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Adölesan Döneminde Sık Görülen Sağlık Riskleri ve Sorunları

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 338 - 352, 31.08.2023

Betül Uncu Elif Doğan Rukiye Duman

https://doi.org/10.54803/sauhsd.1215788

Öz

Yaşam evreleri içinde önemli bir bölümü oluşturan adölesan dönem, bireyin sağlıklı yaşam davranışları kazanması için kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu amaçla adölesan döneminde sık görülen sağlık riskleri ve sorunları saptanmalı, elde edilen sonuçlara göre sağlıklı yaşam tarzı geliştirmeye yönelik programlar oluşturulmalıdır. Günümüzde pandemi dönemi sırasında sosyal hayatın kısıtlanması sonucunda adölesanların fiziksel aktivite ve egzersiz yapma alışkanlıkları azalmış, internet ve sosyal medya kullanım oranları ve besin değeri düşük gıdaların tüketilmesi vb davranışlar artmış ve tüm bu faktörler adölesanların sağlığını olumsuz etkilemiştir. Adölesan dönemde uygulanacak politikalar ile ailelerin ve adölesanların bilgilendirilmesi sağlığın korunması ve geliştirilmesine fayda sağlayacaktır. Bu derlemede, adölesanlarda sık görülen sağlık riskleri ve sorunlar incelenerek sağlıklı yaşamın geliştirilmesine yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adölesan Sağlıklı yaşam Sağlığın geliştirilmesi

Kaynakça

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  • Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M, et al. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. Lancet. 2022;399(10320):172-184. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01590-7
  • Lassi, Z. S., Moin, A., Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Systematic review on evidence-based adolescent nutrition interventions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1393(1), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13335
  • Hodge A. Challenges in child and adolescent nutrition. Public health nutrition. 2016; 22(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003646
  • Jia, P., Luo, M., Li, Y., Zheng, J. S., Xiao, Q., & Luo, J. (2021). Fast-food restaurant, unhealthy eating, and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 22 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), e12944. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12944
  • Das JK, Salam RA, Thornburg KL, Prentice AM, Campisi S, Lassi ZS, et al. Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2017;1393(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13330.
  • Kucharczuk AJ, Oliver TL, Dowdell EB. Social media's influence on adolescents' food choices: A mixed studies systematic literature review. Appetite. 2022; 168, 105765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105765
  • Wikoff, D., Welsh, B. T., Henderson, R., Brorby, G. P., Britt, J., Myers, E., ... & Doepker, C. (2017). Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food and chemical toxicology, 109, 585-648.
  • Soós R, Gyebrovszki Á, Tóth Á, Jeges S, Wilhelm M. Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021; 18(23), 12389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312389
  • Oddo VM, Roshita A, Rah JH. Potential interventions targeting adolescent nutrition in Indonesia: a literature review. Public health nutrition. 2019; 22(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018002215
  • Chau, M. M., Burgermaster, M., & Mamykina, L. (2018). The use of social media in nutrition interventions for adolescents and young adults-A systematic review. International journal of medical informatics, 120, 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.10.001
  • Yüksel, E., & Mustafa, A. (2019). Adölesanların Fiziksel Aktivite Seviyeleri İle Obezite Farkındalık Düzeyleri Ve Beslenme Davranışlarının İncelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 185-193.
  • Park, J., & So, W. Y. (2022). The Effect of the Schroth Rehabilitation Exercise Program on Spinal and Feet Alignment in Adolescent Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(2), 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020398
  • McDonald, T. C., Gnam, A., Weaver, K. J., Webb, K., Bhanat, E., Sukkarieh, H. et al.(2022). Does Obesity Affect Preoperative Shoulder Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 57(1), 35-39.
  • Martin, A., Booth, J. N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J. J., & Saunders, D. H. (2018). Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 3(3), CD009728. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009728.pub4
  • Yang, L., Lu, X., Yan, B., & Huang, Y. (2020). Prevalence of incorrect posture among children and adolescents: Finding from a large population-based study in China. Iscience, 23(5), 101043.
  • Sarı C, Han M, Türker A. Çocuklarda ve Gençlerde Yüksek Şiddetli Aralıklı Antremanların Faydaları ve Riskleri: Geleneksel Derleme. Turkiye Klinikleri. 2022;14(3):347-56. doi: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-90605
  • Bakir, Y. (2017). Düzenli olarak spor yapan ortaöğretim düzeyindeki ergenlerde, sporun mental iyi oluş ve pozitiflik düzeyine etkisi (Master's thesis, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Melekoğlu, T., Ali, I., & Gürcan, Ü. (2018). Antrenmanın 13-14 yaş adölesanlarda solunum sistemi üzerine etkileri. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 1-7.
  • Kantekin H, Özgür S, Varol T. Genç Yetişkin Erkeklerde Sporun ve Farklı Spor Dallarının Postür ve Denge Üzerine Etkisi: Duyusal Yeniden Ağırlıklandırma ve Spor İlişkisi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;6(1),208-219. DOI: 10.25307/jssr.901186.
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  • Revranche, M., Biscond, M., & Husky, M. M. (2022). Lien entre usage des réseaux sociaux et image corporelle chez les adolescents : une revue systématique de la littérature [Investigating the relationship between social media use and body image among adolescents: A systematic review]. L'Encephale, 48(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2021.08.006
  • Hogue, J. V., & Mills, J. S. (2019). The effects of active social media engagement with peers on body image in young women. Body image, 28, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.11.002
  • Yaran A, Egil E. Çocuklarda ve Adölesanlarda Ağız Sağlığına Bağlı Yaşam Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021; (13) , 121-129 . DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.792610
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Common Health Risks and Problems in Adolescent Period

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 338 - 352, 31.08.2023

Betül Uncu Elif Doğan Rukiye Duman

https://doi.org/10.54803/sauhsd.1215788

Öz

The adolescence period, which constitutes an essential part of the life stages, is critical for acquiring healthy life behaviors. For this purpose, common health risks and problems in adolescence should be determined, and programs for developing a healthy lifestyle should be established according to the results obtained. Today, as a result of the restriction of social life during the pandemic period, the physical activity and exercise habits of adolescents have decreased, the use of internet and social media and the consumption of foods with poor nutritional value have increased, and all these factors have adversely affected adolescents' health. Informing families and adolescents about the policies to be implemented during the adolescence period will benefit the protection and development of health. This review examines common health risks and problems among adolescents, as well as provides suggestions for developing a healthy lifestyle.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adolescent Healthy Life Health Promotion

Kaynakça

  • Sümen A, Öncel S. Türkiye’de lise öğrencilerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarını etkileyen faktörler: Sistematik derleme. Eur J Ther. 2017; 23: 74-82.
  • World Health Organization. Adolescent Health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1. 2 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2020. İstatistiklerle Gençlik. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Genclik-2020 37242#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye%20n%C3%BCfusunun%20%15%2C4',15%2C4'%C3%BCn%C3%BC%20olu%C5%9Fturdu. 31 Mart 2020 tarihinde basıldı. 2 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Santelli JS, Ross DA, Afifi R, Allen NB, et al. Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet. 2016 ;387(10036):2423-78. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00579-1
  • Norris SA, Frongillo EA, Black MM, Dong Y, Fall C, Lampl M, et al. Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. Lancet. 2022;399(10320):172-184. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01590-7
  • Lassi, Z. S., Moin, A., Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Systematic review on evidence-based adolescent nutrition interventions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1393(1), 34–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13335
  • Hodge A. Challenges in child and adolescent nutrition. Public health nutrition. 2016; 22(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003646
  • Jia, P., Luo, M., Li, Y., Zheng, J. S., Xiao, Q., & Luo, J. (2021). Fast-food restaurant, unhealthy eating, and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 22 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), e12944. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12944
  • Das JK, Salam RA, Thornburg KL, Prentice AM, Campisi S, Lassi ZS, et al. Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2017;1393(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13330.
  • Kucharczuk AJ, Oliver TL, Dowdell EB. Social media's influence on adolescents' food choices: A mixed studies systematic literature review. Appetite. 2022; 168, 105765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105765
  • Wikoff, D., Welsh, B. T., Henderson, R., Brorby, G. P., Britt, J., Myers, E., ... & Doepker, C. (2017). Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food and chemical toxicology, 109, 585-648.
  • Soós R, Gyebrovszki Á, Tóth Á, Jeges S, Wilhelm M. Effects of Caffeine and Caffeinated Beverages in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Short Review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021; 18(23), 12389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312389
  • Oddo VM, Roshita A, Rah JH. Potential interventions targeting adolescent nutrition in Indonesia: a literature review. Public health nutrition. 2019; 22(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018002215
  • Chau, M. M., Burgermaster, M., & Mamykina, L. (2018). The use of social media in nutrition interventions for adolescents and young adults-A systematic review. International journal of medical informatics, 120, 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2018.10.001
  • Yüksel, E., & Mustafa, A. (2019). Adölesanların Fiziksel Aktivite Seviyeleri İle Obezite Farkındalık Düzeyleri Ve Beslenme Davranışlarının İncelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 185-193.
  • Park, J., & So, W. Y. (2022). The Effect of the Schroth Rehabilitation Exercise Program on Spinal and Feet Alignment in Adolescent Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 10(2), 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020398
  • McDonald, T. C., Gnam, A., Weaver, K. J., Webb, K., Bhanat, E., Sukkarieh, H. et al.(2022). Does Obesity Affect Preoperative Shoulder Balance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 57(1), 35-39.
  • Martin, A., Booth, J. N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J. J., & Saunders, D. H. (2018). Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 3(3), CD009728. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009728.pub4
  • Yang, L., Lu, X., Yan, B., & Huang, Y. (2020). Prevalence of incorrect posture among children and adolescents: Finding from a large population-based study in China. Iscience, 23(5), 101043.
  • Sarı C, Han M, Türker A. Çocuklarda ve Gençlerde Yüksek Şiddetli Aralıklı Antremanların Faydaları ve Riskleri: Geleneksel Derleme. Turkiye Klinikleri. 2022;14(3):347-56. doi: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-90605
  • Bakir, Y. (2017). Düzenli olarak spor yapan ortaöğretim düzeyindeki ergenlerde, sporun mental iyi oluş ve pozitiflik düzeyine etkisi (Master's thesis, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Melekoğlu, T., Ali, I., & Gürcan, Ü. (2018). Antrenmanın 13-14 yaş adölesanlarda solunum sistemi üzerine etkileri. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 1-7.
  • Kantekin H, Özgür S, Varol T. Genç Yetişkin Erkeklerde Sporun ve Farklı Spor Dallarının Postür ve Denge Üzerine Etkisi: Duyusal Yeniden Ağırlıklandırma ve Spor İlişkisi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;6(1),208-219. DOI: 10.25307/jssr.901186.
  • World Health Organization. Physical activity, 2022. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity. 5 Ekim 2022 tarihinde basıldı. 2 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Revranche, M., Biscond, M., & Husky, M. M. (2022). Lien entre usage des réseaux sociaux et image corporelle chez les adolescents : une revue systématique de la littérature [Investigating the relationship between social media use and body image among adolescents: A systematic review]. L'Encephale, 48(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2021.08.006
  • Hogue, J. V., & Mills, J. S. (2019). The effects of active social media engagement with peers on body image in young women. Body image, 28, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.11.002
  • Yaran A, Egil E. Çocuklarda ve Adölesanlarda Ağız Sağlığına Bağlı Yaşam Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021; (13) , 121-129 . DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.792610
  • Thomson WM, Broder HL. Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents. Pediatric clinics of North America. 2018;65(5), 1073–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.05.015
  • Öztürk G, Türkyılmaz E, Gümüş H. Association of dental caries, parents socioeconomic status, and education level with oral health-related quality of life in adolescents . 28. Uluslararası Türk Pedodonti Derneği Kongresi (pp.101). Ekim 6, 2022; Antalya, Turkey
  • Silk H, Kwok A. Addressing Adolescent Oral Health: A Review. Pediatrics in review. 2017,38(2), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0134
  • Şahin BD, Çetinkaya A, Özmen D, Tayhan A, Uyar F.11-12 Yaş Grubu Çocukların Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı Konusundaki Bilgi ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2018; 11 (2), 78-86. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/deuhfed/issue/46783/936150
  • World Health Organization. Adolescent Health. Adolescent mental health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health. 17 Kasım 2021 tarihinde basıldı. 1 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişildi
  • Chodzen, G., Hidalgo, M. A., Chen, D., & Garofalo, R. (2019). Minority stress factors associated with depression and anxiety among transgender and gender-nonconforming youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), 467-471.
  • Bell SL, Audrey S, Gunnell D, Cooper A, Campbell R. The relationship between physical activity, mental wellbeing and symptoms of mental health disorder in adolescents: a cohort study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2019; 16(1), 1-12.
  • Chauhan S, Srivastava S, Kumar P, Patel R, Dhillon, P. Interaction of substance use with physical activity and its effect on depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Substance Use. 2021; 26(5), 524-530.
  • Yam KY, Naninck EFG, Schmidt MV, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Early-Life Adversity Programs Emotional Functions and the Neuroendocrine Stress System: The Contribution of Nutrition, Metabolic Hormones and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Stress 2015, 18, 328–342.
  • Bekdash RA.Early life nutrition and mental health: the role of DNA methylation. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9), 3111.
  • O’neil A, Quirk SE, Housden S, Brennan SL, Williams LJ, Pasco JA. et al. Relationship between diet and mental health in children and adolescents: a systematic review. American journal of public health. 2014; 104(10), e31-e42.
  • Lai JS, Hiles S, Bisquera A, Hure AJ, McEvoy M, Attia, J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community-dwelling adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2014; 99(1), 181-197.
  • Düşünceli B, Özbey H, Karakuloğlu M. "Ergenlerde depresyon düzeyinin bağlanma stillerine ve sosyal medya bağımlılığına göre incelenmesi". Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022; 35(1), 28-43.
  • Kim H, Kim SH, Jang SI, Park EC. Association Between Sleep Quality and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2022; 55(2), 173.
  • Shanahan L, Copeland WE, Angold A, Bondy CL, Costello EJ. Sleep problems predict and are predicted by generalized anxiety/depression and oppositional defiant disorder. J Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry. 2014;53(5):550–558.
  • Kumru Ş, Çaka SY, Topal S, Altınkaynak S. Adolesan Aşılama Oranları ve Sosyo-demografik Faktörler ile Arasındaki İlişki . Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi. 2018; 20 (1) , 33-43 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hemarge/issue/52754/696148
  • Ngah VD, Wiysonge KB, Wiysonge CS. Cochrane corner: improving vaccination coverage among adolescents. The Pan African medical journal. 2020; 37, 160. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.37.160.24127
  • Türk Jinekoloji ve Obstetri Derneği. HPV Aşılarıyla İlgili Güncel Bilgilendirme. https://www.tjod.org/hpv-asilariyla-ilgili-guncel-bilgilendirme/ 2 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Peck M, Gacic-Dobo M, Diallo MS, Nedelec Y, Sodha SV, Wallace AS. Global Routine Vaccination Coverage, 2018. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2019; 68(42), 937–942. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6842a1
  • Tschetter, K. E., Callahan, L. B., Flynn, S. A., Rahman, S.,Beresford, T. P., & Ronan, P. J. (2021). Early life stress and susceptibility to addiction in adolescence. International Review of Neurobiology, 161, 277-302.
  • Telef BB. “Ergenlerde olumlu ve olumsuz duygular ile riskli davranışlar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi”, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 2014, 22(2): 591- 604.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1028. 2004-2022. 26 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde güncellenmiştir. 1 Aralık 2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Vadher SB, Panchal BN, Vala AU, Ratnani IJ, Vasava KJ, Desai RS, Shah AH. Predictors of problematic Internet use in school going adolescents of Bhavnagar, India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2019; 65(2), 151-157.
  • Jorgenson AG, Hsiao RC, Yen CF. Internet Addiction and Other Behavioral Addictions. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2016; 25(3), 509–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.03.004.
  • Mete B, Söyiler V, Pehlivan E. Adölesanlarda sigara içme ve madde kullanma prevalansı. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2020; 21(1), 64-71.
  • Salmanzadeh H, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Azadi M, Halliwell RF, Azizi H. Adolescent Substance Abuse, Transgenerational Consequences and Epigenetics. Current neuropharmacology. 2021; 19(9), 1560–1569. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X19666210303121519
  • Ho SY, Chen J, Leung LT, Mok HY, Wang L, Wang MP, Lam, TH. Adolescent Smoking in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Psychosocial Correlates, and Prevention. The Journal of adolescent health: official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2019; 64(6S), S19–S27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.003
  • Ilhan MN, Yapar D. Alcohol consumption and alcohol policy. Turkish journal of medical sciences. 2020; 50(5), 1197–1202. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2002-237
  • Lees B, Meredith LR, Kirkland AE, Bryant BE, Squeglia LM. Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior. 2020; 192, 172906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172906
  • Wooden JI, Thompson KR, Guerin SP, Nawarawong NN, Nixon K. Consequences of adolescent alcohol use on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal integrity. International review of neurobiology. 2021; 160, 281–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.005
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hemşirelik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Betül Uncu 0000-0001-7691-6590

Elif Doğan 0000-0003-3374-1764

Rukiye Duman 0000-0002-7007-7922

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uncu, B., Doğan, E., & Duman, R. (2023). Adölesan Döneminde Sık Görülen Sağlık Riskleri ve Sorunları. Sakarya Üniversitesi Holistik Sağlık Dergisi, 6(2), 338-352. https://doi.org/10.54803/sauhsd.1215788
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