisms connecting objective and subjective poverty to mental health: Serial mediation roles of negative life events and social support. Social Science & Medicine, 265, 113308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113308
  • Chao, M., Chen, X., Liu, T., Yang, H. ve Hall, B. J. (2020). Psychological distress and state boredom during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: The role of meaning in life and media use. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1769379. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1769379
  • Chen, H., Zhao, X., Zeng, M., Li, J., Ren, X., Zhang, M.,...Yang, J. (2021). Collective self-esteem and perceived stress among the non-infected general public in China during the 2019 coronavirus pandemic: A multiple mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110308
  • Chua, S. E., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., McAlonan, G. M., Wong, J. W., Cheung, E. P. T.,...Tsang, K. W. T. (2004). Psychological effects of the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong on high-risk health care workers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 391-393. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370404900609
  • Cigna. (2018). Cigna U.S. loneliness index: Survey of 20,000 Americans examining behaviors driving loneliness in the United States. https://www.cigna.com/assets/docs/newsroom/loneliness-survey-2018-full-report.pdf
  • Clark, A. K. ve Eisenstein, M. A. (2013). Interpersonal trust: An age-period-cohort analysis revisited. Social Science Research, 42(2), 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.006
  • Clark, C., Davila, A., Regis, M. ve Kraus, S. (2020). Predictors of COVID-19 voluntary compliance behaviors: An international investigation. Global Transitions, 2, 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glt.2020.06.003
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. ve Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
  • Cohen, S. ve Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. S. Spacapan ve S. Oskamp (Ed.), Social Psychology of Health içinde (31-67). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Corvo, E. ve De Caro, W. (2020). COVID-19 and spontaneous singing to decrease loneliness, improve cohesion, and mental well-being: An Italian experience. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S247-S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000838
  • COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey Research Network. (2020). COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey [Veri seti, ön kayıt ve proje bilgileri]. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Z39US
  • Cutrona, C. E. ve Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. Advances in Personal Relationships, 1(1), 37-67.
  • de Jong-Gierveld, J., van Tilburg, T. G., ve Dykstra, P. A. (2006). Loneliness and social isolation. In D. Perlman, ve A. Vangelisti (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (485-500). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • de Jong Gierveld, J. ve van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
  • Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillakis, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A. ve Larson, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3), taaa031. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa031
  • Ditekemena, J. D., Nkamba, D. M., Muhindo, H. M., Siewe, J. N. F., Luhata, C., Van den Bergh, R.,...Colebunders, R. (2021). Factors associated with adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Results of an online survey. BMJ Open, 11(1), e043356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043356
  • Dong, X. Q. ve Chen, R. (2017). Gender differences in the experience of loneliness in U.S. Chinese older adults. Journal of Women and Aging, 29(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2015.1080534
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2021a). The true death toll of COVID-19: Estimating global excess mortality. https://www.who.int/data/stories/the-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2021b). WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard: Turkey. https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2021c). Tracking public health and social measures: A global dataset. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/phsm
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Avrupa Bölge Ofisi. (2020). Mental health and COVID-19. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technical-guidance/mental-health-and-covid-19
  • Ebstrup, J. F., Eplov, L. F., Pisinger, C. ve Jørgensen, T. (2011). Association between the five factor personality traits and perceived stress: Is the effect mediated by general self-efficacy? Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 24(4), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.540012
  • Eddy, P., Heckenberg, R., Wertheim, E. H., Kent, S. ve Wright, B. J. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effort-reward imbalance model of workplace stress with indicators of immune function. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 91, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.10.003
  • Esaiasson, P., Sohlberg, J., Ghersetti, M. ve Johansson, B. (2021). How the coronavirus crisis affects citizen trust in institutions and in unknown others: Evidence from ‘the Swedish experiment’. European Journal of Political Research, 60(3), 748-760. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12419
  • Falcone, R., Coli, E., Felletti, S., Sapienza, A., Castelfranchi, C. ve Paglieri, F. (2020). All we need is trust: How the COVID-19 outbreak reconfigured trust in Italian public institutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 561747. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561747
  • Feizi, A., Aliyari, R. ve Roohafza, H. (2012). Association of perceived stress with stressful life events, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors: a large-scale community-based study using logistic quantile regression. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2012, 151865. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/151865
  • Ferraro, K. F. ve Nuriddin, T. A. (2006). Psychological distress and mortality: Are women more vulnerable? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(3), 227-241. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002214650604700303
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5. baskı). Sussex, UK: Sage.
  • Fink, A. (2015). How to conduct surveys: A step-by-step guide (6. baskı). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
  • Folk, D., Okabe-Miyamoto, K., Dunn, E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2020). Did social connection decline during the first wave of COVID-19? The role of extraversion. Collabra: Psychology, 6(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.365
  • Fortner, B. V., Neimeyer, R. A. ve Rybarczyk, B. (2000). Correlates of death anxiety in older adults: A comprehensive review. A. Tomer (Ed.), Death attitudes and the older adult: Theories, concepts, and applications içinde (95-108). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.
  • Fuller, T. D., Edwards, J. N., Vorakitphokatorn, S. ve Sermsri, S. (1996). Chronic stress and psychological well‐being: Evidence from Thailand on household crowding. Social Science & Medicine, 42(2), 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277‐9536(95)00089‐5
  • Gabbiadini, A., Baldissarri, C., Durante, F., Valtorta, R. R., De Rosa, M. ve Gallucci, M. (2020). Together apart: The mitigating role of digital communication technologies on negative affect during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554678
  • Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S. ve Foucault, M. (2020). Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(44), 27285-27291. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012520117
  • Gersons, B. P. R., Smid, G. E., Smit, A. S., Kazlauskas, E. ve McFarlane, A. (2020). Can a ‘second disaster’ during and after the COVID-19 pandemic be mitigated? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11, 1815283. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1815283
  • Gonçalves, A., Zuanazzi, A. C., Salvador, A. P., Jaloto, A., Pianowski, G. ve Carvalho, L. (2020). Preliminary findings on the associations between mental health indicators and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 22(2), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.12740/app/122576
  • Goosby, B. J., Bellatorre, A., Walsemann, K. M. ve Cheadle, J. (2013). Adolescent loneliness and health in early adulthood. Sociological Inquiry, 83(4), 505-536. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/soin.12018
  • Götz, F. M., Gvirtz, A., Galinsky, A. D. ve Jachimowicz, J. M. (2021). How personality and policy predict pandemic behavior: Understanding sheltering-in-place in 55 countries at the onset of COVID-19. American Psychologist, 76(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000740
  • Groarke, J. M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P. E., McGlinchey, E. ve Armour, C. (2020). Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239698. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239698
  • Grover, S., Sahoo, S., Mehra, A., Avasthi, A., Tripathi, A., Subramanyan, A.,... Janardran Reddy, Y. C. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(4), 354-362. https://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/text.asp?2020/62/4/354/286222
  • Gubler, D. A., Makowski, L. M., Troche, S. J. ve Schlegel, K. (2021). Loneliness and well-being during the Covid-19 pandemic: Associations with personality and emotion regulation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22, 2323-2342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00326-5
  • Hamarat, E., Thompson, D., Zabrucky, K. M., Steele, D., Matheny, K. B. ve Aysan, F. (2001). Perceived stress and coping resource availability as predictors of life satisfaction in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 27(2), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/036107301750074051
  • Hammond, C., Qualter, P., Victor, C. ve Barretto, M. (2018). Who feels lonely? The results of the world’s largest loneliness study. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2yzhfv4DvqVp5nZyxThisBD8G23/who-feels-lonely-the-results-of-the-world-s-largest-loneliness-study
  • Han, H. (2021). Exploring the association between compliance with measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and big five traits with Bayesian generalized linear model. Personality and Individual Differences, 176, 110787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110787
  • Harris, K., English, T., Harms, P. D., Gross, J. J., Jackson, J. J. ve Back, M. (2017). Why are extraverts more satisfied? Personality, social experiences, and subjective well–being in college. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fper.2101
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2. baskı). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Heslop, P., Smith, G. D., Carroll, D., Macleod, J., Hyland, F. ve Hart, C. (2001). Perceived stress and coronary heart disease risk factors: The contribution of socio‐economic position. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6(2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910701169133
  • Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: Prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. The Public Policy and Aging Report, 27(4), 127-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ ppar/prx030
  • Holingue, C., Badillo-Goicoechea, E., Riehm, K. E., Veldhuis, C. B., Thrul, J., Johnson, R. M., Fallin, M. D., Kreuter, F., Stuart, E. A. ve Kalb, L. G. (2020). Mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults without a pre-existing mental health condition: Findings from American trend panel survey. Preventive Medicine, 139, 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106231
  • Horesh, D., Lev-Ari, R. K. ve Hasson-Ohayon, I. (2020). Risk factors for psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: Loneliness, age, gender, and health status play an important role. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25, 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12455
  • Howard, S. ve Hughes, B. M. (2012). Construct, concurrent and discriminant validity of Type D personality in the general population: Associations with anxiety, depression, stress and cardiac output. Psychology & Health, 27(2), 242-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.603423
  • Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C. ve Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655‐672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
  • Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V. ve Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during Covid-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152191
  • Jen, M. H., Sund, E. R., Johnston, R. ve Jones, K. (2010). Trustful societies, trustful individuals, and health: An analysis of self-rated health and social trust using the World Value Survey. Health & Place, 16(5), 1022-1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.06.008
  • Kachanoff, F. J., Bigman, Y. E., Kapsaskis, K. ve Gray, K. (2021). Measuring realistic and symbolic threats of COVID-19 and their unique impacts on well-being and adherence to public health behaviors. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620931634
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35(4), 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291817
  • Karić, T. ve Međedović, J. (2021). Covid-19 conspiracy beliefs and containment-related behaviour: The role of political trust. Personality and Individual Differences, 175, 110697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110697
  • Killgore, W. D. S., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C., Miller, M. A. ve Dailey, N. S. (2020). Three months of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113392
  • Kluge, H. H. P. (2020, 2 Nisan). Older people are at highest risk from COVID-19, but all must act to prevent community spread. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/statements/statement-older-people-are-at-highest-risk-from-covid-19,-but-all-must-act-to-prevent-community-spread
  • Kowal, M., Coll‐Martín, T., Ikizer, G., Rasmussen, J., Eichel, K., Studzińska, A.,...Ahmed, O. (2020). Who is the most stressed during the COVID‐19 pandemic? Data from 26 countries and areas. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(4), 946-966. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12234
  • Kraus, L. A., Davis, M. H., Bazzini, D., Church, M. ve Kirchman, C. M. (1993). Personal and social influences on loneliness: The mediating effect of social provisions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 56(1), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786644
  • Krohne, H. W. (2002). Stress and coping theories. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences, 22, 15163-15170.
  • Krupić, D., Žuro, B., & Krupić, D. (2021). Big Five traits, approach-avoidance motivation, concerns and adherence with COVID-19 prevention guidelines during the peak of pandemic in Croatia. Personality and Individual Differences, 179, 110913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110913
  • Kwag, K. H., Martin, P., Russell, D., Franke, W. ve Kohut, M. (2011). The impact of perceived stress, social support, and home-based physical activity on mental health among older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 72(2), 137-154. https://doi.org/10.2190%2FAG.72.2.c
  • Lang, F. R., John, D., Lüdtke, O., Schupp, J. ve Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 548-567. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0066-z
  • Lauder, W., Mummery, K., Jones, M., ve Caperchione, C. (2006). A comparison of health behaviours in lonely and non-lonely populations. Psychology Health & Medicine, 11 (2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500500266607
  • Lawrence, E. M., Rogers, R. G., Zajacova, A. ve Wadsworth, T. (2019). Marital happiness, marital status, health, and longevity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 1539-1561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0009-9 Lazarus, R. S. ve Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C.,...Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370705200405
  • Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N. ve Caan W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152(11), 157-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035
  • Lewis, E. J., Yoon, K. L. ve Joormann, J. (2018). Emotion regulation and biological stress responding: Associations with worry, rumination, and reappraisal. Cognition & Emotion, 32(7), 1487-1498. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1310088
  • Levi-Belz, Y., Krysinska, K. ve Andriessen, K. (2021). “Turning personal tragedy into triumph”: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on posttraumatic growth among suicide-loss survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(3), 322-332. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0000977
  • Li, S. ve Xu, Q. (2020). Family support as a protective factor for attitudes toward social distancing and in preserving positive mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Psychology. Erken görünüm. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1359105320971697
  • Li, X., Wu, H., Meng, F., Li, L., Wang, Y. ve Zhou, M. (2020). Relations of COVID-19-related stressors and social support to Chinese college students’ psychological response during the COVID-19 epidemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 551315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.551315
  • Limcaoco, R. S. G., Mateos, E. M., Fernandez, J. M. ve Roncero, C. (2020). Anxiety, worry and perceived stress in the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020. Preliminary results. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992
  • Lin, C., Mullen, J., Braund, W. E., Tu, P. ve Auerbach, J. (2020). Reopening safely - Lessons from Taiwan's COVID-19 response. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 020318. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020318
  • Lisitsa, E., Benjamin, K. S., Chun, S. K., Skalisky, J., Hammond, L. E. ve Mezulis, A. H. (2020). Loneliness among young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: The mediational roles of social media use and social support seeking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 39(8), 708-726. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.8.708
  • Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Zhang, C. Q., Garcia-Barrera, M. A. ve Rhodes, R. E. (2021). Personality and perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of perceived threat and efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110351
  • Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A. ve Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897-908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000690
  • Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J. ve Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine, 74(6), 907-914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028
  • Luo, Y., Yao, L., Zhou, L., Yuan, F. ve Zhong, X. (2020). Factors influencing health behaviours during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China: An extended information-motivation-behaviour skills model. Public Health, 185, 298-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.057
  • Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrez‐Doña, B. ve Schwarzer, R. (2005). General self‐efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology, 40(2), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000041
  • Macdonald, S. J., Nixon, J. ve Deacon, L. (2018). ‘Loneliness in the city’: Examining socio-economics, loneliness and poor health in the North East of England. Public Health, 165, 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.09.003
  • MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M. ve Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
  • Marroquín, B., Vine, V. ve Morgan, R. (2020). Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of stay-at-home policies, social distancing behavior, and social resources. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113419
  • Melki, J., Tamim, H., Hadid, D., Farhat, S., Makki, M., Ghandour, L. ve Hitti, E. (2020). Media exposure and health behavior during pandemics: The mediating effect of perceived knowledge and fear on compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures. Health Communication. Erken görünüm. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1858564
  • Miguel, F. K., Machado, G. M., Pianowski, G. ve de Francisco Carvalho, L. (2021). Compliance with containment measures to the COVID-19 pandemic over time: Do antisocial traits matter? Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110346
  • Mikolajczak, M., Raes, M. E., Avalosse, H. ve Roskam, I. (2018). Exhausted parents: Sociodemographic, child-related, parent-related, parenting and family-functioning correlates of parental burnout. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 602-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0892-4
  • Mikucka, M. (2016). The life satisfaction advantage of being married and gender specialization. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78, 759-779. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12290
  • Moore, K. A. ve March, E. (2020). Socially connected during COVID-19: Online social connections mediate the relationship between loneliness and positive coping strategies. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-35835/v1
  • Moran, K. R. ve Del Valle, S. Y. (2016). A meta-analysis of the association between gender and protective behaviors in response to respiratory epidemics and pandemics. PLoS ONE, 11(10), e0164541. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164541
  • Mund, M., Freuding, M. M., Möbius, K., Horn, N. ve Neyer, F. J. (2020). The stability and change of loneliness across the life span: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 24(1), 24-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868319850738
  • Murphy, K., Williamson, H., Sargeant, E. ve McCarthy, M. (2020). Why people comply with COVID-19 social distancing restrictions: Self-interest or duty? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 53(4), 477-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865820954484
  • Nelson, N. A. ve Bergeman, C. S. (2021). Daily stress processes in a pandemic: The effects of worry, age, and affect. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa187
  • Nitschke, J. P., Forbes, P. A., Ali, N., Cutler, J., Apps, M. A., Lockwood, P. L. ve Lamm, C. (2021). Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID‐19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 553-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12485
  • Nivette, A., Ribeaud, D., Murray, A., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Hepp, U.,...Eisner, M. (2021). Non-compliance with COVID-19-related public health measures among young adults in Switzerland: Insights from a longitudinal cohort study. Social Science & Medicine, 268, 113370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113370
  • Notebaert, L., Chrystal, J., Clarke, P. J., Holmes, E. A. ve MacLeod, C. (2014). When we should worry more: Using cognitive bias modification to drive adaptive health behaviour. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e85092. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085092
  • Nowland, R., Robinson, S. J., Bradley, B. F., Summers, V. ve Qualter, P. (2018). Loneliness, HPA stress reactivity and social threat sensitivity: Analyzing naturalistic social challenges. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(5), 540-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12461
  • Nunnally, J. C. ve Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3. baskı). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. O'Hara, L., Rahim, H. F. A. ve Shi, Z. (2020). Gender and trust in government modify the association between mental health and stringency of social distancing related public health measures to reduce COVID-19: A global online survey. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.16.20155200
  • Oliva, J. L. ve Johnston, K. L. (2021). Puppy love in the time of Corona: Dog ownership protects against loneliness for those living alone during the COVID-19 lockdown. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(3), 232-242. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2639-045X
  • Oljača, M., Sadiković, S., Branovacki, B., Pajić, D., Smederevac, S. ve Mitrović, D. (2020). Unrealistic optimism and HEXACO traits as predictors of risk perception and compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures during the first wave of pandemic. Primenjena Psihologija, 13(4), 405-425. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.20.4.405-425
  • Oosterhoff, B. ve Palmer, C. A. (2020). Attitudes and psychological factors associated with news monitoring, social distancing, disinfecting, and hoarding behaviors among US adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(12), 1184-1190. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1876
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2017). OECD guidelines on measuring trust. Paris, Fransa: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264278219-en
  • Osborne, J., Costello, A. ve Kellow, J. (2008). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis. J. Osborne (Ed.), Best practices in quantitative methods içinde (205-213). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
  • Öztürk, İ., Akalın, S., Özgüner, İ. ve Şakiroğlu, M. (2020). Covid-19 salgınının ve karantinanın psikolojik etkileri. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 885-903. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44885
  • Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ring, L., Bodner, E., Avidor, S., Bergman, Y.,...Hoffman, Y. (2020). The loneliness pandemic: Loneliness and other concomitants of depression, anxiety and their comorbidity during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 109-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.036
  • Pantell, M. S. (2020). Maintaining social connections in the setting of COVID-19 social distancing: A call to action. American Journal of Public Health, 110(9), 1367-1368. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305844
  • Paykani, T., Zimet, G. D., Esmaeili, R., Khajedaluee, A. R. ve Khajedaluee, M. (2020). Perceived social support and compliance with stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 outbreak: evidence from Iran. BMC Public Health, 20, 1650. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09759-2
  • Pereira-Morales, A. J., Adan, A. ve Forero, D. A. (2019). Perceived stress as a mediator of the relationship between neuroticism and depression and anxiety symptoms. Current Psychology, 38(1), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9587-7
  • Perissinotto, C. M., Cenzer, I. S. ve Covinsky, K. E. (2012). Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(14), 1078-1083. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993
  • Pollak, Y., Shoham, R., Dayan, H., Gabrieli-Seri, O. ve Berger, I. (2021). Background and concurrent factors predicting non-adherence to public health preventive measures during the chronic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Health, fdab214. Erken görünüm. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab214
  • Por, J., Barriball, L., Fitzpatrick, J. ve Roberts, J. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Its relationship to stress, coping, well-being and professional performance in nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 31(8), 855-860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.12.023
  • Prior, A., Fenger-Grøn, M., Larsen, K. K., Larsen, F. B., Robinson, K. M., Nielsen, M. G.,...Vestergaard, M. (2016). The association between perceived stress and mortality among people with multimorbidity: A prospective population-based cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 184(3), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv324
  • Qi, M., Li, P., Moyle, W., Weeks, B. ve Jones, C. (2020). Physical activity, health-related quality of life, and stress among the Chinese adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186494
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Razurel, C., Kaiser, B., Sellenet, C. ve Epiney, M. (2013). Relation between perceived stress, social support, and coping strategies and maternal well-being: A review of the literature. Women & Health, 53(1), 74-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2012.732681
  • Rettie, H. ve Daniels, J. (2021). Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: Predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(3), 427-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710
  • Richardson, M., Abraham, C. ve Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 353-387. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026838
  • Robillard, R., Saad, M., Edwards, J. D., Solomonova, E., Pennestri, M. H., Daros, A.,...Kendzerska, T. (2020). Social, financial and psychological stress during an emerging pandemic: Observations from a population web-based survey in the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.29.20142638
  • Rodríguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H. ve Collado, S. (2020). Psychological impact and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among the general population in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01540
  • Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C. ve Bokszczanin, A. (2020). Examining anxiety, life satisfaction, general health, stress and coping styles during COVID-19 pandemic in Polish sample of university students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 797-811. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FPRBM.S266511
  • Roohafza, H., Feizi, A., Afshar, H., Mazaheri, M., Behnamfar, O., Hassanzadeh-Keshteli, A. ve Adibi, P. (2016). Path analysis of relationship among personality, perceived stress, coping, social support, and psychological outcomes. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(2), 248-256. https://dx.doi.org/10.5498%2Fwjp.v6.i2.248
  • Rosen, N. O. ve Knäuper, B. (2009). A little uncertainty goes a long way: State and trait differences in uncertainty interact to increase information seeking but also increase worry. Health Communication, 24(3), 228-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230902804125
  • Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F.,...Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 790. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2020.00790
  • Rotenberg, K. J., Addis, N., Betts, L. R., Corrigan, A., Fox, C., Hobson, Z.,...Boulton, M. J. (2010). The relation between trust beliefs and loneliness during early childhood, middle childhood, and adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(8), 1086-1100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210374957
  • Rubin, G. J., Amlôt, R., Page, L. ve Wessely, S. (2009). Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: Cross sectional telephone survey. BMJ, 339, b2651. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2651
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A. ve Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
  • Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C. ve Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 55-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703
  • Samadarshi, S. C. A., Sharma, S. ve Bhatta, J. (2020). An online survey of factors associated with self-perceived stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Nepal. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 34(2), 84-89. https://www.ejhd.org/index.php/ejhd/article/view/2968
  • Schmeisser, Y., Renström, E. ve Bäck, H. (2020). Who follows the rules during a crisis? Personality traits and trust as predictors of compliance with containment recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. OSF Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/vh6wu
  • Seifert, A., Cotten, S. R. ve Xie, B. (2020). A double burden of exclusion? Digital and social exclusion of older adults in times of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, gbaa098. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa098
  • Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., ve Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology, 30(4), 377-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0022826
  • Shimizu, K. (2020). 2019-nCoV, fake news, and racism. The Lancet, 395(10225), 685-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30357-3
  • Shokri, A., Moradi, G., Piroozi, B., Darvishi, S., Amirihosseini, S., Veysi, A.,...Bolbanabad, A. M. (2020). Perceived stress due to COVID-19 in Iran: Emphasizing the role of social networks. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 34, 55. https://doi.org/10.34171/mjiri.34.55
  • Sibley, C. G., Greaves, L. M., Satherley, N., Wilson, M. S., Overall, N. C., Lee, C. H.,...Houkamau, C. A. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes toward government, and well-being. American Psychologist, 75(5), 618-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000662
  • Solomou, I. ve Constantinidou, F. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and compliance with precautionary measures: Age and sex matter. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 4924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144924
  • Steigen, A. M. ve Bergh, D. (2019). The Social Provisions Scale: psychometric properties of the SPS-10 among participants in nature-based services. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(14), 1690-1698. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1434689
  • Stickley, A., Matsubayashi, T. ve Ueda, M. (2020). Loneliness and COVID-19 preventive behaviours among Japanese adults. Journal of Public Health, fdaa151. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa151
  • Student Loan Hero. (2020, 15 Nisan). 4 out of 5 college students face financial troubles due to Coronavirus pandemic. PR Newswire. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/4-out-of-5-college-students-face-financial-troubles-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic-301041312.html
  • Swickert, R. ve Owens, T. (2010). The interaction between neuroticism and gender influences the perceived availability of social support. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4), 385-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.033
  • Şahin, F. ve Çetin, F. (2017). The mediating role of general self-efficacy in the relationship between the big five personality traits and perceived stress: A weekly assessment study. Psychological Studies, 62(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-016-0382-6
  • Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5. baskı). New York, NY: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
  • Tang, C. S. K. ve Wong, C-Y. (2003). An outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome: Predictors of health behaviors and effect of community prevention measures in Hong Kong, China. American Journal of Public Health, 93(11), 1887-1888. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1887
  • Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of the infectious disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Rachor, G. S. ve Asmundson, G. J. (2020). Worry, avoidance, and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive network analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 76, 102327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102327
  • Taylor, M. R., Agho, K. E., Stevens, G. J. ve Raphael, B. (2008). Factors influencing psychological distress during a disease epidemic: data from Australia's first outbreak of equine influenza. BMC Public Health, 8, 347. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-347
  • Templeton, A., Guven, S. T., Hoerst, C., Vestergren, S., Davidson, L., Ballentyne, S.,...Choudhury, S. (2020). Inequalities and identity processes in crises: Recommendations for facilitating safe response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 674-685. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12400
  • Tenk, J., Mátrai, P., Hegyi, P., Rostás, I., Garami, A., Szabó, I.,...Balasko, M. (2018). Perceived stress correlates with visceral obesity and lipid parameters of the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 95, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.014
  • Thombs, B. D., Bonardi, O., Rice, D. B., Boruff, J. T., Azar, M., He, C.,...Benedetti, A. (2020). Curating evidence on mental health during COVID-19: A living systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 133, 110113. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2020.110113
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10694-000
  • Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. ve Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
  • van Rooij, B., de Bruijn, A. L., Folmer, C. H., Kooistra, E. B., Kuiper, M. E., Brownlee, M.,...Fine, A. (2020). Compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures in the United States. Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2020-21, General Subserie Research Paper No. 2020-03, UC Irvine School of Law Research Paper No. 2020-33. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3582626
  • Vater, A. ve Schröder-Abé, M. (2015). Explaining the link between personality and relationship satisfaction: Emotion regulation and interpersonal behaviour in conflict discussions. European Journal of Personality, 29(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1993
  • Vindegaard, N. ve Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 531-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
  • Volk, A. A., Brazil, K. J., Franklin-Luther, P., Dane, A. V. ve Vaillancourt, T. (2021). The influence of demographics and personality on COVID-19 coping in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110398
  • Von Cheong, E., Sinnott, C., Dahly, D. ve Kearney, P. M. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and later-life depression: Perceived social support as a potential protective factor. BMJ Open, 7, e013228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013228
  • Vanderweele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., ve Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A marginal structural model analysis for loneliness: Implications for intervention trials and clinical practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022610
  • Wang, C., Riyu, P., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S.,...Ho. C. (2020a). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S. ve Ho, R. C. (2020b). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wang, H., Xia, Q., Xiong, Z., Li, Z., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, Y. ve Li, Z. (2020c). The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PLoS ONE, 15(5), e0233410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233410
  • Webster, R. K., Brooks, S. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). How to improve adherence with quarantine: Rapid review of the evidence. Public Health, 182, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.007
  • Williams, L. ve Wingate, A. (2012). Type D personality, physical symptoms and subjective stress: The mediating effects of coping and social support. Psychology & Health, 27(9), 1075-1085. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.667098
  • Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L.,...Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240.
  • Wright, L., Steptoe, A. ve Fancourt, D. (2021). Predictors of self-reported adherence to COVID-19 guidelines. A longitudinal observational study of 51,600 UK adults. The Lancet Regional Health: Europe, 4, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100061
  • Wu, C. (2021). Social capital and COVID-19: A multidimensional and multilevel approach. Chinese Sociological Review, 53(1), 27-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1814139
  • Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M., Gill, H., Phan, L.,...McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
  • Yamada, Y., Ćepulić, D-B., Coll-Martín, T., Debove, S., Gautreau, G., Han, H.,...Lieberoth, A. (2021). COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak. Scientific Data, 8, 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00784-9
  • Yan, L., Gan, Y., Ding, X., Wu, J. ve Duan, H. (2020). The relationship between perceived stress and emotional distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: Effects of boredom proneness and coping style. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 77, 102328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102328
  • Yang, X., Xiong, Z., Li, Z., Li, X., Xiang, W., Yuan, Y. ve Li, Z. (2020). Perceived psychological stress and associated factors in the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic: Evidence from the general Chinese population. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0243605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243605
  • Ye, Z., Yang, X., Zeng, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X. ve Lin, D. (2020). Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID‐19‐related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(4), 1074-1094. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12211
  • Yuan, G., Xu, W., Liu, Z. ve An, Y. (2018). Resilience, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and posttraumatic growth in Chinese adolescents after a Tornado: The role of mediation through perceived social support. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(2), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000778
  • Zalta, A. K., Tirone, V., Orlowska, D., Blais, R. K., Lofgreen, A., Klassen, B.,...Dent, A. L. (2020). Examining moderators of the relationship between social support and self-reported PTSD symptoms: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(1), 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000316
  • Zhang, S. X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A. ve Wei, F. (2020). Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 228, 112958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112958
  • Zhou, Q., Hu, Z., Bian, G., Yu, H., Li, X., Lu, Y.,...Zhou, D. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial function of general population during the COVID‐19 epidemic in China. Clinical and Translational Medicine, 10(2), e103. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fctm2.103
  • Zickfeld, J. H., Schubert, T. W., Herting, A. K., Grahe, J. ve Faasse, K. (2020). Correlates of health-protective behavior during the initial days of the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 564083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564083
  • Zysberg, L. ve Zisberg, A. (2020). Days of worry: Emotional intelligence and social support mediate worry in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Psychology. Erken görünüm. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1359105320949935
Toplam 209 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Biliş, Bilişsel ve Hesaplamalı Psikoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gülden Sayılan

Gözde İkizer

İlknur Dilekler

Aybegüm Memişoğlu Sanlı 0000-0002-4397-4513

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Şubat 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 93

Kaynak Göster

APA Sayılan, G., İkizer, G., Dilekler, İ., Memişoğlu Sanlı, A. (2024). COVID-19 Salgınında Türkiye’de Stres, Yalnızlık ve Önlemlere Uyum: COVIDiSTRESS Küresel Çalışması Bulguları. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 39(93). https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1351067