Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Investigation of some surface properties of red pine wood exposed to outdoor conditions

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 83 - 92, 26.12.2022

Ümit Ayata

https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1184911

Öz

Today, studies on natural and artificial aging applications are carried out on wooden materials. Even the same tree species shows different results when left in different outdoor areas. After the external and internal environment tests, changes occur on the wood material surfaces. This study was carried out on the investigation of some surface changes in the red pine (Pinus brutia) wood exposed to outdoor environmental conditions for 3 months in Bayburt City, Turkey. Color and glossiness values of wood materials were determined before and after weathering. Colour (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, ΔH*, ΔC*, ΔE*, L*, a*, b*, C* and, ho), whiteness index (perpendicular and parallel to the fibers) values and glossiness (perpendicular and parallel to the fibers at 20o, 60o and 85o) values of wood materials were determined before and after weathering. According to the results obtained, the results of the analysis of variance calculated for all tests were found to be significant. Compared to the control measurements, after the increase in weathering times, whiteness index values perpendicular and parallel to the fibers, L* and a* values decreased, C*, ho and b* values increased. In addition, ΔE* values at the end of 1st month, 2nd month and 3rd month were determined as 10.60, 10.58, and 11.65, respectively. As a result, colour, glossiness and whiteness index values changed with weathering applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Natural Weathering Red Pine Colour Glossiness Whiteness Index

Kaynakça

  • Agnieszka J. (2013), The study of changes in color of wood angelim pedra (Hymenolobium sp.) and piquia (Caryocar sp.) during artificial weathering. Forestry and Wood Technology, 82, 339-343.
  • ASTM D 1641, (2004), Standard practice for conducting outdoor exposure test of varnishes, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • ASTM D 2244-3, (2007), Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM E313-15e1, (2015), Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2022), Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) ahşabında doğal yaşlandırma performansı üzerine bazı yüzey özelliklerinin araştırılması, 1. Uluslararası Güncel Akademik Çalışmalar Sempozyumu, 1 - 4 Aralık 2022, Abant - Bolu, Türkiye, 147-157.
  • Bal, B.C., Ayata, Ü. (2022), Karakavak odununda renk, beyazlık indeksi ve parlaklık özellikleri üzerine doğal yaşlandırmanın etkisi, Akdeniz 8. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 19 - 20 Kasım 2022, Girne.
  • Barański, J., Klement, I., Vilkovská, T., Konopka, A. (2017), High temperature drying process of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) with different zones of sapwood and red false heartwood. BioResources, 12(1), 1861-1870. DOI: 10.15376/biores.12.1.1861-1870.
  • Bradbury, G.J., Potts, M.B., Beadle, C.L. (2011), Quantifying phenotypic variation in wood colour in Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Forestry, 83: 153-162.
  • Can, A. (2018), Su itici maddeler ile kombine edilmiş bazı emprenye maddelerinin performansının incelenmesi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Batın.
  • Can, A., Sivrikaya, H. (2019), Surface characterization of wood treated with boron compounds combined with water repellents. Color Research and Application, 44(3), 462-472. DOI: 10.1002/col.22357.
  • Creemers, J., De Meijer, M., Zimmermann, T., Sell, J. (2002), Influence of climatic factors on the weathering of coated wood. Holz als Werkst, 60, 411-420.
  • Cui, W., Kamdem, P., Rypstra, T. (2004), Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) and color changes of artificial weathered wood. Wood and Fiber Science, 36: 291-301.
  • Deka, M., Humar, M., Kricej, G.B., Petric, M. (2008), Effects of UV light irradiation on colour stability of thermally modified, copper ethanolamine treated and non-modified wood: EPR and DRIFT spectroscopic studies. Wood Science and Technology, 42: 5-20.
  • Derkyi, N.S.A., Bailleres, H., Chaix, G., Thevenon, M.F., Oteng-Amoako, A.A., Adu-Bredu, S. (2009), Colour variation in teak (Tectona grandis) wood from plantations across the ecological zones of Ghana, Ghana Journal of Forestry, 25(1), 40-50. DOI:10.4314/gjf.v25i1.60698.
  • Feist, W.C., Hon, D.N.S. (1984), Chemistry of weathering and protection. In: Rowell, R.M. (Ed.). The chemistry of solid wood. Washington: American Chemical Society, 207, 401-451. DOI: 10.1021/ba1984-0207.ch011.
  • Feist, W.C., Rowell, R.M., Barbour, R.J. (1990), Outdoor wood weathering and protection, archaeological wood: properties. Chemistry, and Preservation, 225, 263-298.
  • Feist, W.C. (1983), Weathering and protection of wood, Proc. American Wood-Preservers’ Association, 79, 195-205.
  • George, B., Suttie, E., Merlin, A., Deglise, X. (2005), Photodegradation and photostabilisation of wood-the state of the art. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 88: 268-274. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.018.
  • Hon, D.N.S. (1991), Photochemistry of wood, In: Hon D.N.S., Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulosic chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 525-555.
  • Hon, D.N.S. (2001), Weathering and photochemistry of wood. In: Hon, D.N.S.; Shiraishi, N. (Ed.). Wood and cellulosic chemistry. 2.ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001. p.513-546.
  • Hon, D.N.S., Chang, S.T., Feist, W.C. (1985), Protection of wood surfaces against photooxidation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 30(4), 1429-1448. DOI: 10.1002/app.1985.070300410.
  • Hon, D.N.S., Feist, W.C. (1992), Hydroperoxidation in photoirradiated wood surfaces. Wood and Fiber Science, 24(4), 448-455.
  • ISO 2813, (1994), Paints and varnishes - determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO 554, (1976), Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Kerber, P.R., Stangerlin, D.N., Pariz, E., de Melo, R.R., de Souza, A.P., Calegari, L. (2016), Colorimetry and surface roughness of three amazon woods submitted to natural weathering. Nativa, Sinop, 4(5), 303-307. DOI: 10.14583/2318-7670.v04n05a06.
  • Kropat, M., Hubbe, M.A., Laleicke, F. (2020), Natural, accelerated, and simulated weathering of wood: A Review. BioResources, 15(4), 9998-10062.
  • Lin, S.Y., Kringstad, K.P. (1970), Photosensitive groups in lignin and lignin model compounds. Tappi, 53(4), 658-663.
  • Ly, B.C.K., Dyer, E.B., Feig, J.L., Chien, A.L., Del Bino, S. (2020), Research techniques made simple: cutaneous colorimetry: a reliable technique for objective skin color measurement. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 140(1), 3-12.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.003.
  • Mohebby, B., Saei, A.M. (2015), Effects of geographical directions and climatological parameters on natural weathering of fir wood, Construction and Building Materials, 94: 684-690. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.049.
  • Nishino, Y., Jamin, G., Chanson, B., Detienne, P., Gril, J., Thibaut, B. (1998), Colometry of wood specimens from French Guiana, Journal of Wood Science, 44, 3-8.
  • Oberhofnerová, E., Pánek, M., García-Cimarras, A. (2017), The effect of natural weathering on untreated wood surface. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 19(2), 173-184. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000015.
  • Paulsson, M., Parkås, J. (2012), Review: light-induced yellowing of lignocellulosic pulps-mechanisms and preventive methods. BioResources, 7(4), 5595-6040.
  • Pfeil, W., Pfeil, M. (2003), Estruturas de Madeira (Wood Structures), LTC, Rio, 240 pp.
  • Schaller, C., Rogez, D. (2007), New approaches in wood coating stabilization. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 4, 401-409.
  • Silva, J.O., Pastore, T.C.M. (2004), Fotodecomposição e proteção de madeiras tropicais. Floresta e Ambiente, Seropédica, 21(2), 7-13.
  • Söğütlü, C., Sönmez, A. (2006), Değişik koruyucular ile işlem görmüş bazı yerli ağaçlarda UV ışınlarının renk değiştirici etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 151-159.
  • Surminski, J. (2007), Wood Properties and Uses. Amsterdam: Springer; 201 p.
  • Tolvaj, L., Mitsui, K. (2005), Light source dependence of the photodegradation of wood. Journal of Wood Science, 51(5), 468-473.
  • Tonguç, F., Ergül, H.A., Ayata, Ü. (2022), Monteri çamı (Pinus radiata D Don) odununda renk, parlaklık ve beyazlık indeksi üzerine doğal yaşlandırma uygulamasının etkisi. Bozok Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 116-119.
  • Whitehouse, D.J., Bowena, D.K., Venkatesh, V.C., Lonardo, P., Brownd, C.A. (1994), Gloss and surface topography. CIRP Annals, 43(2), 541-549.
  • Williams, R.S. (2005), Weathering of wood. In: Rowell, R.M. (Ed.) Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites, Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 139-185.
  • Yu, Z., Hu, J., Liu, Y., Chang, S., Li, T., Liu, G., Huang, Q., Yuan, J. (2022), An Investigation on the visible characteristics of four caesalpiniaceae wood species in Gabon. Journal of Renewable Materials, 10(5), 1365-1379. DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2022.018255.
  • Zollinger, H. (2003), Color chemistry, syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments, New York: Wiley-VCH.

Dış ortam şartlarına maruz kalmış kızılçam odununda meydana gelen bazı yüzey özelliklerinin araştırılması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 83 - 92, 26.12.2022

Ümit Ayata

https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1184911

Öz

Günümüzde ahşap malzemeler üzerinde doğal ve yapay yaşlandırma uygulamalarına ait çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Aynı ağaç türü bile farklı dış ortamlara bırakıldığında farklı sonuçlar göstermektedir. Dış ve iç ortam testleri sonrasında ahşap malzeme yüzeylerinde değişiklikler meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışma, Bayburt ili 3 ay süre ile dış ortam çevre şartlarına maruz kalmış kızılçam (Pinus brutia) odununda meydana gelen bazı yüzey değişiklerinin araştırılması üzerine yapılmıştır. Yaşlandırma işlemi sonralarında ve öncesinde ahşap malzemelerde renk (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, ΔH*, ΔC*, ΔE*, L*, a*, b*, C* ve ho), parlaklık (20o, 60o ve 85o’de liflere dik ve paralel) ve beyazlık indeksi (liflere dik ve paralel) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Bütün testler için hesaplanmış olan varyans analizi sonuçlarının anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Kontrol ölçümlerine kıyasla yaşlandırma sürelerinin artması sonrasında, liflere dik ve paralel beyazlık indeksi değerleri, L* ve a* değerleri azalırken, C*, ho ve b* değerlerinin arttığı görülmektedir. Buna ek olarak, 1. ay, 2. ay ve 3. ay sonunda ΔE* değerleri sırasıyla 10.60, 10.58 ve 11.65 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak renk, parlaklık ve beyazlık indeksi değerleri yaşlandırma uygulamaları ile değişmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğal Yaşlandırma Kızılçam Renk Parlaklık Beyazlık İndeksi Natural Weathering Red Pine Colour Glossiness Whiteness Index

Kaynakça

  • Agnieszka J. (2013), The study of changes in color of wood angelim pedra (Hymenolobium sp.) and piquia (Caryocar sp.) during artificial weathering. Forestry and Wood Technology, 82, 339-343.
  • ASTM D 1641, (2004), Standard practice for conducting outdoor exposure test of varnishes, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States.
  • ASTM D 2244-3, (2007), Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM E313-15e1, (2015), Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  • Ayata, Ü. (2022), Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) ahşabında doğal yaşlandırma performansı üzerine bazı yüzey özelliklerinin araştırılması, 1. Uluslararası Güncel Akademik Çalışmalar Sempozyumu, 1 - 4 Aralık 2022, Abant - Bolu, Türkiye, 147-157.
  • Bal, B.C., Ayata, Ü. (2022), Karakavak odununda renk, beyazlık indeksi ve parlaklık özellikleri üzerine doğal yaşlandırmanın etkisi, Akdeniz 8. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi, 19 - 20 Kasım 2022, Girne.
  • Barański, J., Klement, I., Vilkovská, T., Konopka, A. (2017), High temperature drying process of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) with different zones of sapwood and red false heartwood. BioResources, 12(1), 1861-1870. DOI: 10.15376/biores.12.1.1861-1870.
  • Bradbury, G.J., Potts, M.B., Beadle, C.L. (2011), Quantifying phenotypic variation in wood colour in Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. Forestry, 83: 153-162.
  • Can, A. (2018), Su itici maddeler ile kombine edilmiş bazı emprenye maddelerinin performansının incelenmesi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Batın.
  • Can, A., Sivrikaya, H. (2019), Surface characterization of wood treated with boron compounds combined with water repellents. Color Research and Application, 44(3), 462-472. DOI: 10.1002/col.22357.
  • Creemers, J., De Meijer, M., Zimmermann, T., Sell, J. (2002), Influence of climatic factors on the weathering of coated wood. Holz als Werkst, 60, 411-420.
  • Cui, W., Kamdem, P., Rypstra, T. (2004), Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) and color changes of artificial weathered wood. Wood and Fiber Science, 36: 291-301.
  • Deka, M., Humar, M., Kricej, G.B., Petric, M. (2008), Effects of UV light irradiation on colour stability of thermally modified, copper ethanolamine treated and non-modified wood: EPR and DRIFT spectroscopic studies. Wood Science and Technology, 42: 5-20.
  • Derkyi, N.S.A., Bailleres, H., Chaix, G., Thevenon, M.F., Oteng-Amoako, A.A., Adu-Bredu, S. (2009), Colour variation in teak (Tectona grandis) wood from plantations across the ecological zones of Ghana, Ghana Journal of Forestry, 25(1), 40-50. DOI:10.4314/gjf.v25i1.60698.
  • Feist, W.C., Hon, D.N.S. (1984), Chemistry of weathering and protection. In: Rowell, R.M. (Ed.). The chemistry of solid wood. Washington: American Chemical Society, 207, 401-451. DOI: 10.1021/ba1984-0207.ch011.
  • Feist, W.C., Rowell, R.M., Barbour, R.J. (1990), Outdoor wood weathering and protection, archaeological wood: properties. Chemistry, and Preservation, 225, 263-298.
  • Feist, W.C. (1983), Weathering and protection of wood, Proc. American Wood-Preservers’ Association, 79, 195-205.
  • George, B., Suttie, E., Merlin, A., Deglise, X. (2005), Photodegradation and photostabilisation of wood-the state of the art. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 88: 268-274. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.018.
  • Hon, D.N.S. (1991), Photochemistry of wood, In: Hon D.N.S., Shiraishi N (eds) Wood and cellulosic chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 525-555.
  • Hon, D.N.S. (2001), Weathering and photochemistry of wood. In: Hon, D.N.S.; Shiraishi, N. (Ed.). Wood and cellulosic chemistry. 2.ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001. p.513-546.
  • Hon, D.N.S., Chang, S.T., Feist, W.C. (1985), Protection of wood surfaces against photooxidation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 30(4), 1429-1448. DOI: 10.1002/app.1985.070300410.
  • Hon, D.N.S., Feist, W.C. (1992), Hydroperoxidation in photoirradiated wood surfaces. Wood and Fiber Science, 24(4), 448-455.
  • ISO 2813, (1994), Paints and varnishes - determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • ISO 554, (1976), Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Kerber, P.R., Stangerlin, D.N., Pariz, E., de Melo, R.R., de Souza, A.P., Calegari, L. (2016), Colorimetry and surface roughness of three amazon woods submitted to natural weathering. Nativa, Sinop, 4(5), 303-307. DOI: 10.14583/2318-7670.v04n05a06.
  • Kropat, M., Hubbe, M.A., Laleicke, F. (2020), Natural, accelerated, and simulated weathering of wood: A Review. BioResources, 15(4), 9998-10062.
  • Lin, S.Y., Kringstad, K.P. (1970), Photosensitive groups in lignin and lignin model compounds. Tappi, 53(4), 658-663.
  • Ly, B.C.K., Dyer, E.B., Feig, J.L., Chien, A.L., Del Bino, S. (2020), Research techniques made simple: cutaneous colorimetry: a reliable technique for objective skin color measurement. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 140(1), 3-12.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.11.003.
  • Mohebby, B., Saei, A.M. (2015), Effects of geographical directions and climatological parameters on natural weathering of fir wood, Construction and Building Materials, 94: 684-690. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.049.
  • Nishino, Y., Jamin, G., Chanson, B., Detienne, P., Gril, J., Thibaut, B. (1998), Colometry of wood specimens from French Guiana, Journal of Wood Science, 44, 3-8.
  • Oberhofnerová, E., Pánek, M., García-Cimarras, A. (2017), The effect of natural weathering on untreated wood surface. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 19(2), 173-184. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2017005000015.
  • Paulsson, M., Parkås, J. (2012), Review: light-induced yellowing of lignocellulosic pulps-mechanisms and preventive methods. BioResources, 7(4), 5595-6040.
  • Pfeil, W., Pfeil, M. (2003), Estruturas de Madeira (Wood Structures), LTC, Rio, 240 pp.
  • Schaller, C., Rogez, D. (2007), New approaches in wood coating stabilization. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 4, 401-409.
  • Silva, J.O., Pastore, T.C.M. (2004), Fotodecomposição e proteção de madeiras tropicais. Floresta e Ambiente, Seropédica, 21(2), 7-13.
  • Söğütlü, C., Sönmez, A. (2006), Değişik koruyucular ile işlem görmüş bazı yerli ağaçlarda UV ışınlarının renk değiştirici etkisi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 151-159.
  • Surminski, J. (2007), Wood Properties and Uses. Amsterdam: Springer; 201 p.
  • Tolvaj, L., Mitsui, K. (2005), Light source dependence of the photodegradation of wood. Journal of Wood Science, 51(5), 468-473.
  • Tonguç, F., Ergül, H.A., Ayata, Ü. (2022), Monteri çamı (Pinus radiata D Don) odununda renk, parlaklık ve beyazlık indeksi üzerine doğal yaşlandırma uygulamasının etkisi. Bozok Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 116-119.
  • Whitehouse, D.J., Bowena, D.K., Venkatesh, V.C., Lonardo, P., Brownd, C.A. (1994), Gloss and surface topography. CIRP Annals, 43(2), 541-549.
  • Williams, R.S. (2005), Weathering of wood. In: Rowell, R.M. (Ed.) Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites, Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 139-185.
  • Yu, Z., Hu, J., Liu, Y., Chang, S., Li, T., Liu, G., Huang, Q., Yuan, J. (2022), An Investigation on the visible characteristics of four caesalpiniaceae wood species in Gabon. Journal of Renewable Materials, 10(5), 1365-1379. DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2022.018255.
  • Zollinger, H. (2003), Color chemistry, syntheses, properties, and applications of organic dyes and pigments, New York: Wiley-VCH.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kereste, Hamur ve Kağıt
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ümit Ayata 0000-0002-6787-7822

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi 7 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ayata, Ü. (2022). Dış ortam şartlarına maruz kalmış kızılçam odununda meydana gelen bazı yüzey özelliklerinin araştırılması. Mobilya Ve Ahşap Malzeme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.33725/mamad.1184911
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