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Farklı Spor Dallarında Spor ve Enerji İçeceklerinin Kullanımı ve Performansa Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 29 - 44, 10.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.669792

Öz

Sporcularda sıvı dengesinin sağlanamaması ve glikojen depolarının tükenmesi, yorgunluğa neden olarak performansı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Yorgunluğun azaltılarak optimal spor performansının sağlanabilmesi için çeşitli beslenme stratejileri geliştirilmiştir. Spor içecekleri hem sıvı dengesinin korunmasına yardımcı olarak dehidrasyonu önlediği, hem de egzersiz anında substrat ve elektrolit desteği sağladığı için egzersiz yapan bireyler tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılan beslenme destekleridir. Spor içecekleri temel olarak içerisinde az miktarda karbonhidrat (6-8 g/100 ml) ve elektrolit (sodyum, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum) içeren ürünlerdir. Kullanım amacına göre farklı içeriklere sahiptirler. Spor içeceklerine alternatif olarak sunulan enerji içecekleri ise yüksek miktarda karbonhidratla birlikte kafein gibi bir takım ergojenik destekler içeren ürünlerdir. Bu içecekler, dikkat algısını ve mental uyanıklığı geliştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu derlemede, spor ve enerji içeceklerinin türleri ve bunların farklı spor dallarında kullanım amaçları ve performansa etkileri incelenmiştir. Branşa ve/veya amaca özgü olarak spor içeceklerinin tüketimi; hidrasyonu ve elektrolit dengesinin sağlanmasını, karbonhidrat depolarının yenilenmesini, protein alımı ile kas hasarının önlenmesini ve kas protein sentezinin arttırılmasını sağlayarak spor performansını ve toparlanmayı olumlu etkilemektedir. Ancak enerji içeceklerinin, yüksek karbonhidrat konsantrasyonuna sahip olmaları nedeniyle, egzersiz sırasında substrat kaynağı olmaya ve rehidrasyon sağlamaya uygun olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca kuvvet sporlarında güç/kuvvet kazanımına olası olumlu etkisinin dışında diğer spor branşlarında performansa etkisinin net ortaya konulamadığı ve daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç olduğu görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

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Consumption of Sports and Energy Drinks in Different Sports Branches and Their Effects on Performance

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 29 - 44, 10.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.669792

Öz

In athletes, failure to provide fluid balance and depletion of muscle glycogen causes fatigue and performance is adversely affected. Various nutritional strategies have been developed to provide optimal sport performance by reducing fatigue. Sports drinks are nutritional supplements commonly used by athletes, as they both help to prevent dehydration and provide substrates and electrolytes during exercise. These are beverages usually containing small amounts of carbohydrates (6-8 g/100 ml) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium). They have different contents depending on the purpose of use. Energy drinks, which are offered as an alternative to sports drinks, are products containing a high amount of carbohydrates and some nutrients such as caffeine. These drinks aim to improve attention, perception and mental alertness. This paper reviews the types of sports and energy drinks, their use for different purposes and the effects on performance in various sports branches. Consuming the appropriate sports drink specific to the branch or purpose is effective in improving performance and recovery by providing proper hydration and electrolyte balance, replacing carbohydrate stores, preventing muscle damage and increasing muscle synthesis by protein intake. However, the general consensus in the literature is that energy drinks were not suitable to be a source of substrate or to provide rehydration during exercise due to their high carbohydrate concentration. In addition, although the potential positive effect on power/strength gain in resistance sports, are warranted the impact on performance in other sport branches could not be clearly determined yet and requires further studies were needed

Kaynakça

  • Abian-Vicen, J., Puente, C., Salinero, J. J., Gonzalez-Millan, C., Areces, F., Munoz, G., ve diğ. (2014). A caffeinated energy drink improves jump performance in adolescent basketball players. Amino Acids, 46(5), 1333-1341.
  • Ali, F., Rehman, H., Babayan, Z., Stapleton, D., Joshi, D. D. (2015). Energy drinks and their adverse health effects: A systematic review of the current evidence. Postgrad Med, 127(3), 308-322.
  • Apostu, M. (2014). A Strategy for Maintaining Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Aerobic Effort. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 117, 323-328.
  • Astorino, T. A., Matera, A. J., Basinger, J., Evans, M., Schurman, T., Marquez, R. (2012). Effects of red bull energy drink on repeated sprint performance in women athletes. Amino Acids, 42(5), 1803-1808.
  • Bachle, L., Eckerson, J., Albertson, L., Ebersole, K., Goodwin, J., Petzel, D. (2001). The effect of fluid replacement on endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res, 15(2), 217-224.
  • Baker, L. B. (2017). Sweating Rate and Sweat Sodium Concentration in Athletes: A Review of Methodology and Intra/Interindividual Variability. Sports Med, 47(Suppl 1), 111-128.
  • Baker, L. B., Reimel, A. J., Sopena, B. C., Barnes, K. A., Nuccio, R. P., De Chavez, P. J. D., ve diğ. (2017). Trapped sweat in basketball uniforms and the effect on sweat loss estimates. Physiol Rep, 5(18).
  • Barnes, K. A., Anderson, M. L., Stofan, J. R., Dalrymple, K. J., Reimel, A. J., Roberts, T. J., ve diğ. (2019). Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport. J Sports Sci, 37(20), 2356-2366.
  • Bell, D. G., McLellan, T. M., Boyne, S. (2002). Commercial sport drinks versus light meal combat rations: effect on simulated combat maneuvers. Mil Med, 167(8), 692-697.
  • Bibiloni, M. D. M., Vidal-Garcia, E., Carrasco, M., Julibert, A., Pons, A., Tur Mari, J. A. (2018). Hydration habits before, during and after training and competition days among amateur basketball players. Nutr Hosp, 35(3), 612-619.
  • Blomstrand, E. (2001). Amino acids and central fatigue. Amino Acids, 20(1), 25-34.
  • Bowtell, J. L., Gelly, K., Jackman, M. L., Patel, A., Simeoni, M., Rennie, M. J. (2000). Effect of different carbohydrate drinks on whole body carbohydrate storage after exhaustive exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985), 88(5), 1529-1536.
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  • Highton, J., Twist, C., Lamb, K., Nicholas, C. (2013). Carbohydrate-protein coingestion improves multiple-sprint running performance. J Sports Sci, 31(4), 361-369.
  • Holland, J. J., Skinner, T. L., Irwin, C. G., Leveritt, M. D., Goulet, E. D. B. (2017). The Influence of Drinking Fluid on Endurance Cycling Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med, 47(11), 2269-2284.
  • Jentjens, R. L., Achten, J., Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004). High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36(9), 1551-1558.
  • Jeukendrup, A. E., Moseley, L. (2010). Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20(1), 112-121.
  • John O’Reilly, S. H. W. (2013). Effect of a carbohydrate drink on soccer skill performance following a sport-specific training program. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 11 95-101.
  • Kays J, P.-H. A. (2003). Gatorade: the idea that launched an industry. Explore, 8(1).
  • Kingsley, M., Penas-Ruiz, C., Terry, C., Russell, M. (2014). Effects of carbohydrate-hydration strategies on glucose metabolism, sprint performance and hydration during a soccer match simulation in recreational players. J Sci Med Sport, 17(2), 239-243.
  • Li, L., Sun, F. H., Huang, W. Y., Wong, S. H. (2018). Effects of whey protein in carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks on post-exercise rehydration. Eur J Sport Sci, 18(5), 685-694.
  • Li, L., Wong, S. H., Sun, F. H. (2015). Effects of protein addition to carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions on postexercise rehydration. J Exerc Sci Fit, 13(1), 8-15.
  • Logan-Sprenger, H. M. (2019). Fluid balance and thermoregulatory responses of competitive triathletes. J Therm Biol, 79, 69-72.
  • Martorell, M., Capo, X., Bibiloni, M. M., Sureda, A., Mestre-Alfaro, A., Batle, J. M., ve diğ. (2015). Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation promotes erythrocyte antioxidant defense and reduces protein nitrosative damage in male athletes. Lipids, 50(2), 131-148.
  • Martorell, M., Capo, X., Sureda, A., Batle, J. M., Llompart, I., Argelich, E., ve diğ. (2014). Effect of DHA on plasma fatty acid availability and oxidative stress during training season and football exercise. Food Funct, 5(8), 1920-1931.
  • Maughan, R. J., Goodburn, R., Griffin, J., Irani, M., Kirwan, J. P., Leiper, J. B., ve diğ. (1993). Fluid replacement in sport and exercise--a consensus statement. British journal of sports medicine, 27(1), 34-35.
  • Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M. (2010). Development of hydration strategies to optimize performance for athletes in high-intensity sports and in sports with repeated intense efforts. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20 Suppl 2, 59-69.
  • McLellan, T. M., Lieberman, H. R. (2012). Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine? Nutr Rev, 70(12), 730-744.
  • McLellan, T. M., Pasiakos, S. M., Lieberman, H. R. (2014). Effects of protein in combination with carbohydrate supplements on acute or repeat endurance exercise performance: a systematic review. Sports Med, 44(4), 535-550.
  • Millard-Stafford, M., Warren, G. L., Thomas, L. M., Doyle, J. A., Snow, T., Hitchcock, K. (2005). Recovery from run training: efficacy of a carbohydrate-protein beverage? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 15(6), 610-624.
  • Mora-Rodriguez, R., Pallares, J. G. (2014). Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks. Nutr Rev, 72 Suppl 1, 108-120.
  • Murray, R., Bartoli, W., Stofan, J., Horn, M., Eddy, D. (1999). A comparison of the gastric emptying characteristics of selected sports drinks. Int J Sport Nutr, 9(3), 263-274.
  • Nuccio, R. P., Barnes, K. A., Carter, J. M., Baker, L. B. (2017). Fluid Balance in Team Sport Athletes and the Effect of Hypohydration on Cognitive, Technical, and Physical Performance. Sports Med, 47(10), 1951-1982.
  • Orru, S., Imperlini, E., Nigro, E., Alfieri, A., Cevenini, A., Polito, R., ve diğ. (2018). Role of Functional Beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery. Nutrients, 10(10).
  • Ortenblad, N., Westerblad, H., Nielsen, J. (2013). Muscle glycogen stores and fatigue. J Physiol, 591(18), 4405-4413.
  • Ostojic, S. M., Mazic, S. (2002). Effects of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on specific soccer tests and performance. J Sports Sci Med, 1(2), 47-53.
  • Peltier, S. L., Lepretre, P. M., Metz, L., Ennequin, G., Aubineau, N., Lescuyer, J. F., ve diğ. (2013). Effects of pre-exercise, endurance, and recovery designer sports drinks on performance during tennis tournament simulation. J Strength Cond Res, 27(11), 3076-3083.
  • Perez-Lopez, A., Salinero, J. J., Abian-Vicen, J., Valades, D., Lara, B., Hernandez, C., ve diğ. (2015). Caffeinated energy drinks improve volleyball performance in elite female players. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 47(4), 850-856.
  • Pettersson, S., Berg, C. M. (2014). Dietary intake at competition in elite Olympic combat sports. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 24(1), 98-109.
  • Peveler, W. W., Sanders, G. J., Marczinski, C. A., Holmer, B. (2017). Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures. J Strength Cond Res, 31(4), 882-887.
  • Qin, L., Wang, Q. R., Fang, Z. L., Wang, T., Yu, A. Q., Zhou, Y. J., ve diğ. (2017). Effects of Three Commercially Available Sports Drinks on Substrate Metabolism and Subsequent Endurance Performance in a Postprandial State. Nutrients, 9(4).
  • Roberts, J. D., Tarpey, M. D., Kass, L. S., Tarpey, R. J., Roberts, M. G. (2014). Assessing a commercially available sports drink on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, fluid delivery and sustained exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 11(1), 8.
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  • Romano-Ely, B. C., Todd, M. K., Saunders, M. J., Laurent, T. S. (2006). Effect of an isocaloric carbohydrate-protein-antioxidant drink on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38(9), 1608-1616.
  • Ronald J. Maughan, R. M. (2000). Sports Drinks: Basic Science and Practical Aspects. United States of America: CRC Press.
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  • Sandberg, Å. A. (2013). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANTI DOPING IN AN ERA OF EVIDENCED BASED MEDICINE Department of Surgery, “Gastrocentrum” Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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  • Schubert, M. M., Astorino, T. A., Azevedo, J. L., Jr. (2013). The effects of caffeinated "energy shots" on time trial performance. Nutrients, 5(6), 2062-2075.
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  • Souza, D. B., Del Coso, J., Casonatto, J., Polito, M. D. (2017). Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr, 56(1), 13-27.
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  • Trangmar, S. J., Gonzalez-Alonso, J. (2017). New Insights Into the Impact of Dehydration on Blood Flow and Metabolism During Exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 45(3), 146-153.
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  • Urdampilleta, A., Gomez-Zorita, S. (2014). From dehydration to hyperhidration isotonic and diuretic drinks and hyperhydratant aids in sport. Nutr Hosp, 29(1), 21-25.
  • Urdampilleta, A., Gomez-Zorita, S., Soriano, J. M., Martinez-Sanz, J. M., Medina, S., Gil-Izquierdo, A. (2015). Hydration and chemical ingredients in sport drinks: food safety in the European context. Nutr Hosp, 31(5), 1889-1899.
  • Van den Eynde F, Van Baelen PC, Portzky M, K., A. (2008). The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance. Tijdschr Psychiatr 50, 273-281.
  • Von Duvillard, S. P., Braun, W. A., Markofski, M., Beneke, R., Leithauser, R. (2004). Fluids and hydration in prolonged endurance performance. Nutrition, 20(7-8), 651-656.
  • Walsh, A. L., Gonzalez, A. M., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Hoffman, J. R. (2010). Improved time to exhaustion following ingestion of the energy drink Amino Impact. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 7, 14.
  • Welsh, R. S., Davis, J. M., Burke, J. R., Williams, H. G. (2002). Carbohydrates and physical/mental performance during intermittent exercise to fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(4), 723-731.
  • Wemple, R. D., Lamb, D. R., McKeever, K. H. (1997). Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. Int J Sports Med, 18(1), 40-46.
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Toplam 94 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hüsrev Turnagöl 0000-0001-6547-8839

Selin Aktitiz 0000-0001-6781-8681

Derya Canan Korur 0000-0001-5685-0029

Dilara Kuru 0000-0002-8518-8019

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Nisan 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Turnagöl, H., Aktitiz, S., Korur, D. C., Kuru, D. (2020). Farklı Spor Dallarında Spor ve Enerji İçeceklerinin Kullanımı ve Performansa Etkileri. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.669792

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