Araştırma Makalesi
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Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 57, 385 - 400, 26.07.2023

Gül Güney

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türk imalat sanayinde Ar-Ge işgücü ile firma verimliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Analizlerde kullanılan veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’ndan alınmıştır. 2009-2015 dönemini kapsayan veriler “Yıllık Sanayi ve Hizmet İstatistikleri Mikro Veri Seti” ve “Mali ve Mali Olmayan Şirketler Araştırma ve Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması Mikro Veri Seti”nden elde edilmiştir. Analizlerde Rassal Etkiler Modeli ve Sistem GMM kullanılarak, Ar-Ge işgücünün verimlik üzerindeki etkisi yanında Ar-Ge sermaye stokunun verimlilik üzerindeki etkisi de araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, Ar-Ge işgücünün ve Ar-Ge sermaye stokunun katma değeri pozitif yönde etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ar-Ge İşgücü Ar-Ge Sermaye Stoku Verimlilik Türk İmalat Sanayi

Destekleyen Kurum

Bartın Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi

Proje Numarası

2019-SOS-A-003

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Bartın Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2019-SOS-A-003 nolu proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki tüm analizler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) Ankara VAM ve Zonguldak VAM'da yapılmıştır. Firma düzeyinde veri sağladığı için TÜİK'e ve destekleri için TÜİK personeline teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. & P. Howitt (1992), “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”, Econometrica, 60, 323-351.
  • Aiello, F. & P. Cardamone (2005), “R&D Spillovers and Productivity Growth: Evidence From Italian Manufacturing Microdata”, Applied Economics Letters, 12(10), 625-631.
  • Aldieri, L. et al. (2008), “Micro Evidence of the Effects of R&D on Labour Productivity for Large International R&D Firms”, International Journal of Manpower, 29(3), 198-215.
  • Alper, A.E. (2018), “Türkiye’de Patent, Ar-Ge Harcamaları, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Bayer-Hanck Eş Bütünleşme Analizi”, ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic and Social Studies), (No. 3), <http://registericpess.org/index.php/ICPESS/article/view/2157>, 29.05.2022.
  • Audretsch, D.B. & M. Belitski (2020), “The Role of R&D and Knowledge Spillovers in Innovation and Productivity”, European Economic Review, 123, 103391, 1-24.
  • Ballot, G. et al. (2006), “Who Benefits from Training and R&D: The Firm or the Workers?”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(3), 473-495.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley and Sons.
  • Bayraktutan, Y. & F. Kethudaoğlu (2017), “Ar-Ge ve İktisadi Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Örneği”, Journal of International Social Research, 10(53), 679-694.
  • Bell, A. & K. Jones (2015), “Explaining Fixed Effects: Random Effects Modeling of Time-Series Cross-Sectional and Panel Data”, Political Science Research and Methods, 3(1), 133-153.
  • Blanchard, P. et al. (2005), “R&D and Productivity in Corporate Groups: An Empirical Investigation Using A Panel of French Firms”, Ann. Econ.Stat./Annales d’Économie et de Statistique, No. 79/80, 461-485.
  • Blundell, R. & S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
  • Bor, Y.J. et al. (2010), “A Dynamic General Equilibrium Model for Public R&D Investment in Taiwan”, Economic Modelling, 27(1), 171-183.
  • Cardamone, P. (2017), “A Spatial Analysis of the R&D‐Productivity Nexus at Firm Level”, Growth and Change, 48(3), 313-335.
  • Castellani, D. et al. (2017), “Multinationality, R&D and Productivity: Evidence from the Top R&D Investors Worldwide”, International Business Review, 26(3), 405-416.
  • Castellani, D. et al. (2019), “R&D and Productivity in the US and the EU: Sectoral Specificities and Differences in the Crisis”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 279-291.
  • Czarnitzki, D. & S. Thorwarth (2012), “Productivity Effects of Basic Research in Low-tech and High-tech Industries”, Research Policy, 41(9), 1555-1564.
  • Demir, A.Z. & F. Alpaslan (2016), “Ar-Ge ve Yeniliğin Finansal Performans ve İstihdam Üzerine Etkileri”, Journal of International Social Research, 9(47), 777-785.
  • Dougherty, S.M. et al. (2002), Performing Research and Development Abroad: International Comparisons of Costs and Value, <http://sean.dougherty.org/econ/papers/rd_ir.pdf>, 22.01.2019.
  • Edquist, H. & M. Henrekson (2017), “Swedish Lessons: How Important are ICT and R&D to Economic Growth?”, Structural Change And Economic Dynamics, 42, 1-12.
  • Fındık, D. & A. Tansel (2015), “Intangible Investment and Technical Efficiency: The Case of Software-Intensive Manufacturing Firms in Turkey”, Working Paper, No.1511, Koç University-TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum (ERF), İstanbul, <https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/129359>, 14.04.2022.
  • Fikirli, Ö. & A.K. Çetin (2015), “Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 4(2), 147-166.
  • Greene, W.H. (2000), Econometric Analysis, 4th Edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc.
  • Griliches, Z. (1973), “Research Expenditures and Growth Accounting”, in: B.R. Williams (ed.), Science and Technology in Economic Growth (59-95), Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979), “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”, Bell Journal of Economics, 10 (1), 92-116.
  • Griliches, Z. (1995), “R&D and Productivity: Econometric Results and Measurement Issues”, in: P. Stoneman (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change (52-89), Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
  • Griliches, Z. (2000), R&D, Education, and Productivity: A Retrospective, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Grossman, G. & E. Helpman (1991), “Quality Ladders in The Theory of Economic Growth”, Review of Economic Studies, 58, 43-61.
  • Gujarati, D.N. & D.C. Porter (2009), Basic Econometrics, (5th), New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hall, B.H. & J. Mairesse (1995), “Exploring the Relationship Between R&D and Productivity in French Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of Econometrics, 65, 263-293.
  • Hall, B.H. et al. (2010), “Measuring the Returns to R&D”, in: B.H. Hall & N. Rosenberg (eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation (1033-1082), North-Holland: Elsevier.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003), Analysis of Panel Data (No. 34), 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Işık, N. & E.C. Kılınç (2011), “Bölgesel Kalkınmada Ar‐Ge ve İnovasyonun Önemi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 9-54.
  • Kafouros, M.I. (2005), “R&D and Productivity Growth: Evidence from the UK”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 14(6), 479-497.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y. & U. Aytun (2016), “Ar-Ge ve Yenilik ve Verimlilik”, içinde: İ.S. Akçomak vd. (eds.), Bilim, Teknoloji ve Yenilik Kavramlar, Kuramlar ve Politika, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1. Baskı, 275-295.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y. et al. (2017), “Impact of ICT on the Productivity of the Firm: Evidence from Turkish Manufacturing”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 47(3), 277-289.
  • Korkmaz, S. (2010), “Türkiye’de Ar-Ge Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Var Modeli ile Analizi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 5(20), 3320-3330.
  • Lefebvre, E. et al. (1998), “R&D-Related Capabilities as Determinants of Export Performance”, Small Business Economics, 10(4), 365-377.
  • Lenger, A. & E. Taymaz (2006), “To Innovate or to Transfer?”, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16(1-2), 137-153.
  • Mairesse, J. & M. Sassenou (1991), “R&D and Productivity: A Survey of Econometric Studies at the Firm Level”, NBER Working Paper, 3666, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. <https://www.nber.org/papers/w3666>, 02.03.2022.
  • O’Mahony, M. & M. Vecchi (2009), “R&D, Knowledge Spillovers and Company Productivity Performance”, Research Policy, 38(1), 35-44.
  • Onyekwere, S.C. (2019), “The Impact of Research and Development (R&D) Expenditure on Productivity Growth: A Panel Data Evidence from the UK Manufacturing Sector”, Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 6(2), 205-215.
  • Ortega-Argilés, R. et al. (2010), “Is Corporate R&D Investment in High‐tech Sectors More Effective?”, Contemporary Economic Policy, 28(3), 353-365.
  • Ortega-Argilés, R. et al. (2015), “The Productivity Impact of R&D Investment: Are High-tech Sectors Still Ahead?”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 24(3), 204-222.
  • Pakes, A. & Z. Griliches (1980), “Patents and R&D at the Firm Level: A First Report”, Economics Letters, 5(4), 377-381.
  • Romer, P. (1986), “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1002-37.
  • Romer, P. (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102.
  • Roodman, D. (2006), “How to Do xtabond2”, North American Stata Users' Group Meetings 2006 (No. 8). Stata Users Group, <http://repec.org/nasug2006/howtodoxtabond2.cgdev.pdf>, 07.03.2022.
  • Smith, V. et al. (2004), “R&D and Productivity in Danish Firms: Some Empirical Evidence”, Applied Economics, 36(16), 1797-1806.
  • Solow, R. (1956), “Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94.
  • Solow, R. (1957), “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 39, 312-320.
  • Sungur, O. vd. (2016), “Türkiye’de Ar-Ge, İnovasyon, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Asimetrik Nedensellik Analizi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 173-192.
  • Şahbaz, A. vd. (2014), “Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve İleri Teknoloji Mal İhracatı İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi”, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(1), 47-60.
  • Taymaz, E. vd. (2008), “Türkiye Yapısal Dönüşüm, Üretkenlik ve Teknolojik Değişme Dinamikleri”, Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics, 8(04), <https://erc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/menu/series08/0804.pdf>, 07.01.2022.
  • Tezcan, M. (2013), “Türkiye ve Rusya Yükseköğretimindeki Araştırma ve Deneysel Geliştirme Faaliyetleri”, International Conference On Eurasian Economies, 832-839, <https://www.avekon.org/papers/755.pdf>, 11.08.2022.
  • TÜİK (2022), Mali ve Mali Olmayan Şirketler Araştırma ve Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması Mikro Veri Seti, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara.
  • TÜİK (2022), Yıllık Sanayi ve Hizmet İstatistikleri Mikro Veri Seti, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Uçak, S. vd. (2018), “Türkiye'de Ar-Ge Harcamaları-Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Yöntemi”, Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences/Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 129-160.
  • Ülkü, H. & M.T. Pamukçu (2015), “The Impact of R&D and Knowledge Diffusion on the Productivity of Manufacturing Firms in Turkey”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 44(1), 79-95.
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2009), “On Estimating Firm-Level Production Functions Using Proxy Variables to Control for Unobservable”, Economics Letters, 104(3), 112-114.
  • Yıldırım, E. & F. Kesikoğlu (2012), “Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile İhracat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri: Türkiye Örneğinde Panel Nedensellik Testi Kanıtları”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1), 165-180.

The Effect of R&D Personnel on Firm Productivity: The Example of the Turkish Manufacturing Industry

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 57, 385 - 400, 26.07.2023

Gül Güney

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18

Öz

This study aims to reveal the relationship between R&D labour and firm productivity in the Turkish manufacturing industry. The data used in the analyses is obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The data covering 2009-2015 is derived from “The Annual Industry and Service Statistics Micro Data Set” and “The Financial and Non-Financial Corporations Research and Development Activities Survey Micro Data Set.” Using Random Effects Model and System GMM in the analyses, along with the effect of R&D labour on productivity, the impact of R&D capital stock on productivity is also examined. As a result of the study, it is concluded that R&D labour and R&D capital stock positively affect the value added.

Anahtar Kelimeler

R&D Labour R&D Capital Stock Productivity Turkish Manufacturing Industry

Proje Numarası

2019-SOS-A-003

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. & P. Howitt (1992), “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”, Econometrica, 60, 323-351.
  • Aiello, F. & P. Cardamone (2005), “R&D Spillovers and Productivity Growth: Evidence From Italian Manufacturing Microdata”, Applied Economics Letters, 12(10), 625-631.
  • Aldieri, L. et al. (2008), “Micro Evidence of the Effects of R&D on Labour Productivity for Large International R&D Firms”, International Journal of Manpower, 29(3), 198-215.
  • Alper, A.E. (2018), “Türkiye’de Patent, Ar-Ge Harcamaları, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Bayer-Hanck Eş Bütünleşme Analizi”, ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic and Social Studies), (No. 3), <http://registericpess.org/index.php/ICPESS/article/view/2157>, 29.05.2022.
  • Audretsch, D.B. & M. Belitski (2020), “The Role of R&D and Knowledge Spillovers in Innovation and Productivity”, European Economic Review, 123, 103391, 1-24.
  • Ballot, G. et al. (2006), “Who Benefits from Training and R&D: The Firm or the Workers?”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(3), 473-495.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley and Sons.
  • Bayraktutan, Y. & F. Kethudaoğlu (2017), “Ar-Ge ve İktisadi Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Örneği”, Journal of International Social Research, 10(53), 679-694.
  • Bell, A. & K. Jones (2015), “Explaining Fixed Effects: Random Effects Modeling of Time-Series Cross-Sectional and Panel Data”, Political Science Research and Methods, 3(1), 133-153.
  • Blanchard, P. et al. (2005), “R&D and Productivity in Corporate Groups: An Empirical Investigation Using A Panel of French Firms”, Ann. Econ.Stat./Annales d’Économie et de Statistique, No. 79/80, 461-485.
  • Blundell, R. & S. Bond (1998), “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
  • Bor, Y.J. et al. (2010), “A Dynamic General Equilibrium Model for Public R&D Investment in Taiwan”, Economic Modelling, 27(1), 171-183.
  • Cardamone, P. (2017), “A Spatial Analysis of the R&D‐Productivity Nexus at Firm Level”, Growth and Change, 48(3), 313-335.
  • Castellani, D. et al. (2017), “Multinationality, R&D and Productivity: Evidence from the Top R&D Investors Worldwide”, International Business Review, 26(3), 405-416.
  • Castellani, D. et al. (2019), “R&D and Productivity in the US and the EU: Sectoral Specificities and Differences in the Crisis”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 279-291.
  • Czarnitzki, D. & S. Thorwarth (2012), “Productivity Effects of Basic Research in Low-tech and High-tech Industries”, Research Policy, 41(9), 1555-1564.
  • Demir, A.Z. & F. Alpaslan (2016), “Ar-Ge ve Yeniliğin Finansal Performans ve İstihdam Üzerine Etkileri”, Journal of International Social Research, 9(47), 777-785.
  • Dougherty, S.M. et al. (2002), Performing Research and Development Abroad: International Comparisons of Costs and Value, <http://sean.dougherty.org/econ/papers/rd_ir.pdf>, 22.01.2019.
  • Edquist, H. & M. Henrekson (2017), “Swedish Lessons: How Important are ICT and R&D to Economic Growth?”, Structural Change And Economic Dynamics, 42, 1-12.
  • Fındık, D. & A. Tansel (2015), “Intangible Investment and Technical Efficiency: The Case of Software-Intensive Manufacturing Firms in Turkey”, Working Paper, No.1511, Koç University-TÜSİAD Economic Research Forum (ERF), İstanbul, <https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/129359>, 14.04.2022.
  • Fikirli, Ö. & A.K. Çetin (2015), “Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 4(2), 147-166.
  • Greene, W.H. (2000), Econometric Analysis, 4th Edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc.
  • Griliches, Z. (1973), “Research Expenditures and Growth Accounting”, in: B.R. Williams (ed.), Science and Technology in Economic Growth (59-95), Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979), “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”, Bell Journal of Economics, 10 (1), 92-116.
  • Griliches, Z. (1995), “R&D and Productivity: Econometric Results and Measurement Issues”, in: P. Stoneman (ed.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change (52-89), Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
  • Griliches, Z. (2000), R&D, Education, and Productivity: A Retrospective, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Grossman, G. & E. Helpman (1991), “Quality Ladders in The Theory of Economic Growth”, Review of Economic Studies, 58, 43-61.
  • Gujarati, D.N. & D.C. Porter (2009), Basic Econometrics, (5th), New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hall, B.H. & J. Mairesse (1995), “Exploring the Relationship Between R&D and Productivity in French Manufacturing Firms”, Journal of Econometrics, 65, 263-293.
  • Hall, B.H. et al. (2010), “Measuring the Returns to R&D”, in: B.H. Hall & N. Rosenberg (eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation (1033-1082), North-Holland: Elsevier.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003), Analysis of Panel Data (No. 34), 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Işık, N. & E.C. Kılınç (2011), “Bölgesel Kalkınmada Ar‐Ge ve İnovasyonun Önemi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 9-54.
  • Kafouros, M.I. (2005), “R&D and Productivity Growth: Evidence from the UK”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 14(6), 479-497.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y. & U. Aytun (2016), “Ar-Ge ve Yenilik ve Verimlilik”, içinde: İ.S. Akçomak vd. (eds.), Bilim, Teknoloji ve Yenilik Kavramlar, Kuramlar ve Politika, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1. Baskı, 275-295.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y. et al. (2017), “Impact of ICT on the Productivity of the Firm: Evidence from Turkish Manufacturing”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 47(3), 277-289.
  • Korkmaz, S. (2010), “Türkiye’de Ar-Ge Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Var Modeli ile Analizi”, Journal of Yaşar University, 5(20), 3320-3330.
  • Lefebvre, E. et al. (1998), “R&D-Related Capabilities as Determinants of Export Performance”, Small Business Economics, 10(4), 365-377.
  • Lenger, A. & E. Taymaz (2006), “To Innovate or to Transfer?”, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16(1-2), 137-153.
  • Mairesse, J. & M. Sassenou (1991), “R&D and Productivity: A Survey of Econometric Studies at the Firm Level”, NBER Working Paper, 3666, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. <https://www.nber.org/papers/w3666>, 02.03.2022.
  • O’Mahony, M. & M. Vecchi (2009), “R&D, Knowledge Spillovers and Company Productivity Performance”, Research Policy, 38(1), 35-44.
  • Onyekwere, S.C. (2019), “The Impact of Research and Development (R&D) Expenditure on Productivity Growth: A Panel Data Evidence from the UK Manufacturing Sector”, Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 6(2), 205-215.
  • Ortega-Argilés, R. et al. (2010), “Is Corporate R&D Investment in High‐tech Sectors More Effective?”, Contemporary Economic Policy, 28(3), 353-365.
  • Ortega-Argilés, R. et al. (2015), “The Productivity Impact of R&D Investment: Are High-tech Sectors Still Ahead?”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 24(3), 204-222.
  • Pakes, A. & Z. Griliches (1980), “Patents and R&D at the Firm Level: A First Report”, Economics Letters, 5(4), 377-381.
  • Romer, P. (1986), “Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth”, Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1002-37.
  • Romer, P. (1990), “Endogenous Technological Change”, Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), 71-102.
  • Roodman, D. (2006), “How to Do xtabond2”, North American Stata Users' Group Meetings 2006 (No. 8). Stata Users Group, <http://repec.org/nasug2006/howtodoxtabond2.cgdev.pdf>, 07.03.2022.
  • Smith, V. et al. (2004), “R&D and Productivity in Danish Firms: Some Empirical Evidence”, Applied Economics, 36(16), 1797-1806.
  • Solow, R. (1956), “Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94.
  • Solow, R. (1957), “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 39, 312-320.
  • Sungur, O. vd. (2016), “Türkiye’de Ar-Ge, İnovasyon, İhracat ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Asimetrik Nedensellik Analizi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 173-192.
  • Şahbaz, A. vd. (2014), “Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve İleri Teknoloji Mal İhracatı İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi”, Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(1), 47-60.
  • Taymaz, E. vd. (2008), “Türkiye Yapısal Dönüşüm, Üretkenlik ve Teknolojik Değişme Dinamikleri”, Economic Research Center Working Papers in Economics, 8(04), <https://erc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/menu/series08/0804.pdf>, 07.01.2022.
  • Tezcan, M. (2013), “Türkiye ve Rusya Yükseköğretimindeki Araştırma ve Deneysel Geliştirme Faaliyetleri”, International Conference On Eurasian Economies, 832-839, <https://www.avekon.org/papers/755.pdf>, 11.08.2022.
  • TÜİK (2022), Mali ve Mali Olmayan Şirketler Araştırma ve Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması Mikro Veri Seti, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara.
  • TÜİK (2022), Yıllık Sanayi ve Hizmet İstatistikleri Mikro Veri Seti, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara.
  • Uçak, S. vd. (2018), “Türkiye'de Ar-Ge Harcamaları-Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Yöntemi”, Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences/Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 129-160.
  • Ülkü, H. & M.T. Pamukçu (2015), “The Impact of R&D and Knowledge Diffusion on the Productivity of Manufacturing Firms in Turkey”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 44(1), 79-95.
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2009), “On Estimating Firm-Level Production Functions Using Proxy Variables to Control for Unobservable”, Economics Letters, 104(3), 112-114.
  • Yıldırım, E. & F. Kesikoğlu (2012), “Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile İhracat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri: Türkiye Örneğinde Panel Nedensellik Testi Kanıtları”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 32(1), 165-180.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gül Güney 0000-0003-4915-4628

Proje Numarası 2019-SOS-A-003
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 57

Kaynak Göster

APA Güney, G. (2023). Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 31(57), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18
AMA Güney G. Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği. Sosyoekonomi. Temmuz 2023;31(57):385-400. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18
Chicago Güney, Gül. “Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği”. Sosyoekonomi 31, sy. 57 (Temmuz 2023): 385-400. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18.
EndNote Güney G (01 Temmuz 2023) Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği. Sosyoekonomi 31 57 385–400.
IEEE G. Güney, “Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 31, sy. 57, ss. 385–400, 2023, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18.
ISNAD Güney, Gül. “Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği”. Sosyoekonomi 31/57 (Temmuz 2023), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18.
JAMA Güney G. Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31:385–400.
MLA Güney, Gül. “Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 31, sy. 57, 2023, ss. 385-00, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.03.18.
Vancouver Güney G. Ar-Ge Personelinin Firma Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türk İmalat Sanayi Örneği. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31(57):385-400.
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