Öz
Amaç
Amiodaron (AD), benzofuran türevi, yapısal olarak
tiroksine benzeyen lipofilik bir anti-aritmik ajandır.
Waughn-Williams ilaç sınıflandırma sisteminde, sınıf
III potasyum kanal blokeri olarak ventriküler taşikardi
tiplerine ve atriyal fibrilasyona karşı kullanılan ilaçlardan
biridir. Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) dünyada
Avrasya ve Kuzey Afrika’da ormanların çevresinde ve
yurdumuzda en yaygın olarak Kayseri ilinde bulunan
ve tıbbi kullanış amacına sahip olan kırmızı, üzümsü,
bir meyvedir. Gilaburu (GL) içerdiği organik asitlerle,
fenolik bileşiklerle, çeşitli aminoasitlerle, vitaminlerle
yüksek anti-oksidatif, anti-proliferatif, anti-inflamatuvar
etkinliğinin olduğu birçok çalışmada gösterilmiştir.
Çalışmamızda; amiodaronun rat akciğer dokusu üzerinde
oluşturduğu toksisite üzerine gilaburunun koruyucu
etkinliğinin olup olmadığını incelemeyi amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Çalışmada 32 adet 300-350 gr ağırlığında erkek Wistar
cinsi rat rastgele seçilerek, Kontrol, AD verilen
grup, AD+GL verilen grup, GL verilen grup şeklinde 4
gruba ayrılmıştır. Deneyde 10 gün süre boyunca ratlara
ip olarak 100 mg/kg AD, oral gavaj yoluyla 100 mg/
kg gilaburu toz meyve ekstraktı serum fizyolojik içinde
çözdürülerek verilmiştir. Deney sonunda akciğer dokuları
alınarak immonuhistokimyasal ve histokimyasal
tekniklerle incelenmiştir.
Bulgular
Yapılan histokimyasal incelemelerde AD grubuna ait
akciğer dokularında oluşan hasarlanmaya karşın,
kombine grupta hasarın azaldığı gözlendi. İmmunohistokimyasal
boyama (TNF-α ve iNOS) sonucunda
da AD grubunda boyanmanın fazla, kombine grupta
boyanmanın daha az olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Sonuç
Sonuç olarak Amiodaronun oluşturduğu akciğer hasarına
karşı gilaburunun koruyucu etkisinin olduğunu
düşünmekteyiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Amiodaron Amiodaron Toksisitesi Akciğer Toksisitesi Viburnum opulus L.
Kaynakça
- 1. Roden DM, Darbar D, Kannankeril PJ. Antiarrhythmic Drugs. In: Cardiovascular Medicine,Willerson JT, Wellens HJJ, Cohn JN, Holmes DR. (eds) . London; Springer, 2007; p.2085-2100
- 2. Sivritepe R, Uçak Basat S, Yiğit E, Aktaş HŞ. Amiodaron Kullanımına Bağlı Gelişen Hipotiroidi Tablosu” Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 2018; 10(2):253-255.
- 3. Basaria S, Cooper DS. Amiodarone and the thyroid. The American journal of medicine 2005;118(7):706-14.
- 4. Abbott GW, Levi R. Antiarrhythmic Drugs. In: Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. Elsevier, 2013; p.426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ B978-1-4377-1679-5.00024-7.
- 5. Sevinç C. İlaçlara Bağlı Akciğer Toksisitesi. 10. Ulusal İç Hastalıkları Kongresi. Antalya, Türkiye; p.130-135, 2008.
- 6. Turk U, Turk BG, Yılmaz SG, Tuncer E, Alioğlu E, Dereli T. Amiodarone-induced multiorgan toxicity with ocular findings on confocal microscopy. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015; 22(2):258-60.
- 7. Nagarakanti R, Ezekowitz M. Diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2008; 22(2):111-118.
- 8. Polka D, Podsędek A, Koziołkiewicz M. Comparison of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruit, Flower and Bark of Viburnum opulus. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2019; 74:436–442 .
- 9. Taşkın O, Aşık B, İzli N. Gilaburu Bitkisinin (Viburnum opulus L.) Meyve, Sap ve Yaprağının Mineral İçeriği. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2019; 22(2):178-182.
- 10. Česonienė L, Daubaras R, Venclovienė J. Biochemical and agro-biological diversity of Viburnum opulus genotypes. Cent. Eur. J. biol. 2010; 5: 864–871.
- 11. Altun ML, Özbek H, Saltan G, Yilmaz BS. Original Article Hepatoprotective and Hypoglycemic Activities of Viburnum opulus L. Turk J. Pharm. Sci. 2010; 7 (1):35-48.
- 12. Mohammed W. Attenuation of Amiodarone-Induced Lung , Liver And Kidney Toxicity by Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, Aminoguanidine in Rats. European of Biomedical. 2020; 6(6):22-31.
- 13. Datta S, Waghray T, Torres M, Glusman S. Amiodarone Decreases Heat, Cold, and Mechanical Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 98:178-184.
- 14. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical biochemistry 2005; 38(12):1103-11.
- 15. Lewis JH, Mullick F, Ishak KG, Ranard RC, Ragsdale B, Perse RM, Rusnock EJ, Wolke A, Benjamin SB, Seeff LB. Histopathologic analysis of suspected amiodarone hepatotoxicity. Human pathology, 1990; 21(1):59–67.
- 16. Schemitt E, Colares JR, Hartmann R, Morgan-Martins MI, Marroni CA, Tuñón MJ, Marroni NP. Effect of glutamine on oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of fulminant hepatic failure. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2016; 33:210-219.
- 17. Diesen DL, Kuo PC. Nitric oxide and redox regulation in the liver: Part I. General considerations and redox biology in hepatitis. The Journal of surgical research, 2010; 162(1):95–109.
- 18. Vamos M, Hohnloser SH. Amiodarone and dronedarone: An update. Trends in cardiovascular medicine, 2016; 26(7):597– 602.
- 19. Feduska ET, Thoma BN, Torjman MC, Goldhammer JE. Acute Amiodarone Pulmonary Toxicity. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021; 35(5):1485-1494.
- 20. Sato N, Kojima K, Horio Y, Goto E, Masunaga A, Ichiyasu H, Kohrogi H. Successful treatment of severe amiodarone pulmonary toxicity with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column direct hemoperfusion. Chest. 2013; 143(4):1146-1150.
- 21. Ernawati DK, Stafford L, Hughes JD. Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 66(1):82–7.
- 22. Fung RCY, Chan WK, Chu CM, Yue CS. Low dose amiodarone- induced lung injury. C. 113, International journal of cardiology. Netherlands; 2006; 144–5.
- 23. Greene HL, Graham EL, Werner JA, Sears GK, Gross BW, Gorham JP, et al. Toxic and therapeutic effects of amiodarone in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. A 1983; 2(6):1114–28.
- 24. Morady F, Sauve MJ, Malone P, Shen EN, Schwartz AB, Bhandari A, et al. Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high-dose amiodarone therapy for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol.1983; 52(8):975–9.
- 25. Kaushik S, Hussain A, Clarke P, Lazar HL. Acute pulmonary toxicity after low-dose amiodarone therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72(5):1760–1.
- 26. Camus P, Colby TV, Rosenow EC. Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity In; Drug Induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, London; Hodder Arnold Company, 2010; p.240-260
- 27. Kataoka H, Matsuno O. Age-related pulmonary crackles (rales) in asymptomatic cardiovascular patients. Ann Fam Med. 2008; 6(3):p.239–45.
- 28. Al-Shammari B, Khalifa M, Bakheet SA, Yasser M. A Mechanistic Study on the Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/6265853.
- 29. Santos FB, Xisto DG. Negri EM, Capelozzi VL, Faffe DS, Rocco PRM, Zin WA. Effects of amiodarone on lung tissue mechanics and parenchyma remodeling. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2008; 162(2):126-131.
- 30. Özer E, Kalyoncu İH, Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.)'nun Yeşil Çelikle Çoğaltma İmkanlarının Araştırılması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 21(43):46-52
- 31. Yıldız R, Ekici H. Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.)’nun Farmakolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 2019; 10 (1):16-23.
- 32. Boyacı H, Çöteli E, Karataş F. Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) Meyvesindeki A, E Vitamini, Beta-Karoten, Likopen, Redükte ve Okside Glutatyon Miktarlarının Araştırılması. Erzincan University Journal of Science and Technology,2016; 9:111-117.
- 33. Çam, M. Kayseri Bölgesi’nde Tüketilen Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) Meyve Suyunun Organik asit ve Fenolik Bileşiklerinin Yüksek Basınç Sıvı Kromotografisi (HPLC) ile Belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi. 2005.
- 34. Kalyoncu IH, Ersoy N, Elidemir AY, Korali ME, Some physico-chemical characteristics and mineral contents of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) fruits in Turkey. Int. J. Agric. Biosyst. Eng. 2013; 7424–426.
- 35. Kajszczak D, Zakłos-Szyda M, Podsędek A, Viburnum opulus L.-A Review of Phytochemistry and Biological Effects. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3398.
- 36. İlhan M, Ergene B, Süntar İ, Özbilgin S, Saltan Çitoğlu G, Demirel MA, Keleş H, Altun L, Küpeli Akkol E. Preclinical Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Viburnum opulus L. on Sodium Oxalate-Induced Urolithiasis Rat Model. Evidence Based- Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014; 2014:1- 10. doi:10.1155/2014/578103.
- 37. Cesonienė L, Daubaras R, Viškelis P, Sarkinas A. Determination of the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents and antimicrobial activity of Viburnum opulus fruit juice. Plantb foods for human nutrition 2012; 67(3):256-261.
- 38. Yao LH, Jiang YM, Shi J, Tomas-Barberan FA, Datta N, Singanusong R. Flavonoids in Food and their health benefits. Plants Foods for Human nutrition 2004; 59:113-122.
- 39. Kraujalyte V, Venskutonis PR, Pukalska S, Cesonine L. Antioxidant properties and polyphenolic compositions of fruits from different European cranberry bush (Viburnum opulus L.) genotypes. Food Chemistry 2013; 141:3695–3702.
- 40. Karaçelik AA, Küçük M, İskefiyeli Z, Aydemir S, De Smet S, Miserez B, Sandra P. Antioxidant components of Viburnum opulus L. Determined by on-line HPLC-UV-ABTS radical scaving and LCUV- ESI-MS methods. Food chemistary 2015; 175:106-114.
- 41. Ulger, H, Ertekin, T, Karaca O, Canoz O, Nisari M, Unur E, Elmalı F. Influence of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) juice on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer. Toxicology and industrial health, 2013; 29(9):824–829.
- 42. Ceylan D. Farelerde Deneysel Olarak Oluşturulan Ehrlich Assit Tümör (Eat) Üzerine Gilaburu (Viburnum Opulus) Meyve Suyunun Etkileri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi. 2015.
Öz
Objective
Amiodarone (AD) is a benzofuran derivative, a lipophilic
anti-arrhythmic agent structurally similar to
thyroxine. It is one of the drugs used against ventricular
tachycardia types and atrial fibrillation as a class III
potassium channel blocker in the Waughn-Williams
drug classification system. Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus
L.) is a red, berry-like fruit that is found around the
forests in Eurasia and North Africa in the world and
most commonly in Kayseri province in our country and
has medicinal uses. Many studies has been shown
Gilaburu (GL) to high antioxidative, antiproliferative,
anti-inflammatory activity with the contain organic
acids, phenolic compounds, various amino acids
and vitamins. In our study, we aimed to investigated
whether gilaburu has a protective effect on the toxicity
of amiodarone on rat lung tissue.
Material and Methods
In the study, 32 male Wistar rats weighing 300-350
g were randomly selected and divided 4 groups as,
Control, AD, AD+GL and GL group. In the experiment,
100 mg/kg AD was administered ip to rats for 10 days,
and 100 mg/kg gilaburu powdered fruit extract was
dissolved in physiological saline by oral gavage. At the
end of the experiment, lung tissues were taken and
examined by immunohistochemical and histochemical
techniques.
Results
In the histochemical examinations, it was observed
that the damage occurred in the lung tissues of the
AD group, but the damage decreased in the combined
group. As a result of immunohistochemical staining
(TNF-α and iNOS), it was observed that the staining
was more in the AD group and less in the combined
group.
Conclusion
As a result, we think that gilaburu has a protective
effect against lung damage caused by Amiodarone.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Amiodarone Amiodarone Toxicity Lung Toxicity Viburnum opulus L.
Kaynakça
- 1. Roden DM, Darbar D, Kannankeril PJ. Antiarrhythmic Drugs. In: Cardiovascular Medicine,Willerson JT, Wellens HJJ, Cohn JN, Holmes DR. (eds) . London; Springer, 2007; p.2085-2100
- 2. Sivritepe R, Uçak Basat S, Yiğit E, Aktaş HŞ. Amiodaron Kullanımına Bağlı Gelişen Hipotiroidi Tablosu” Konuralp Tıp Dergisi, 2018; 10(2):253-255.
- 3. Basaria S, Cooper DS. Amiodarone and the thyroid. The American journal of medicine 2005;118(7):706-14.
- 4. Abbott GW, Levi R. Antiarrhythmic Drugs. In: Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application. Elsevier, 2013; p.426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ B978-1-4377-1679-5.00024-7.
- 5. Sevinç C. İlaçlara Bağlı Akciğer Toksisitesi. 10. Ulusal İç Hastalıkları Kongresi. Antalya, Türkiye; p.130-135, 2008.
- 6. Turk U, Turk BG, Yılmaz SG, Tuncer E, Alioğlu E, Dereli T. Amiodarone-induced multiorgan toxicity with ocular findings on confocal microscopy. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015; 22(2):258-60.
- 7. Nagarakanti R, Ezekowitz M. Diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2008; 22(2):111-118.
- 8. Polka D, Podsędek A, Koziołkiewicz M. Comparison of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruit, Flower and Bark of Viburnum opulus. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2019; 74:436–442 .
- 9. Taşkın O, Aşık B, İzli N. Gilaburu Bitkisinin (Viburnum opulus L.) Meyve, Sap ve Yaprağının Mineral İçeriği. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2019; 22(2):178-182.
- 10. Česonienė L, Daubaras R, Venclovienė J. Biochemical and agro-biological diversity of Viburnum opulus genotypes. Cent. Eur. J. biol. 2010; 5: 864–871.
- 11. Altun ML, Özbek H, Saltan G, Yilmaz BS. Original Article Hepatoprotective and Hypoglycemic Activities of Viburnum opulus L. Turk J. Pharm. Sci. 2010; 7 (1):35-48.
- 12. Mohammed W. Attenuation of Amiodarone-Induced Lung , Liver And Kidney Toxicity by Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, Aminoguanidine in Rats. European of Biomedical. 2020; 6(6):22-31.
- 13. Datta S, Waghray T, Torres M, Glusman S. Amiodarone Decreases Heat, Cold, and Mechanical Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 98:178-184.
- 14. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical biochemistry 2005; 38(12):1103-11.
- 15. Lewis JH, Mullick F, Ishak KG, Ranard RC, Ragsdale B, Perse RM, Rusnock EJ, Wolke A, Benjamin SB, Seeff LB. Histopathologic analysis of suspected amiodarone hepatotoxicity. Human pathology, 1990; 21(1):59–67.
- 16. Schemitt E, Colares JR, Hartmann R, Morgan-Martins MI, Marroni CA, Tuñón MJ, Marroni NP. Effect of glutamine on oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of fulminant hepatic failure. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2016; 33:210-219.
- 17. Diesen DL, Kuo PC. Nitric oxide and redox regulation in the liver: Part I. General considerations and redox biology in hepatitis. The Journal of surgical research, 2010; 162(1):95–109.
- 18. Vamos M, Hohnloser SH. Amiodarone and dronedarone: An update. Trends in cardiovascular medicine, 2016; 26(7):597– 602.
- 19. Feduska ET, Thoma BN, Torjman MC, Goldhammer JE. Acute Amiodarone Pulmonary Toxicity. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021; 35(5):1485-1494.
- 20. Sato N, Kojima K, Horio Y, Goto E, Masunaga A, Ichiyasu H, Kohrogi H. Successful treatment of severe amiodarone pulmonary toxicity with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column direct hemoperfusion. Chest. 2013; 143(4):1146-1150.
- 21. Ernawati DK, Stafford L, Hughes JD. Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 66(1):82–7.
- 22. Fung RCY, Chan WK, Chu CM, Yue CS. Low dose amiodarone- induced lung injury. C. 113, International journal of cardiology. Netherlands; 2006; 144–5.
- 23. Greene HL, Graham EL, Werner JA, Sears GK, Gross BW, Gorham JP, et al. Toxic and therapeutic effects of amiodarone in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. A 1983; 2(6):1114–28.
- 24. Morady F, Sauve MJ, Malone P, Shen EN, Schwartz AB, Bhandari A, et al. Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high-dose amiodarone therapy for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol.1983; 52(8):975–9.
- 25. Kaushik S, Hussain A, Clarke P, Lazar HL. Acute pulmonary toxicity after low-dose amiodarone therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72(5):1760–1.
- 26. Camus P, Colby TV, Rosenow EC. Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity In; Drug Induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, London; Hodder Arnold Company, 2010; p.240-260
- 27. Kataoka H, Matsuno O. Age-related pulmonary crackles (rales) in asymptomatic cardiovascular patients. Ann Fam Med. 2008; 6(3):p.239–45.
- 28. Al-Shammari B, Khalifa M, Bakheet SA, Yasser M. A Mechanistic Study on the Amiodarone-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/6265853.
- 29. Santos FB, Xisto DG. Negri EM, Capelozzi VL, Faffe DS, Rocco PRM, Zin WA. Effects of amiodarone on lung tissue mechanics and parenchyma remodeling. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2008; 162(2):126-131.
- 30. Özer E, Kalyoncu İH, Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.)'nun Yeşil Çelikle Çoğaltma İmkanlarının Araştırılması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 21(43):46-52
- 31. Yıldız R, Ekici H. Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.)’nun Farmakolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 2019; 10 (1):16-23.
- 32. Boyacı H, Çöteli E, Karataş F. Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) Meyvesindeki A, E Vitamini, Beta-Karoten, Likopen, Redükte ve Okside Glutatyon Miktarlarının Araştırılması. Erzincan University Journal of Science and Technology,2016; 9:111-117.
- 33. Çam, M. Kayseri Bölgesi’nde Tüketilen Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) Meyve Suyunun Organik asit ve Fenolik Bileşiklerinin Yüksek Basınç Sıvı Kromotografisi (HPLC) ile Belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi. 2005.
- 34. Kalyoncu IH, Ersoy N, Elidemir AY, Korali ME, Some physico-chemical characteristics and mineral contents of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) fruits in Turkey. Int. J. Agric. Biosyst. Eng. 2013; 7424–426.
- 35. Kajszczak D, Zakłos-Szyda M, Podsędek A, Viburnum opulus L.-A Review of Phytochemistry and Biological Effects. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3398.
- 36. İlhan M, Ergene B, Süntar İ, Özbilgin S, Saltan Çitoğlu G, Demirel MA, Keleş H, Altun L, Küpeli Akkol E. Preclinical Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Viburnum opulus L. on Sodium Oxalate-Induced Urolithiasis Rat Model. Evidence Based- Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014; 2014:1- 10. doi:10.1155/2014/578103.
- 37. Cesonienė L, Daubaras R, Viškelis P, Sarkinas A. Determination of the total phenolic and anthocyanin contents and antimicrobial activity of Viburnum opulus fruit juice. Plantb foods for human nutrition 2012; 67(3):256-261.
- 38. Yao LH, Jiang YM, Shi J, Tomas-Barberan FA, Datta N, Singanusong R. Flavonoids in Food and their health benefits. Plants Foods for Human nutrition 2004; 59:113-122.
- 39. Kraujalyte V, Venskutonis PR, Pukalska S, Cesonine L. Antioxidant properties and polyphenolic compositions of fruits from different European cranberry bush (Viburnum opulus L.) genotypes. Food Chemistry 2013; 141:3695–3702.
- 40. Karaçelik AA, Küçük M, İskefiyeli Z, Aydemir S, De Smet S, Miserez B, Sandra P. Antioxidant components of Viburnum opulus L. Determined by on-line HPLC-UV-ABTS radical scaving and LCUV- ESI-MS methods. Food chemistary 2015; 175:106-114.
- 41. Ulger, H, Ertekin, T, Karaca O, Canoz O, Nisari M, Unur E, Elmalı F. Influence of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) juice on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer. Toxicology and industrial health, 2013; 29(9):824–829.
- 42. Ceylan D. Farelerde Deneysel Olarak Oluşturulan Ehrlich Assit Tümör (Eat) Üzerine Gilaburu (Viburnum Opulus) Meyve Suyunun Etkileri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi. 2015.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Klinik Tıp Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Eylül 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 4 Kasım 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3 |
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi/Medical Journal of Süleyman Demirel University is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International.