Öz
This study evaluates agricultural insurance schemes applied in the world and Turkey. The objective of the study is to determine the position of Turkey among developed countries in the field of agricultural insurance. Insurance schemes are divided into two as traditional insurance products (single peril insurance, named peril insurance and multiple peril insurances) and innovative insurance products (income insurance, yield insurance, whole farm insurance and index insurance). While traditional insurance systems are mostly managed by private insurance companies, innovative insurances are supported by the state because of the high premium cost. It is seen that Japan, Canada, Spain, and China are major countries in terms of premium volume of agricultural insurance after the US, and Argentina and Brazil are also developing countries in the field of agricultural insurance. The premium subsidy of agricultural insurance given to producers is 50% on average in the world. In Turkey, 50% of the insurance premiums are paid by the state for ensuring agricultural production against various risk factors. However, in order to encourage producers, the rates of premium support are increased for the risks of frost and drought, where the total premium amount increases. When the practices in developed and developing countries are compared with those in Turkey in the field of agricultural insurance, it is mostly seen that the risks affecting few producers are covered in Turkey. Efforts and implementations related to the inclusion of systemic risks affecting numerous producers into the existing system have recently begun. The steps taken by Turkey in recent years to improve agricultural insurance are in line with the agricultural insurance practices in the developed countries.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Agricultural Insurance Schemes Traditional Insurance Plans Innovative Insurance Plans Turkey
Kaynakça
- Agroseguro, 2015. Spanish Agricultural Insurance System. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/ documents/386213.%20AGROSEGURO_2.pdf. [Erişim: 15.03.2015]
- Anonymous, 2017. New frontiers in agricultural insurance. http://www.theactuary.com/features/2015/03/new-frontiers-inagriculture/ [Erişim: 19.01.2017]
- Antón, J., Kimura S. and Martini, R. 2011. Risk management in agriculture in Canada. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 40, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kgj0d6189wg-en. [Erişim: 16.02.2015]
- Barnaby, G.A. and J. Skees. 1990. Public policy for catastrophic yield risk: An alternative crop insurance program. Choices, 2nd Quarter: 7-9.
- Barnett, B.J., Roy Black, J., Hu, Y., Skees, J. 2005. Is area yield insurance competitive with farm yield insurance?. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 30(2): 285-301.
- Bielza, M., Stroblmair, J., Gallego, J., Conte, C. and Dittmann, C. 2007. Agricultural risk management in Europe. 101st EAAE S e m i n a r ' M a n a g e m e n t o f C l i m a t e R i s k s i n A g r i c u l t u re ' , B e r l i n , G e r m a n y, J u l y 5 - 6 , 2 0 0 7 . http://mars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mars/Bulletins-Publications/Agricultural-Risk-Management-in-Europe. [Erişim: 17.10.2014]
- Bryla, E., Dana, J., Hess, U. and Varangis, P. 2003. The use of price and weather risk management instruments. Presented at the International Conference: Paving the Way Forward for Rural Finance, June 2-4, Washington DC, USA. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADF005.pdf. [Erişim: 26.10.2014]
- Capitanio, F. 2010. The increase in risk exposure of the European farmers: A comparison between EU and North American tools looking at the CAP post 2013. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2010/438594/IPOLAGRI_ NT%282010%29438594_EN.pdf. [Erişim: 12.03.2015]
- Čolović, V. and Petrović, N.M. 2014. Crop insurance – risks and models of insurance. Economics of Agriculture, 61(3): 561-573.
- Colson, G., Fu, S. and Ramirez, O.A. 2012. Crop insurance saving accounts. Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's 2012 AAEA Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, August 12-14, 2012. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/124739/2/CISA%20Paper%2006-04-2012.pdf. [Erişim: 10.03.2015]
- D e m i r, A . 2 0 0 3 . Ta r ı m s i g o r t a s ı , Ta r ı m s a l E k o n o m i A r a ş t ı r m a E n s t i t ü s ü , S a y ı : 4 , N ü s h a : 2 http://www.tepge.gov.tr/Dosyalar/Yayinlar/df86b2db29a74a07a5ae3783f7ec14bb.pdf. [Erişim: 01.10.2014].
- Dinler, T. 2000. Tarımda risk yönetimi ve Türkiye'de tarım sigortaları uygulamaları, TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası V. Teknik Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı 2.Cilt: 1117-1126, Ankara.
- Drakeford, J.and Benfield, A. 2013. Agricultural insurance a growing class of business. Agricultural Outlook Forum 2013 from United States Department of Agriculture. http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agsusao13/146639.htm. [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- EC, European Commission. 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/insurance/.[Erişim: 15.03.2015]
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011. Agricultural insurance in Asia and the Pacific region. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2344e/i2344e00.pdf. [Erişim: 16.12.2014]
- G u a n z i r o l i , E . C . a n d B a s c o , C . A . 2 0 0 8 . M a n a g i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l i n s u r a n c e i n B r a z i l . http://repiica.iica.int/DOCS/B0724I/B0724I.PDF. [Erişim: 15.10.2014]
- Harwood, J., Heifner, R., Coble, K., Perry, J. and Agapi Somwaru, A. 1999. Managing risk in farming: concepts, research and analysis. In Agricultural Economics Report, No. 774. https://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/sites /agriskmanagementforum.org/files /Documents/managing%20risks%20in%20farming%20USDA_0.pdf. [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- Iturrioz R. and Arias D. 2011. Agricultural insurance in Latin America, developing the market. The World Bank Report No: 6 1 9 6 3 - L A C . http://siteresources.worldbank.org/FINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/Agricultural_insurance_in_LAC_web_FINAL.pdf. [Erişim: 01.10.2014]
- Iturrioz, R. 2009. Agricultrual Insurance. The World Bank Report. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/FINANCIALSECTOR/ Resources/Primer12_Agricultural_Insurance.pdf. [Erişim: 01.10.2015]
- Kang, M.G. 2007. Innovative agricultural insurance products and schemes. FAO: Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Occasional Paper 12. ftp://ftp.fao.org/. [Erişim: 18.02.2015].
- Keskinkılıç, K. 2013. Tarım Sigortacılığı: Dünya ve Türkiye'deki uygulamaların değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, s107, Adana.
- Mahul, O. and Stutley, C.J. 2010a. Government support to agricultural insurance challenges and options for developing countries. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2432. [Erişim: 01.10.2014]
- Mahul, O. and Stutley, C. J. 2010b. Government support to agricultural insurance : Challenges and options for developing countries. Annex E international experiences with agricultural insurance: findings from a World Bank survey of 65 c o u n t r i e s . Wo r l d B a n k . h t t p : / / d o c u m e n t s . w o r l d b a n k . o rg / c u r a t e d / e n / 6 9 8 0 9 1 4 6 8 1 6 3 1 6 0 9 1 3 / p d f / 538810PUB0Gove101Official0Use0Only1.pdf. [Erişim: 15.10.2014]
- Makki, S.S. 2002. Crop insurance: inherent problems and innovative solutions. In Luther Tweeten, L. & Thompson, S.R. eds. Agricultural policy for the 21st century. Iowa State University Press, Ohio, USA: 109-127.
- Prabhakar, S. and Ozawa, N. 2014. Crop insurance performance in Japan: Some preliminary observations. Presented at: Evidence for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Effectiveness of Insurance: Challenges and Opportunities, 4-5 July 2014, Bangi, Malaysia. http://www.iges.or.jp/files/research/naturalresource/ PDF/20140704/4_Crop_insurance_experiences_from_Japan.pdf. [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- Ramirez, O.A. and Colson, G. 2013. Can we do better than crop insurance? The case for farmer owned crop insurance savings a c c o u n t s . C h o i c e s : T h e m a g a z i n e o f f o o d , f a r m , a n d r e s o u r c e i s s u e s . 2 8 ( 3 ) . http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/157776/2/cmsarticle_317.pdf. [Erişim: 08.03.2015]
- Resmi Gazete. 2005. 5363 Sayılı Tarım Sigortaları Kanunu. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/06/20050621-2.htm. [Erişim: 01.05.2017]
- RMA, 2014. United States Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency. http://www.rma.usda.gov. [Erişim: 17.10.2014]
- RMA, 2015. United States Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency. http://www.rma.usda.gov/policies/ [Erişim: 25.02.2016]
- Roberts, M. J., O'Donoghue, E. and Key, N. 2011. Separating moral hazard from adverse selection: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Crop Insurance Program. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~mjrobert/main/Working_Papers_files/moral_hazard_07_ 21_2011.pdf. [Erişim: 12.07.2015] S h i e l d s , D . A . 2 0 1 3 . F e d e r a l c r o p i n s u r a n c e : B a c k g r o u n d . C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e .http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40532.pdf. [Erişim: 25.02.2015]
- Skees, J. 2000. A role for capital markets in natural disasters; A piece of the food security puzzle. Food Policy, 25(3):365-378.
- Skees, J., and M. Reed. 1986. Rate-making for farm-level crop insurance: implications for adverse selection. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68: 653-659.
- Skees, J., Hazell, P. and Miranda, M. 1999. New approaches to crop yield insurance in developing countries. EPTD Discussion Paper No. 55. International Food Policy Research Institute, 27, Washington.
- Skees, J.R. and B.J. Barnett. 1999. Conceptual and practical considerations for sharing castrophic/systemic Risks. Rev. Agr. Econ., 21:424-441.
- Smith, V. H. and Glauber, J. W. 2012. Agricultural insurance in developed countries: Where have we been and where are we going?. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 34(3):363-390. TARSİM. 2015. Devlet destekli tarım sigortaları sistemi - Temel bilgiler ve kurumsal yapı.https://web.tarsim.gov.tr/havuz/ [Erişim: 08.06.2015]
- Tümtaş, H. 2007. Tarım sigortaları havuzu modelinin geleceği, Yüksek lisans tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, 152, İstanbul.
- WB, The World Bank. 2007. China: Innovations in agricultural ınsurance-promoting access to agricultural insurance for small farmers. Sustainable Development, East Asia & Pacific Region Finance and Private Sector Development. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12401/686070v10ESW0P0Ag0Ins000Main0Report.pdf?s equence=1 [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- WFP and IFAD 2011. Weather index-based insurance in agricultural development a technical guide. http://www.ifad.org/ruralfinance/pub/WII_tech_guide.pdf. [Erişim: 11.02.2015]
- Wright, B.D., Hewitt, J.A. 1994. All risk crop insurance: Lessons from theory and experience. Economics of Agricultural Crop Insurance: Theory and Evidence. Kluwer Academic Publications: 73-109. Boston.
Öz
Bu çalışmada dünyada ve Türkiye'de uygulanan tarım sigortası sistemleri incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'nin tarım sigortası alanında gelişmiş ülkeler karşısındaki konumunu tespit etmektir. Sigorta sistemleri geleneksel sigortalar (tek risk sigortası, adlandırılmış risk sigortası ve çoklu risk sigortaları) ve yenilikçi sigortalar (gelir, verim, tüm çiftlik ve indeks sigortaları) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Geleneksel sistemler daha çok özel sigorta şirketleri tarafından yönetilmekteyken, prim maliyetinin yüksek olması nedeniyle yenilikçi sigortalar devlet tarafından desteklenmektedir. Tarım sigortası prim hacmi bakımından ABD'den sonra Japonya, Kanada, İspanya ve Çin'in tarım sigortası sağlayan önemli ülkeler olduğu, Arjantin ve Brezilya'nın da tarım sigortası alanında gelişmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Dünyada ortalama olarak tarım sigortasına verilen prim desteği %50'dir. Türkiye'de tarımsal üretimlerini çeşitli risk faktörlerine karşı sigortalatan üreticilerin sigorta prim bedelinin %50'si devlet tarafından ödenmektedir. Ancak prim miktarının yükseldiği don ve kuraklık risklerinde üreticileri teşvik etmek amacıyla prim miktarına verilen destek yükselmektedir. Türkiye ile tarım sigortası alanında gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin uygulamaları kıyaslandığında Türkiye'de az sayıda üreticiyi etkileyen risklerin kapsam altına alındığı görülmektedir. Birçok üreticiyi etkileyen sistemik risklerin kapsama alınması ile ilgili çalışmalar ve uygulamalar ise son dönemde başlamıştır. Türkiye'nin son dönemlerde tarım sigortasını geliştirmek için attığı adımlar tarım sigortası alanında gelişmiş ülkeleri takip eder niteliktedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tarım Sigortası Sistemleri Geleneksel Sigorta Ürünleri Yenilikçi Sigorta Ürünleri Türkiye
Kaynakça
- Agroseguro, 2015. Spanish Agricultural Insurance System. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/ documents/386213.%20AGROSEGURO_2.pdf. [Erişim: 15.03.2015]
- Anonymous, 2017. New frontiers in agricultural insurance. http://www.theactuary.com/features/2015/03/new-frontiers-inagriculture/ [Erişim: 19.01.2017]
- Antón, J., Kimura S. and Martini, R. 2011. Risk management in agriculture in Canada. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 40, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kgj0d6189wg-en. [Erişim: 16.02.2015]
- Barnaby, G.A. and J. Skees. 1990. Public policy for catastrophic yield risk: An alternative crop insurance program. Choices, 2nd Quarter: 7-9.
- Barnett, B.J., Roy Black, J., Hu, Y., Skees, J. 2005. Is area yield insurance competitive with farm yield insurance?. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 30(2): 285-301.
- Bielza, M., Stroblmair, J., Gallego, J., Conte, C. and Dittmann, C. 2007. Agricultural risk management in Europe. 101st EAAE S e m i n a r ' M a n a g e m e n t o f C l i m a t e R i s k s i n A g r i c u l t u re ' , B e r l i n , G e r m a n y, J u l y 5 - 6 , 2 0 0 7 . http://mars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mars/Bulletins-Publications/Agricultural-Risk-Management-in-Europe. [Erişim: 17.10.2014]
- Bryla, E., Dana, J., Hess, U. and Varangis, P. 2003. The use of price and weather risk management instruments. Presented at the International Conference: Paving the Way Forward for Rural Finance, June 2-4, Washington DC, USA. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADF005.pdf. [Erişim: 26.10.2014]
- Capitanio, F. 2010. The increase in risk exposure of the European farmers: A comparison between EU and North American tools looking at the CAP post 2013. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2010/438594/IPOLAGRI_ NT%282010%29438594_EN.pdf. [Erişim: 12.03.2015]
- Čolović, V. and Petrović, N.M. 2014. Crop insurance – risks and models of insurance. Economics of Agriculture, 61(3): 561-573.
- Colson, G., Fu, S. and Ramirez, O.A. 2012. Crop insurance saving accounts. Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's 2012 AAEA Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, August 12-14, 2012. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/124739/2/CISA%20Paper%2006-04-2012.pdf. [Erişim: 10.03.2015]
- D e m i r, A . 2 0 0 3 . Ta r ı m s i g o r t a s ı , Ta r ı m s a l E k o n o m i A r a ş t ı r m a E n s t i t ü s ü , S a y ı : 4 , N ü s h a : 2 http://www.tepge.gov.tr/Dosyalar/Yayinlar/df86b2db29a74a07a5ae3783f7ec14bb.pdf. [Erişim: 01.10.2014].
- Dinler, T. 2000. Tarımda risk yönetimi ve Türkiye'de tarım sigortaları uygulamaları, TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası V. Teknik Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı 2.Cilt: 1117-1126, Ankara.
- Drakeford, J.and Benfield, A. 2013. Agricultural insurance a growing class of business. Agricultural Outlook Forum 2013 from United States Department of Agriculture. http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agsusao13/146639.htm. [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- EC, European Commission. 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/insurance/.[Erişim: 15.03.2015]
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011. Agricultural insurance in Asia and the Pacific region. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2344e/i2344e00.pdf. [Erişim: 16.12.2014]
- G u a n z i r o l i , E . C . a n d B a s c o , C . A . 2 0 0 8 . M a n a g i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l i n s u r a n c e i n B r a z i l . http://repiica.iica.int/DOCS/B0724I/B0724I.PDF. [Erişim: 15.10.2014]
- Harwood, J., Heifner, R., Coble, K., Perry, J. and Agapi Somwaru, A. 1999. Managing risk in farming: concepts, research and analysis. In Agricultural Economics Report, No. 774. https://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/sites /agriskmanagementforum.org/files /Documents/managing%20risks%20in%20farming%20USDA_0.pdf. [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- Iturrioz R. and Arias D. 2011. Agricultural insurance in Latin America, developing the market. The World Bank Report No: 6 1 9 6 3 - L A C . http://siteresources.worldbank.org/FINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/Agricultural_insurance_in_LAC_web_FINAL.pdf. [Erişim: 01.10.2014]
- Iturrioz, R. 2009. Agricultrual Insurance. The World Bank Report. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/FINANCIALSECTOR/ Resources/Primer12_Agricultural_Insurance.pdf. [Erişim: 01.10.2015]
- Kang, M.G. 2007. Innovative agricultural insurance products and schemes. FAO: Agricultural Management, Marketing and Finance Occasional Paper 12. ftp://ftp.fao.org/. [Erişim: 18.02.2015].
- Keskinkılıç, K. 2013. Tarım Sigortacılığı: Dünya ve Türkiye'deki uygulamaların değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, s107, Adana.
- Mahul, O. and Stutley, C.J. 2010a. Government support to agricultural insurance challenges and options for developing countries. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2432. [Erişim: 01.10.2014]
- Mahul, O. and Stutley, C. J. 2010b. Government support to agricultural insurance : Challenges and options for developing countries. Annex E international experiences with agricultural insurance: findings from a World Bank survey of 65 c o u n t r i e s . Wo r l d B a n k . h t t p : / / d o c u m e n t s . w o r l d b a n k . o rg / c u r a t e d / e n / 6 9 8 0 9 1 4 6 8 1 6 3 1 6 0 9 1 3 / p d f / 538810PUB0Gove101Official0Use0Only1.pdf. [Erişim: 15.10.2014]
- Makki, S.S. 2002. Crop insurance: inherent problems and innovative solutions. In Luther Tweeten, L. & Thompson, S.R. eds. Agricultural policy for the 21st century. Iowa State University Press, Ohio, USA: 109-127.
- Prabhakar, S. and Ozawa, N. 2014. Crop insurance performance in Japan: Some preliminary observations. Presented at: Evidence for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Effectiveness of Insurance: Challenges and Opportunities, 4-5 July 2014, Bangi, Malaysia. http://www.iges.or.jp/files/research/naturalresource/ PDF/20140704/4_Crop_insurance_experiences_from_Japan.pdf. [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- Ramirez, O.A. and Colson, G. 2013. Can we do better than crop insurance? The case for farmer owned crop insurance savings a c c o u n t s . C h o i c e s : T h e m a g a z i n e o f f o o d , f a r m , a n d r e s o u r c e i s s u e s . 2 8 ( 3 ) . http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/157776/2/cmsarticle_317.pdf. [Erişim: 08.03.2015]
- Resmi Gazete. 2005. 5363 Sayılı Tarım Sigortaları Kanunu. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/06/20050621-2.htm. [Erişim: 01.05.2017]
- RMA, 2014. United States Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency. http://www.rma.usda.gov. [Erişim: 17.10.2014]
- RMA, 2015. United States Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency. http://www.rma.usda.gov/policies/ [Erişim: 25.02.2016]
- Roberts, M. J., O'Donoghue, E. and Key, N. 2011. Separating moral hazard from adverse selection: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Crop Insurance Program. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~mjrobert/main/Working_Papers_files/moral_hazard_07_ 21_2011.pdf. [Erişim: 12.07.2015] S h i e l d s , D . A . 2 0 1 3 . F e d e r a l c r o p i n s u r a n c e : B a c k g r o u n d . C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e .http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40532.pdf. [Erişim: 25.02.2015]
- Skees, J. 2000. A role for capital markets in natural disasters; A piece of the food security puzzle. Food Policy, 25(3):365-378.
- Skees, J., and M. Reed. 1986. Rate-making for farm-level crop insurance: implications for adverse selection. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68: 653-659.
- Skees, J., Hazell, P. and Miranda, M. 1999. New approaches to crop yield insurance in developing countries. EPTD Discussion Paper No. 55. International Food Policy Research Institute, 27, Washington.
- Skees, J.R. and B.J. Barnett. 1999. Conceptual and practical considerations for sharing castrophic/systemic Risks. Rev. Agr. Econ., 21:424-441.
- Smith, V. H. and Glauber, J. W. 2012. Agricultural insurance in developed countries: Where have we been and where are we going?. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 34(3):363-390. TARSİM. 2015. Devlet destekli tarım sigortaları sistemi - Temel bilgiler ve kurumsal yapı.https://web.tarsim.gov.tr/havuz/ [Erişim: 08.06.2015]
- Tümtaş, H. 2007. Tarım sigortaları havuzu modelinin geleceği, Yüksek lisans tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi, 152, İstanbul.
- WB, The World Bank. 2007. China: Innovations in agricultural ınsurance-promoting access to agricultural insurance for small farmers. Sustainable Development, East Asia & Pacific Region Finance and Private Sector Development. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12401/686070v10ESW0P0Ag0Ins000Main0Report.pdf?s equence=1 [Erişim: 16.03.2015]
- WFP and IFAD 2011. Weather index-based insurance in agricultural development a technical guide. http://www.ifad.org/ruralfinance/pub/WII_tech_guide.pdf. [Erişim: 11.02.2015]
- Wright, B.D., Hewitt, J.A. 1994. All risk crop insurance: Lessons from theory and experience. Economics of Agricultural Crop Insurance: Theory and Evidence. Kluwer Academic Publications: 73-109. Boston.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Araştıma |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2017 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 25 Eylül 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2 |