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A Strength Based Approach and Empowerment: Collective Identity, Knowledge-Skills, Self-Concept, Critical Awareness, Propensity to Act

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 20, 2248 - 2277, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.597190

Öz

This study aims to address the concept of
empowerment by considering various aspects of a strength based approach.
Although the concept of empowerment is widely included in the Turkish
literature, the dimensions of collective identity, knowledge and skills, self
concept, critical awareness and propensity to act have not been previously
addressed. It is thought that these dimensions, which are thought to add
richness to the concept of empowerment, will benefit both the social work
literature and the practices of social workers. A strength based approach
emerged based on social constructivist view. A strenght based approach is
a way of working that directs the social worker towards interactions and
interventions focusing on powers, skills, resources and achievements rather
than focusing on the problems or flaws of the clients. In determining the
clients' strengths, social workers should focus beyond the apparent powers of
the clients. Furthermore, capacities, competencies, character, promise,
possibility, resources, resilience, reserve of the clients should be carefully
reviewed. On the other hand, the idea that there is power within the
individual is a starting point in terms of empowerment. It is important
that these two concepts, which are thought to be related to each other, be
handled together. Various aspects of empowerment are mentioned in the
literature. In this study, the dimensions of empowerment are explained
through five dimensions conceptualized by Frans (1993). These dimensions
are called collective identity, knowledge and skills, self concept, critical
awareness and propensity to act. It is suggested that the other dimensions mentioned
in the literature should be evaluated by considering the perspective of social
worker. 

Kaynakça

  • Acar, H., İçağasıoğlu-Çoban, A. ve Polat, G. (2017). Sosyal hizmetlerde yanlış uygulamalar, etik ihlaller ve sorunlara ilişkin bir araştırma. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Derneği.
  • Adams, R. (2003). Social work and empowerment. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (2015). Eleştirel bir sosyal anlayışına doğru. In (R. Adams, L. Dominelli, M. Payne Eds.), Sosyal hizmet: Temel alan ve eleştirel tartışmalar. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Anthias, F. (2002). Where do I belong? Narrating collective identity and translocational positionality. Ethnicities, 2(4), 491-514.
  • Anuradha, K. (2004). Empowering families with mentally ill members: A strengths perspective. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 26(4), 383-391.
  • Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K. and McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 80-114.
  • Aydın, B. (1996). Benlik kavramı ve ben şemaları. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8, 41-47.
  • Barker, R. L. (1995). The social work dictionary. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.
  • Berger, P. and Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality Harmondsworth. Harmondswoth: Penguin.
  • Blum, D. (1998). Finding strength: How to overcome anything. Psychology Today, 31(3), 32-38.
  • Bong, M. and Skaalvik, E. M. (2003). Academic self-concept and self-efficacy: How different are they really? Educational psychology review, 15(1), 1-40.
  • Burke, B. and Dalyrmple, J. (2015). Eleştirel müdahale ve güçlendirme. In (L. D. R. Adams, M. Payne, Ed.), Sosyal hizmet: temel alanlar ve eleştirel tartışmalar. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Cade, B. and O'Hanlon, W. H. (1993). A brief guide to brief therapy. New York: Norton.
  • Canda, E. R. (2006). The future of spirituality in social work: The farther reaches of human nurture. Advances in Social Work: Special Issue on the Futures of Social Work, 6(1), 97.
  • Chapin, R. K. (1995). Social policy development: The strengths perspective. Social Work, 40(4), 506-514.
  • Cowger, C. D. (1994). Assessing client strengths: Clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 39(3), 262-268.
  • De Jong, P. and Miller, S. D. (1995). How to interview for client strengths. Social Work, 40(6), 729-736.
  • De Vos, G. A. (1995). Ethnic pluralism: conflicts and accommodation. In (L. Romanucci-Ross, G. A. De Vos Eds.), Ethnic identity: Creation, conflict, and accommodation (p. 15-41). Walnut Creek, CA: Altimira Press.
  • Deaux, K. (1996). Social identification. In (E. T. Higgins, A. W. Kruglanski Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (p. 777–798). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Dubois, B. L., Miley, K. K. (2013). Social work: An empowering profession. New York: Pearson Higher Ed.
  • Duyan, V. (2010). Sosyal hizmet: temelleri, yaklaşımları, müdahale yöntemleri. Ankara: Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği Yayın.
  • Duyan, V., Özgür-Sayar, Ö. ve Özbulut, M. (2008). Sosyal hizmeti tanımak ve anlamak: Sosyal hizmet uzmanları ve sosyal hizmet alanında çalışanlar için bir rehber. Ankara: Öncü Basımevi.
  • Elliott, D. (1997). Conclusion. In (N. S. Mayadas, T. D. Watts, D. Elliott Eds.), International handbook on social work theory and practice. Westport, CT: Greeenwood.
  • Fetterman, D. M., Kaftarian, S. J. and Wandersman, A. (1996). Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. London: Sage.
  • Frans, D. J. (1993). A scale for measuring social worker empowerment. Research on Social Work Practice, 3(3), 312-328.
  • Gelman, C. R. and Mirabito, D. M. (2005). Practicing what we teach: Using case studies from 9/11 to teach crisis intervention from a generalist perspective. Journal of Social Work Education, 41(3), 479-494.
  • Glasser, W. (2003). Warning: Psychiatry can be hazardous to your mental health. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Goldstein, H. (1990). Strength or pathology: Ethical and rhetorical contrasts in approaches to practice. Families in Society, 71(5), 267-275.
  • Greene, G. J. and Lee, M.-Y. (2002). The social construction of empowerment. In (M. O'Melia, K. K. Miley Eds.), Pathways to power: Readings in contextual social work practice (p. 175-201). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Gutierrez, L. M. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social Work, 35(2), 149-153.
  • Güdek, K. (2013). Birey ve aile sosyal çalışma. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Ltd. Şti.
  • Hardy, C., Lawrence, T. B. and Grant, D. (2005). Discourse and collaboration: The role of conversations and collective identity. Academy of management review, 30(1), 58-77.
  • Hepworth, D. H., Rooney, R. H., Rooney, G. D. and Strom-Gottfried, K. (2016). Empowerment series: Direct social work practice: Theory and Skills: Nelson Education. International Federation of Social Workers, International Association of Schools of Social Work, International Council on Social Welfare. (2012). The global agenda for social work and social development: Commitment to action. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(4), 837-843.
  • İçağasıoğlu-Çoban, A. ve Buz, S. (2008). Eleştirel teori: Gelişimi, kabulleri ve sosyal hizmette kullanımı. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 19(1), 71-89.
  • Imre, R. W. (1984). The nature of knowledge in social work. Social Work, 29(1), 41-45.
  • Kirst-Ashman, K., Hull, G. (2008). Understanding generalist practice. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks. In: Cole Publishing.
  • Kut, S. (1988). Sosyal hizmet mesleği: nitelikleri, temel unsurları, müdahale yöntemleri. Ankara:Kendi yayını.
  • Küçükkaraca, N. (2004). Küreselleşme, sosyal adalet ve sosyal hizmet. Paper presented at the 6. Ulusal sosyal hizmetler konferansı. Küreselleşme, sosyal adalet ve sosyal devlet, 20-22 Mayıs 2004, Ankara.
  • Lafrance, J., Gray, E. and Herbert, M. (2004). Gate‐keeping for professional social work practice. Social Work Education, 23(3), 325-340.
  • Lee, J. A. (2001). The empowerment approach to social work practice building the beloved community. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lindsey, D. (1999). Ensuring standards in social work research. Research on Social Work Practice, 9(1), 115-120.
  • Middleman, R. R., Wood, G. G. (1990). Skills for direct practice in social work. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Miley, K. K., O'Melia, M. W. and DuBois, B. L. (2016). Generalist social work practice: An empowering approach: Pearson.
  • NASW. (1982). The standards for the classification of social work practice. Silver Spring, Maryland National Association of Social Worker.
  • Nunnally, E., De Shazer, S., Lipchik, E. and Berg, I. (1986). A study of change: Therapeutic theory in process. Journeys: Expansion of the strategic-systemic therapies, Cilt(sayı), 77-96.
  • Ogbu, J. U. (2004). Collective identity and the burden of “acting white” in Black history, community, and education. The Urban Review, 36(1), 1-35.
  • Özcan, E., Özden, S. A. and İçağasıoğlu-Çoban, A. (2017). Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının güvencesiz çalışma biçimine ilişkin deneyimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1), 376-395.
  • Parton, N. (2006). Changes in the form of knowledge in social work: From the ‘social’to the ‘informational’? British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 253-269.
  • Payne, M. (2005). Modern social work theory. Chicago: Lyceum Books Inc.
  • Pescitelli, D. (1996). An analysis of Carl Rogers’ theory of personality. http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:MRh7K74uMNMJ:scholar.google.com/+(Pescitelli,+1996)&hl=tr&as_sdt=0,5 accessed on 15 April 2018.
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  • Poulin, J. E. (2000). Collaborative social work: Strengths-based generalist practice. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
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  • Saleebey, D. (2012). The strengths approach to practice: Beginnings. In (D. Saleebey Ed.), Strengths perspective in social work practice (pp. 93-107). New York, NY: Pearson.
  • Sheafor, B. ve Horejsi, C. (2014). Sosyal hizmet uygulaması temel teknikler ve ilkeler. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
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  • Teater, B. (2015). Sosyal hizmet kuram ve yöntemleri. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
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Güçler Temelli Yaklaşım ve Güçlendirme: Kolektif Kimlik, Bilgi-Beceri, Benlik Kavramı, Eleştirel Farkındalık, Harekete Geçme

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 20, 2248 - 2277, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.597190

Öz

Bu çalışma, güçler temelli yaklaşımın unsurları
akılda tutularak güçlendirme kavramını çeşitli boyutları ele almayı
amaçlamaktadır. Güçlendirme kavramı çokça Türkçe literatürde yer almasına
rağmen güçlendirmenin kolektif kimlik, bilgi ve beceri, benlik kavramı,
eleştirel farkındalık ve harekete geçme boyutları daha önce ele alınmamıştır.
Güçlendirme kavramına zenginlik katacağı düşünülen bu boyutların hem sosyal hizmet
literatürüne hem de sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının uygulamalarında yarar
sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Güçler temelli yaklaşım sosyal yapılandırmacı
görüşe dayandırılarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Güçler temelli yaklaşım sosyal hizmet
uzmanını müracaatçıların sorunları ya da kusurları odaklanmaktansa güçler,
beceriler, kaynaklar ve başarılara odaklanan etkileşimler ve müdahalelere doğru
yönlendiren bir çalışma yöntemidir. Müracaatçıların güçlerini belirlerken
sosyal hizmet uzmanları müracaatçıların görünen güçlerinin ötesine
odaklanmalıdır. Ayrıca müracaatçıların kapasiteleri, yeterlilikleri,
nitelikleri, umutları, olasılıkları, kaynakları, yılmazlıkları, ihtiyatlarını
dikkatli bir şekilde gözden geçirmelidir. Diğer taraftan bireyin içinde güç
olduğu düşüncesi güçlendirme açısından bir çıkış noktasıdır. Biribiri ile
ilişkili olduğu düşünülen bu iki kavramın birlikte ele alınması önemli
görülmektedir. Literatürde güçlendirmenin çeşitli boyutlarından
bahsedilmektedir. Bu çalışmada güçlendirmenin boyutları, Frans (1993) tarafından
kavramsallaştırılan ve literatüre kazandırılan beş boyut üzerinden anlatılmaya
çalışılmıştır. Bu boyutlar kolektif kimlik, bilgi ve beceri, benlik kavramı,
eleştirel farkındalık ve harekete geçme şeklinde adlandırılmaktadır.
Literatürde bahsedilen diğer boyutların da yine sosyal hizmet uzmanı
perspektifini göz önünde tutarak değerlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Acar, H., İçağasıoğlu-Çoban, A. ve Polat, G. (2017). Sosyal hizmetlerde yanlış uygulamalar, etik ihlaller ve sorunlara ilişkin bir araştırma. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Derneği.
  • Adams, R. (2003). Social work and empowerment. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (2015). Eleştirel bir sosyal anlayışına doğru. In (R. Adams, L. Dominelli, M. Payne Eds.), Sosyal hizmet: Temel alan ve eleştirel tartışmalar. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Anthias, F. (2002). Where do I belong? Narrating collective identity and translocational positionality. Ethnicities, 2(4), 491-514.
  • Anuradha, K. (2004). Empowering families with mentally ill members: A strengths perspective. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 26(4), 383-391.
  • Ashmore, R. D., Deaux, K. and McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 80-114.
  • Aydın, B. (1996). Benlik kavramı ve ben şemaları. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8, 41-47.
  • Barker, R. L. (1995). The social work dictionary. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.
  • Berger, P. and Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality Harmondsworth. Harmondswoth: Penguin.
  • Blum, D. (1998). Finding strength: How to overcome anything. Psychology Today, 31(3), 32-38.
  • Bong, M. and Skaalvik, E. M. (2003). Academic self-concept and self-efficacy: How different are they really? Educational psychology review, 15(1), 1-40.
  • Burke, B. and Dalyrmple, J. (2015). Eleştirel müdahale ve güçlendirme. In (L. D. R. Adams, M. Payne, Ed.), Sosyal hizmet: temel alanlar ve eleştirel tartışmalar. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Cade, B. and O'Hanlon, W. H. (1993). A brief guide to brief therapy. New York: Norton.
  • Canda, E. R. (2006). The future of spirituality in social work: The farther reaches of human nurture. Advances in Social Work: Special Issue on the Futures of Social Work, 6(1), 97.
  • Chapin, R. K. (1995). Social policy development: The strengths perspective. Social Work, 40(4), 506-514.
  • Cowger, C. D. (1994). Assessing client strengths: Clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 39(3), 262-268.
  • De Jong, P. and Miller, S. D. (1995). How to interview for client strengths. Social Work, 40(6), 729-736.
  • De Vos, G. A. (1995). Ethnic pluralism: conflicts and accommodation. In (L. Romanucci-Ross, G. A. De Vos Eds.), Ethnic identity: Creation, conflict, and accommodation (p. 15-41). Walnut Creek, CA: Altimira Press.
  • Deaux, K. (1996). Social identification. In (E. T. Higgins, A. W. Kruglanski Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (p. 777–798). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Dubois, B. L., Miley, K. K. (2013). Social work: An empowering profession. New York: Pearson Higher Ed.
  • Duyan, V. (2010). Sosyal hizmet: temelleri, yaklaşımları, müdahale yöntemleri. Ankara: Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği Yayın.
  • Duyan, V., Özgür-Sayar, Ö. ve Özbulut, M. (2008). Sosyal hizmeti tanımak ve anlamak: Sosyal hizmet uzmanları ve sosyal hizmet alanında çalışanlar için bir rehber. Ankara: Öncü Basımevi.
  • Elliott, D. (1997). Conclusion. In (N. S. Mayadas, T. D. Watts, D. Elliott Eds.), International handbook on social work theory and practice. Westport, CT: Greeenwood.
  • Fetterman, D. M., Kaftarian, S. J. and Wandersman, A. (1996). Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. London: Sage.
  • Frans, D. J. (1993). A scale for measuring social worker empowerment. Research on Social Work Practice, 3(3), 312-328.
  • Gelman, C. R. and Mirabito, D. M. (2005). Practicing what we teach: Using case studies from 9/11 to teach crisis intervention from a generalist perspective. Journal of Social Work Education, 41(3), 479-494.
  • Glasser, W. (2003). Warning: Psychiatry can be hazardous to your mental health. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Goldstein, H. (1990). Strength or pathology: Ethical and rhetorical contrasts in approaches to practice. Families in Society, 71(5), 267-275.
  • Greene, G. J. and Lee, M.-Y. (2002). The social construction of empowerment. In (M. O'Melia, K. K. Miley Eds.), Pathways to power: Readings in contextual social work practice (p. 175-201). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Gutierrez, L. M. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social Work, 35(2), 149-153.
  • Güdek, K. (2013). Birey ve aile sosyal çalışma. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Ltd. Şti.
  • Hardy, C., Lawrence, T. B. and Grant, D. (2005). Discourse and collaboration: The role of conversations and collective identity. Academy of management review, 30(1), 58-77.
  • Hepworth, D. H., Rooney, R. H., Rooney, G. D. and Strom-Gottfried, K. (2016). Empowerment series: Direct social work practice: Theory and Skills: Nelson Education. International Federation of Social Workers, International Association of Schools of Social Work, International Council on Social Welfare. (2012). The global agenda for social work and social development: Commitment to action. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(4), 837-843.
  • İçağasıoğlu-Çoban, A. ve Buz, S. (2008). Eleştirel teori: Gelişimi, kabulleri ve sosyal hizmette kullanımı. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 19(1), 71-89.
  • Imre, R. W. (1984). The nature of knowledge in social work. Social Work, 29(1), 41-45.
  • Kirst-Ashman, K., Hull, G. (2008). Understanding generalist practice. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks. In: Cole Publishing.
  • Kut, S. (1988). Sosyal hizmet mesleği: nitelikleri, temel unsurları, müdahale yöntemleri. Ankara:Kendi yayını.
  • Küçükkaraca, N. (2004). Küreselleşme, sosyal adalet ve sosyal hizmet. Paper presented at the 6. Ulusal sosyal hizmetler konferansı. Küreselleşme, sosyal adalet ve sosyal devlet, 20-22 Mayıs 2004, Ankara.
  • Lafrance, J., Gray, E. and Herbert, M. (2004). Gate‐keeping for professional social work practice. Social Work Education, 23(3), 325-340.
  • Lee, J. A. (2001). The empowerment approach to social work practice building the beloved community. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lindsey, D. (1999). Ensuring standards in social work research. Research on Social Work Practice, 9(1), 115-120.
  • Middleman, R. R., Wood, G. G. (1990). Skills for direct practice in social work. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Miley, K. K., O'Melia, M. W. and DuBois, B. L. (2016). Generalist social work practice: An empowering approach: Pearson.
  • NASW. (1982). The standards for the classification of social work practice. Silver Spring, Maryland National Association of Social Worker.
  • Nunnally, E., De Shazer, S., Lipchik, E. and Berg, I. (1986). A study of change: Therapeutic theory in process. Journeys: Expansion of the strategic-systemic therapies, Cilt(sayı), 77-96.
  • Ogbu, J. U. (2004). Collective identity and the burden of “acting white” in Black history, community, and education. The Urban Review, 36(1), 1-35.
  • Özcan, E., Özden, S. A. and İçağasıoğlu-Çoban, A. (2017). Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının güvencesiz çalışma biçimine ilişkin deneyimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1), 376-395.
  • Parton, N. (2006). Changes in the form of knowledge in social work: From the ‘social’to the ‘informational’? British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 253-269.
  • Payne, M. (2005). Modern social work theory. Chicago: Lyceum Books Inc.
  • Pescitelli, D. (1996). An analysis of Carl Rogers’ theory of personality. http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:MRh7K74uMNMJ:scholar.google.com/+(Pescitelli,+1996)&hl=tr&as_sdt=0,5 accessed on 15 April 2018.
  • Pinderhughes, E. B. (1983). Empowerment for our clients and for ourselves. Social Casework, 64(6), 331-338.
  • Popple, P. R. and Leighninger, L. (2011). Social welfare, and American society. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Poulin, J. E. (2000). Collaborative social work: Strengths-based generalist practice. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
  • Preston-Shoot, M. (1996). W (h) ither social work? Social work, social policy and law at an interface: Confronting the challenges and realising the potential in work with people needing care or services. Liverpool Law Review, 18(1), 19-39.
  • Rapp, C. A., Pettus, C. A., Goscha, R. J. (2006). Principles of strengths-based policy. Journal of Policy Practice, 5(4), 3-18.
  • Roger, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Saleebey, D. (1997). The strengths approach to practice. The strengths perspective in social work practice, 3, 80-93.
  • Saleebey, D. (2000). Power in the people: Strengths and hope. Advances in social work, 1(2), 127-136.
  • Saleebey, D. (2006). Power in the people. In (D. Saleebey Ed.), The strenghts perspective social work practice (p. 7-22). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
  • Saleebey, D. (2012). The strengths approach to practice: Beginnings. In (D. Saleebey Ed.), Strengths perspective in social work practice (pp. 93-107). New York, NY: Pearson.
  • Sheafor, B. ve Horejsi, C. (2014). Sosyal hizmet uygulaması temel teknikler ve ilkeler. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Sherman, W. R. and Wenocur, S. (1983). Empowering public welfare workers through mutual support. Social Work, 28(5), 375-379.
  • Simon, B., Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American psychologist, 56(4), 319-331.
  • Snow, D. (2001). Collective identity and expressive forms. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2zn1t7bj.
  • Solomon, B. B. (1976). Black empowerment: Social work in oppressed communities. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Speer, P. W. and Peterson, N. A. (2000). Psychometric properties of an empowerment scale: Testing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains. Social Work Research, 24(2), 109-118.
  • Spicer, E. H. (1971). Persistent Cultural Systems: A comparative study of identity systems that can adapt to contrasting environment. Science, 175, 795-800.
  • Sullivan, W. P. (1992). Reclaiming the community: The strengths perspective and deinstitutionalization. Social Work, 37(3), 204-209.
  • Şahin, F. (2000). Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının sosyal refah politikasın süreçlerine katılımı. Ankara: Aydınlar Matbaası.
  • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual review of psychology, 33(1), 1-39.
  • Teater, B. (2015). Sosyal hizmet kuram ve yöntemleri. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Thomas, K. W. and Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of management review, 15(4), 666-681.
  • Thompson, N. (2013). Kuram ve uygulamada sosyal hizmeti anlamak. Ankara Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Thompson, N. (2016). Güç ve güçlendirme. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Torre, D. A. (1986). Empowerment: Structured conceptualization and instrument development. Ithaca: Cornell University.
  • Trevithick, P. (2008). Revisiting the knowledge base of social work: A framework for practice. The British Journal of Social Work, 38(6), 1212-1237.
  • Weerd, M. D. and Klandermans, P. (1999). Group identification and social protest: Farmers' protest in the Netherlands. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1073-1095.
  • Weick, A., Rapp, C., Sullivan, W. P. and Kisthardt, W. (1989). A strengths perspective for social work practice. Social Work, 34(4), 350-354.
  • Wolin, S. and Wolin, S. (1998). Shaping a brighter future by uncovering “survivor’s pride.”. Reaching Today's Youth, 2(3), 61-64.
  • Wolin, S. J. and Wolin, S. (2010). The resilient self: How survivors of troubled families rise above adversity. United States: Villard Book.
  • Yener, Ö. ve Gülaçtı, F. (2010). Benlik-kavramı ve benliğin gelişimi bilen benliğe gereksinim var mı? Erzincan Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12, 21-37.
  • Zastrow, C. (2013). Sosyal hizmete giriş. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Kırlıoğlu 0000-0003-0130-0841

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 21 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Kırlıoğlu, M. (2019). Güçler Temelli Yaklaşım ve Güçlendirme: Kolektif Kimlik, Bilgi-Beceri, Benlik Kavramı, Eleştirel Farkındalık, Harekete Geçme. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 14(20), 2248-2277. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.597190