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Micro RNAs and their relation with cancer

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 121 - 127, 30.09.2013

Dilek Aşcı Çelik Pınar Aslan Koşar Nurten Özçelik

Öz

Micro RNAs and their relation with cancerMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding endogen RNA molecules usually 20-23 nucleotidesat length. They have shown to role in many physiological and pathological processes including cellcharacterization and differentiation. Additionally some miRNAs were identified as oncogenes while someothers are tumor-suppressors in cancer. This data indicates their modulatory effects on tumor progression,invasion and metastasis. After the effects of miRNAs on carcinogenesis were discovered, expression levelsof miRNAs on different cancer and normal cell lines were evaluated and differences found between normaland pathological tissues. Comparisons of miRNA expression levels between cancer and normal cells havegained attention on diagnosis, prognosis ant treatment of cancer. With the increasing knowledge aboutmiRNA functions and their roles in cancer, they became a new hope for understanding molecular pathologyof cancer and for developing molecular targeting treatment method

Anahtar Kelimeler

MicroRNA cancer oncogene tumor suppressor gene

Kaynakça

  • Zhang L, Huang J, Yang N, Greshock J, Megraw MS, Giannakakis A,et al. MicroRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer. 2006;103:9136- 41.
  • Le Quesne J, Caldas C. Micro-RNAs and breast cancer. Moleculer Oncology. 2010;4:230-41.
  • Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R. Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing (Reprinted from Cell, vol 123, pg 631-640, 2005). Cell 2007; 131: 63-73.
  • Jackson RJ, Standart N. How do microRNA’s regulate gene expression? Sci STKE. 2007;1:367.
  • Ambros V. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature. 2004; 431(7006):350-5.
  • Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and f unction (reprinted from Cell, vol 116, pg 281–297, 2004). Cell 2007;131:11–29.
  • Nicoloso MS, Spizzo R, Shimizu M, Rossi S, Calin GA. MicroRNAs-the micro steering wheel of tumour metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9(4):293-302.
  • Bohnsack MT, Czaplinski K, Gorlich D. Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs. Rna-A Publication of the Rna Society.2004; 10:185-91.
  • Lund E, Guttinger S, Calado A, Dahlberg JE, Kutay U. Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science 2004; 303: 95-8.
  • Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG, Cullen BR. Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes & Development 2003;17:3011-6.
  • Garzon R, Fabbri M, Cimmino A, Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA expression and function in cancer.Trends Mol Med. 2006;12(12):580-7.
  • Grishok A, Pasquinelli AE, Conte D, Li N, Parrish S, Ha I et al. Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C-elegans developmental timing. Cell 2001;106:23-34.
  • Hutvagner G, McLachlan J, Pasquinelli AE, Balint E, Tuschl T, Zamore PD. A cellular function for the RNA- interference enzyme Dicer in the maturation of the let- 7 small temporal RNA. Science 2001;293:834-8.
  • Lin SL, Chang D, Ying SY. Asymmetry of intronic pre-miRNA structures in functional RISC assembly. Gene 2005;356:32-8.
  • Ghildiyal M, Zamore PD. Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nature Reviews Genetics 2009;10:94-108.
  • Forman JJ, Coller HA. The code within the code: MicroRNAs target coding regions. Cell Cycle 2010;9(8)1533-41.
  • Meister G. miRNAs get an early start on translational silencing. Cell 2007; 131: 25-8.
  • Pillai RS, Bhattacharyya SN, Artus CG, Tabea Z, Cougot N, Basyuk E, et al. Inhibition of Translational Initiation by Let-7 MicroRNA in Human Cells. Science 2005; 309:1573-76.
  • Hendrickson DG, Hogan DJ, McCullough HL, Myers JW, Herschlag D, Ferrell JE, et al. Concordant Regulation of Translation and mRNA Abundance for Hundreds of Targets of a Human microRNA. Plos Biology 2009; 7 (11): e1000238
  • Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006; 6(11): 857-66.
  • Wiemer EAC. The role of microRNAs in cancer: No small matter. European Journal of Cancer. 2007;43 (10):1529-44.
  • O'Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT. c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 2005; 435: 839-43.
  • Hayashita Y, Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yamada H, Yanagisowa K, Tomida S, et al. A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9628–32
  • Meng F, Henson RH, Wehbe-Janek H. MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology 2007;133:647–58.
  • Volinia S, Calin G, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F, et al. A microRNA expression signature in human solid tumors defines cancer targets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006;103:2257–61.
  • Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, et al. A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New Engl J Med 2005;353(17):1793-801.
  • Calin GA, Sevignani C, Dumitru CD, Hyslop T, Noch E, Yendamuri S, et al. Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(9):2999-3004.
  • Lin PY ,Yu SL, Yang PC. MicroRNA in lung cancer. Brýtýsh Journal of Cancer 2010; 103:1144–48.
  • Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Liu C, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, et al. MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer.Cancer Research 2005; 65:7065-70.
  • Slaby O, Svoboda M, Fabian P, Smerdova T, Knoflickova D, Bednarikova M, et al. Altered expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 is related to clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer. Oncology 2008;72:397-402.
  • Cheng AM, Byrom MW, Shelton J, Ford LP. Antisense inhibition of human miRNAs and indications for an involvement of miRNA in cell growth and apoptosis.
  • Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:1290-7.
  • Tanno B, Cesi V, Vitali R, Sesti F, Giuffrida ML, Mancini C et al. Silencing of endogenous IGFBP-5 by micro RNA interference affects proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Cell Death and Differentiation 2005;12:213-23.
  • Sevignani C, Calin GA, Siracusa LD, Croce CM. Mammalian microRNAs: a small world for fine-tuning gene expression. Mamm Genome 2006;17(3):189-202.
  • Zhou YM, Chen LJ, Barlogie B, Stephens O, Wu XS, Williams DR, et al. High-risk myeloma is associated with global elevation of miRNAs and overexpression of EIF2C2/AGO2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010;107:7904-9.
  • Kim YK, Yeo J, Ha M, Kim B, Kim VN. Cell adhesion- dependent control of microRNA decay. Molecular Cell 2011;43:1005–14
  • Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 2002; 99(24):15524-9.
  • Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Shimizu M, et al. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102(39):13944-9.
  • Michael MZ, O’Connor SM, van Holst Pellekaan NG, Young GP, James RJ. Reduced accumulation of specific microRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Mol Cancer Res 2003;1:882–91
  • Metzler M, Wilda M, Busch K, Viehmann S, Borkhardt A. High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004;39:167–9.
  • Chan JA, Krichevsky AM, Kosik KS. MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2005;65:6029–33.
  • He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W, Liyanorachchi S, Nagy R, Volinia S, et al. The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:19075–80.
  • Sevli S, Uzumcu A, Solak M, Ittman M, Ozen M. The function microRNAs, small potent molecules in human prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer P D 2010;13:208-17.
  • Lamy P, Andersen CL, Dyrskjİt L, Tİrring N, Ørntoft T, Wiuf C. Are microRNAs located in genomic regions associated with cancer? Br J Cancer 2006; 95 (10): 1415-8.
  • Takamizawa J, Konishi H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Osada H, Endoh H, et al. Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res 2004;64(11):3753-6.
  • Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, et al. RAS is regulated by the let- 7 MicroRNA family. Cell 2005; 120: 635-47.
  • Yu F, Yao H, Zhu P, Zhang X, Pan Q, Gong C, et al. let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cell 2007; 131: 1109-23.
  • Lars D, Marie S and Jesper B. Genomic profiling of microRNAs in bladder cancer: miR-129 is associated with poor outcome and promotes cell death in vitro. Cancer Res.2009;69 4851-60.
  • James W F, Saiful M, Helen C O, Freddie C H.Distinct microRNA alterations characterize high and low grade cancer.Cancer res. 2009;69:8472-81.
  • Chen X, Guo X, Zhang H, Xiang Y, Chen J, Yin Y,et al. Role of miR-143 targeting KRAS in colorectal tumorigenesis.Oncogene.2009;28(10):1385-92.
  • Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Hirata I, Iio A, Itoh T, Kojima K, et al. Role of anti-oncomirs miR-143 and -145 in human colorectal tumors. Cancer Gene Ther. 2010;17(6):398-408.
  • Saetrom P, Biesinger J, Li S M, Smith D, Thomas L F, Majzoub K,et al. A risk variant in an miR-125b binding site in BMPR1B is associated with breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 2009; 69(18): 7459- 65.
  • Gefen N, Binder V, Zaliova M, Linka Y, Morrow M, Novosel A, et al. Hsa-mir 125b-2 is highly expressed in childhood ETV6/RUNX1 (TEL/AML1) leukemias and confers survival advantage to growth inhibitory signals independent of p53. Leukemia.2010; 24(1): 89-96.
  • Jiang JM, Lee EJ, Gusev Y, Schmittgen TD. Real-time expression profiling of microRNA precursors in human cancer cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:5394–5403.

MikroRNA’lar ve kanser ile iliþkisi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 121 - 127, 30.09.2013

Dilek Aşcı Çelik Pınar Aslan Koşar Nurten Özçelik

Öz

MikroRNA'lar (miRNA'lar), endojen küçük RNA'ların bir sınıfını oluşturan, protein kodlamayan, yaklaşık 20-23 nükleotid uzunluğunda RNA molekülleridir. Bu moleküllerin özellikle hücre tipinin belirlenmesi ve hücre farklılaşması olmak üzere pek çok fizyolojik olaylarda ve patolojik durumlarda önemli düzenleyici roller aldığı gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca kanserde hem onkojenik hem de tümör baskılayıcı rol oynadıkları açığa çıkmıştır.
Pek çok kanserde bazı miRNA'ların onkogen, bazılarının ise tümör baskılayıcı gen gibi işlev görmesi, tümör progresyonu, metastazı ve invazyonunda miRNA'ların düzenleyici olduğunu göstermektedir. miRNA'ların karsinogenezde etkili olabileceklerinin anlaşılmasıyla birlikte, farklı kanser türlerinde spesifik hücre tiplerinde miRNA'ların ekspresyon seviyelerindeki değişimler incelenmiş, miRNA'ların normal ve patolojik dokular arasında farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Gen ekspresyonunu düzenlediği gösterilen miRNA'ların kanser hücrelerindeki seviyelerinin normal hücrelerle karşılaştırılması kanserin tanı, takip ve tedavisinde önem kazanmıştır. Son yıllarda işlevlerinin ve kanserdeki rollerinin anlaşılmaya başlanması ile miRNA'lar kanserin moleküler patolojisinin anlaşılmasında ve moleküler hedefe yönelik tedaviler geliştirilmesinde umut olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

MikroRNA kanser onkogen tümör süpressör gen

Kaynakça

  • Zhang L, Huang J, Yang N, Greshock J, Megraw MS, Giannakakis A,et al. MicroRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer. 2006;103:9136- 41.
  • Le Quesne J, Caldas C. Micro-RNAs and breast cancer. Moleculer Oncology. 2010;4:230-41.
  • Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R. Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and posttranscriptional gene silencing (Reprinted from Cell, vol 123, pg 631-640, 2005). Cell 2007; 131: 63-73.
  • Jackson RJ, Standart N. How do microRNA’s regulate gene expression? Sci STKE. 2007;1:367.
  • Ambros V. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature. 2004; 431(7006):350-5.
  • Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and f unction (reprinted from Cell, vol 116, pg 281–297, 2004). Cell 2007;131:11–29.
  • Nicoloso MS, Spizzo R, Shimizu M, Rossi S, Calin GA. MicroRNAs-the micro steering wheel of tumour metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9(4):293-302.
  • Bohnsack MT, Czaplinski K, Gorlich D. Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs. Rna-A Publication of the Rna Society.2004; 10:185-91.
  • Lund E, Guttinger S, Calado A, Dahlberg JE, Kutay U. Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science 2004; 303: 95-8.
  • Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG, Cullen BR. Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes & Development 2003;17:3011-6.
  • Garzon R, Fabbri M, Cimmino A, Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA expression and function in cancer.Trends Mol Med. 2006;12(12):580-7.
  • Grishok A, Pasquinelli AE, Conte D, Li N, Parrish S, Ha I et al. Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C-elegans developmental timing. Cell 2001;106:23-34.
  • Hutvagner G, McLachlan J, Pasquinelli AE, Balint E, Tuschl T, Zamore PD. A cellular function for the RNA- interference enzyme Dicer in the maturation of the let- 7 small temporal RNA. Science 2001;293:834-8.
  • Lin SL, Chang D, Ying SY. Asymmetry of intronic pre-miRNA structures in functional RISC assembly. Gene 2005;356:32-8.
  • Ghildiyal M, Zamore PD. Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe. Nature Reviews Genetics 2009;10:94-108.
  • Forman JJ, Coller HA. The code within the code: MicroRNAs target coding regions. Cell Cycle 2010;9(8)1533-41.
  • Meister G. miRNAs get an early start on translational silencing. Cell 2007; 131: 25-8.
  • Pillai RS, Bhattacharyya SN, Artus CG, Tabea Z, Cougot N, Basyuk E, et al. Inhibition of Translational Initiation by Let-7 MicroRNA in Human Cells. Science 2005; 309:1573-76.
  • Hendrickson DG, Hogan DJ, McCullough HL, Myers JW, Herschlag D, Ferrell JE, et al. Concordant Regulation of Translation and mRNA Abundance for Hundreds of Targets of a Human microRNA. Plos Biology 2009; 7 (11): e1000238
  • Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006; 6(11): 857-66.
  • Wiemer EAC. The role of microRNAs in cancer: No small matter. European Journal of Cancer. 2007;43 (10):1529-44.
  • O'Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT. c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 2005; 435: 839-43.
  • Hayashita Y, Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yamada H, Yanagisowa K, Tomida S, et al. A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9628–32
  • Meng F, Henson RH, Wehbe-Janek H. MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology 2007;133:647–58.
  • Volinia S, Calin G, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F, et al. A microRNA expression signature in human solid tumors defines cancer targets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006;103:2257–61.
  • Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, et al. A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. New Engl J Med 2005;353(17):1793-801.
  • Calin GA, Sevignani C, Dumitru CD, Hyslop T, Noch E, Yendamuri S, et al. Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(9):2999-3004.
  • Lin PY ,Yu SL, Yang PC. MicroRNA in lung cancer. Brýtýsh Journal of Cancer 2010; 103:1144–48.
  • Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Liu C, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, et al. MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer.Cancer Research 2005; 65:7065-70.
  • Slaby O, Svoboda M, Fabian P, Smerdova T, Knoflickova D, Bednarikova M, et al. Altered expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 is related to clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer. Oncology 2008;72:397-402.
  • Cheng AM, Byrom MW, Shelton J, Ford LP. Antisense inhibition of human miRNAs and indications for an involvement of miRNA in cell growth and apoptosis.
  • Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:1290-7.
  • Tanno B, Cesi V, Vitali R, Sesti F, Giuffrida ML, Mancini C et al. Silencing of endogenous IGFBP-5 by micro RNA interference affects proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Cell Death and Differentiation 2005;12:213-23.
  • Sevignani C, Calin GA, Siracusa LD, Croce CM. Mammalian microRNAs: a small world for fine-tuning gene expression. Mamm Genome 2006;17(3):189-202.
  • Zhou YM, Chen LJ, Barlogie B, Stephens O, Wu XS, Williams DR, et al. High-risk myeloma is associated with global elevation of miRNAs and overexpression of EIF2C2/AGO2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010;107:7904-9.
  • Kim YK, Yeo J, Ha M, Kim B, Kim VN. Cell adhesion- dependent control of microRNA decay. Molecular Cell 2011;43:1005–14
  • Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA 2002; 99(24):15524-9.
  • Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Shimizu M, et al. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102(39):13944-9.
  • Michael MZ, O’Connor SM, van Holst Pellekaan NG, Young GP, James RJ. Reduced accumulation of specific microRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Mol Cancer Res 2003;1:882–91
  • Metzler M, Wilda M, Busch K, Viehmann S, Borkhardt A. High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004;39:167–9.
  • Chan JA, Krichevsky AM, Kosik KS. MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2005;65:6029–33.
  • He H, Jazdzewski K, Li W, Liyanorachchi S, Nagy R, Volinia S, et al. The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:19075–80.
  • Sevli S, Uzumcu A, Solak M, Ittman M, Ozen M. The function microRNAs, small potent molecules in human prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer P D 2010;13:208-17.
  • Lamy P, Andersen CL, Dyrskjİt L, Tİrring N, Ørntoft T, Wiuf C. Are microRNAs located in genomic regions associated with cancer? Br J Cancer 2006; 95 (10): 1415-8.
  • Takamizawa J, Konishi H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Osada H, Endoh H, et al. Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res 2004;64(11):3753-6.
  • Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, et al. RAS is regulated by the let- 7 MicroRNA family. Cell 2005; 120: 635-47.
  • Yu F, Yao H, Zhu P, Zhang X, Pan Q, Gong C, et al. let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cell 2007; 131: 1109-23.
  • Lars D, Marie S and Jesper B. Genomic profiling of microRNAs in bladder cancer: miR-129 is associated with poor outcome and promotes cell death in vitro. Cancer Res.2009;69 4851-60.
  • James W F, Saiful M, Helen C O, Freddie C H.Distinct microRNA alterations characterize high and low grade cancer.Cancer res. 2009;69:8472-81.
  • Chen X, Guo X, Zhang H, Xiang Y, Chen J, Yin Y,et al. Role of miR-143 targeting KRAS in colorectal tumorigenesis.Oncogene.2009;28(10):1385-92.
  • Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Hirata I, Iio A, Itoh T, Kojima K, et al. Role of anti-oncomirs miR-143 and -145 in human colorectal tumors. Cancer Gene Ther. 2010;17(6):398-408.
  • Saetrom P, Biesinger J, Li S M, Smith D, Thomas L F, Majzoub K,et al. A risk variant in an miR-125b binding site in BMPR1B is associated with breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 2009; 69(18): 7459- 65.
  • Gefen N, Binder V, Zaliova M, Linka Y, Morrow M, Novosel A, et al. Hsa-mir 125b-2 is highly expressed in childhood ETV6/RUNX1 (TEL/AML1) leukemias and confers survival advantage to growth inhibitory signals independent of p53. Leukemia.2010; 24(1): 89-96.
  • Jiang JM, Lee EJ, Gusev Y, Schmittgen TD. Real-time expression profiling of microRNA precursors in human cancer cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:5394–5403.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Dilek Aşcı Çelik

Pınar Aslan Koşar

Nurten Özçelik

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Aşcı Çelik D, Aslan Koşar P, Özçelik N. MikroRNA’lar ve kanser ile iliþkisi. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2013;20(3):121-7.

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