Araştırma Makalesi
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Civcivlerde Enfeksiyöz Bronşitis Virusu M-41 Suşu ve Bordetella Avium ile Oluşturulan Deneysel Koenfeksiyonunda Patomorfolojik ve İmmunohistokimyasal Bulguların Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 137 - 148, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.830039

Öz

Bu deneysel çalışmada, enfeksiyöz bronşitis virusu (IBV) M-41 suşu ve solunum kanalı kommensali olan Bordetella avium 15 günlük Brown-Nick ırkı yumurtacı dişi civcivlere verilerek koenfeksiyon oluşturulmuş; solunum sisteminde gelişen makroskobik, mikroskobik ve immunohistokimyasal bulguların ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 70 adet non-SPF, sağlıklı civciv rastgele 4 farklı gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1’e(n=20) yalnız IBV-M41 suşu; Grup 2’ye(n=20) IBV-M41 suşu ve B. avium; Grup 3’e(n=20) yalnız B. avium nazal yoldan 0.1 ml verilerek civcivler enfekte edildi. Kontrol grubu olan Grup 4’teki hayvanlara (n=10) ise aynı doz ve yoldan yalnızca steril fizyolojik tuzlu su verildi. Enfeksiyonun 2.-7.,9.,11.,13.,15. ve 18. postinokulasyon günlerinde her bir gün için deney gruplarından 2; kontrol grubundan 1 hayvan alınarak ötenazileri gerçekleştirildi. Grup 1’de enfeksiyonun 2. gününde trakea ve larinkste görülen dejeneratif ve yangısal değişiklikler 15. günde ortadan kalkmıştı. Grup 2’deki hayvanlarda ilk gruba ek olarak trakea ve larinks lümenlerinde heterofil lökositler içeren müköz eksudat ile bakteri kolonileri de fark edildi. 13. günden sonra öncekine benzer şekilde iyileşmeye yönelik bulgular dikkati çekti. Grup 3 ve 4’ de herhangi bir bulguya rastlanmadı. İmmunohistokimya ve immunfloresan yöntemleriyle dokularda antijenik dağılımın Grup-1’de 2-5.; Grup-2’de 2-9. günlerde üst solunum kanalındayken, Grup-1’de 5-11.; Grup-2’de 7-11. günlerde akciğerde lokalize olduğu gözlendi. Sonuç olarak IBV ile primer enfekte civcivlerde bulguların daha hafif seyrettiği, B. avium’la koenfete civcivlerde bulguların daha şiddetli ve uzun sürdüğü, IBV’nin koenfeksiyonla daha şiddetli bulgular gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri

Proje Numarası

07VF05 numaralı doktora tez destek projesi ile desteklenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ambali AG, Jones RC. Early pathogenesis in chicks of infection with an enterotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis. 1990; 34: 809-817.
  • Arp LH, Cheville NF. Tracheal lesions in young turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. Am J Vet Res. 1984; 45: 2196-2200.
  • Benyeda Z, Szeredi L, Mató T, Süveges T, Balka G, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Rusvai M, Palya V. Comparative histopathology and immunohistochemistry of QX-like, Massachusetts and 793/B serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens. J Comp Pathol. 2010 Nov;143(4):276-83.
  • Bilgehan H. Klinik Mikrobiyolojik Tanı. 4. baskı. İzmir Şafak Matbaacılık. 2004. Bölüm 7: 131-144.
  • Blackall PJ, Doheny CM. Isolation and characterisation of Bordetella avium and related species and an evaluation of their role in respiratory disease in poultry. Aust Vet J. 1987; 64: 235-238.
  • Butcher GD, Winterfield RW, Shapiro DP. Pathogenesis of H13 nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis. 1990; 34: 916-921.
  • Bwala DG, Solomon P, Duncan N, Wandrag DBR, Abolnik C. Assessment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine efficacy in a co-infection challenge model with QX-like infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol. 2018;47(3):261-270.
  • Cavanagh D. Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus. Avian Pathol. 2003; 32: 567-582.
  • Cavanagh D, Naqi SA. Infectious Bronchitis. In: Poultry Disease. 2003; Chapter 3. 11th edn. Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, Mcdougald LR, Swayne DE, eds. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2003.
  • Cavanagh, D. & Gelb, J., 2008, ‘Infectious bronchitis ‘, in Y.M. Saif, A.M. Fadly, J.R. Glisson, L.R. Mcdougald, L.K. Nolan & D.E. Swayne (eds.), Diseases of poultry, p. 117–135, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames.
  • Chen BY, Itakura C. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of renal lesions due to avian infectious bronchitis virus in chicks uninoculated and previously inoculated with highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathol, 1997; 26: 607-624.
  • Chong KI, Apostolov K. The pathogenesis of nephritis in chickens induced by infectious bronchitis virus. J Comp Pathol. 1982; 92: 199-211.
  • Chousalkar KK, Roberts JR, Reece R. Histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in laying hens vaccinated in the rearing phase. Poultry Sci. 2007; 86: 59-62.
  • Dhinakar RG, Jones RC. Infectious bronchitis virus: Immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken. Avian Pathol. 1997; 26: 677-706.
  • Ducatelle R, Meulemans G, Coussement W, Hoorens J. Aetio-pathology of the fowl trachea early after inoculation with H52 infectious bronchitis virus. J Vet Med B. 1984; 31:151-160.
  • Dwars RM, Matthijs MGR, Daemen AJJM, Van Eck JHH, Vervelde L, Landman WJM. Progression of lesions in the respiratory tract of broilers after single infection with Escherichia coli compared to superinfection with E. coli after infection with infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Immunol Immunop. 2009; 127: 65-76.
  • El-Sukhon SN, Musa A, Al-Attar M. Studies on the bacterial etiology of airsacculitis of broilers in northern and middle Jordan with special reference to Escherichia coli, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and Bordetella avium. Avian Dis. 2002; 46: 605-612.
  • Fabricant J, Levine PP. Experimental production of complicated chronic respiratory disease infection ('air sac' disease). Avian Dis. 1962; 6: 13-23.
  • Fernando F, Montassier MFS, Silva KR, MFS, Okino CH, de Oliveira, ES, Fernandes CC, Bandarra, MB, Goncalves, Borzi MM, Santos RM, Vasconcelos R, Alessi AC, Montassier H. Nephritis Associated with a S1 Variant Brazilian Isolate of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Vaccine Protection Test in Experimentally Infected Chickens. Int J Poult Sci. 2013;12;639-646.
  • Fırat İ. İnfeksiyöz bronşitis virusunun üç patojen suşu ile enfekte edilen civcivlerdeki nefrolojik bulguların histopatolojik karşılaştırılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi. 1995.
  • Garside JS. The histopathological diagnosis of avian respiratory infections. Vet Rec. 1965; 27: 354-356.
  • Goryo M, Umemura T, Itakura C. Concurrence of nephrosis-nephritis due to infectious bronchitis virus and infectious bursal disease in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol. 1984; 13: 191-200.
  • Gross WB. Symposium on chronic respiratory diseases of poultry. II. The role of Escherichia coli in the cause of chronic respiratory disease and certain other respiratory diseases. Am J Vet Res. 1958; 19: 448-452.
  • Gross WB. The development of “air sac disease.” Avian Dis. 1961; 5:431-439.
  • Jackwood MW, Mc Carter SM, Brown TP. Bordetella avium: An opportunistic pathogen in Leghorn chickens. Avian Dis. 1995; 39: 360-367.
  • Jackwood MW, Saif YM. Bordetellozis. In: Poultry Disease, chapter 21. 11th edn. Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, Mcdougald LR, Swayne DE, eds. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2003.
  • Jackwood, M. W., and S. de Wit. Infectious bronchitis. In: Diseases of poultry, 13th ed. D. E. Swayne, J. R. Glisson, L. R. McDougald, L. K.Nolan, D. L. Suarez, and V. Nair, eds. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Ames, IA. pp. 139–159. 2013.
  • Janse EM, Van Roozelaar D, Koch G. Leukocyte subpopulations in kidney and trachea of chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol. 1994; 23: 513-523.
  • Kinde H, Daft B, Castro AE, Bickford AA, Gelb J, Reynolds B. Viral pathogenesis of a nephrotropic infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial pullets. Avian Dis. 1991; 35: 415-421.
  • King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B. & Lefkowitz, E.J. (eds.), 2012, Virus taxonomy – Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier, London.
  • Lister SA, Alexander DJ. Turkey rhinotracheitis: A rewiew. Vet Bull. 1986; 56: 633-663. Liu P, Deng G, Guo XQ, et al., 2015. Clinicopathology of gout in growing layers induced by avian nephrotrophic strains of infectious bronchitis virus. Pak Vet J. 2015; 35:345-9.
  • Luna LG. Routine Staining Procedures. Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1968, 32-47.
  • Matthijs MGR, Van Eck JHH, Landman WJM, Stegeman JA. Ability of Massachusetts-type infectious bronchitis virus to increase colibacillosis susceptibility in commercial broilers: A comparison between vaccine and virulent field virus Avian Pathol. 2003; 32: 473-481.
  • Mcmartin DA. (Infectious Bronchitis. In: Virus Infections of Vertebrates. Virus Infections of Birds. Vol 4. Mcferran JB, Mccnulty MS, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1993. 249-275.
  • Montgomery RD, Kleven SH, Villegas P. Observations on the pathogenicity of Alcaligenes faecalis in chickens. Avian Dis. 1983; 27: 751-761.
  • Nakamura K, Cook JKA, Otsuki K, Huggins MB, Frazier JA. Comparative study of respiratory lesions in two chicken lines of different susceptibility infected with infectious bronchitis virus: Histology, ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry. Avian Pathol. 1991; 20: 241-257.
  • Nakamura K, Imai K, Tanimura N. Comparison of the effects of infectious bronchitis and infectious laryngotracheitis on the chicken respiratory tract. J Comp Pathol. 1996; 114: 11-21.
  • Odugbo MO, Musa U, Ekundayo SO, Okewole PA, Esilonu J. Bordetella avium infection in chickens and quail in Nigeria: Preliminary investigations. Vet Res Commun. 2006; 30: 1-5.
  • Owen RL, Cowen BS, Hattel AL, Naqi SA, Wilson RA. Detection of viral antigen following exposure of one-day-old chickens to the Holland 52 strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol. 1991; 20: 663-673.
  • Pohl R. The histopathogenesis of the nephrosis-nephritis syndrome. Avian Pathol. 1974; 1: 1-13.
  • Purcell DA, Mcferran JB. The histopathology of infectious bronchitis in the domestic fowl. Res Vet Sci. 1972; 13: 116-122.
  • Purcell DA, Tham VL, Surman PG. The histopathology of infectious bronchitis in fowls infected with a nephrotropic "T" strain of virus. Aust Vet J. 1976; 52: 85-91. Reed L, Muench H. A simple method of estimating fifty percent end points. Am. J. Hyg. 1939; 27: 493-497.
  • Saif YM, Moorhead PD, Dearth RN, Jackwood DJ. Observations on Alcaligenes faecalis infection in turkeys. Avian Dis. 1980; 24: 665-684.
  • Sainte-Marie G. A paraffin embedding technique for studies employing immunofluorescence. J Histochem Cytochem, 1962; 10: 250-256.
  • Schulz LC. Krankheiten und Syndrome. In: Pathologie der Haustiere Teil II. Germany. 1991, 222-224.
  • Simmons DG, Gray JG, Rose LP. Isolation of an etiologic agent of acute respiartory disease (Rhinotracheitis) of turkey poults. Avian Dis. 1978; 23: 195-203. Smith HW, Cook JKA, Parsell ZE. The experimental infection of chickens with mixture of infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli. J Gen Virol. 1985; 66: 777-786.
  • Van Alstine WG, Hofstad MS. Antibiotic aerolization: The effect on experimentally induced alcaligenes rhinotracheitis in turkeys. Avian Dis. 1985; 29: 159-176.
  • Van Alstine WG, Arp LH. Effects of Bordetella avium infection on the pulmonary clearance E. coli in turkeys. Am J Vet Res. 1987; 48: 922-926.
  • Van Alstine WG, Arp LH. Histologic evaluation of lung and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in young turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. Am J Vet Res. 1988; 49: 835-839.
  • Valastro, V., Holmes, E.C., Britton, P., Fusaro, A., Jackwood, M.W., Cattoli, G. and Monne, I. S1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: An attempt to harmonize virus classification. Infect Genet Evol. 2016; 39: 349-364.

Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 137 - 148, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.830039

Öz

In this experimental study, our objective was to investigate the macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings developed in the respiratory system due to the co-infection with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) M-41 and the commensal Bordetella avium in the respiratory tract in 15-day-old female Brown-Nick chicks. In this study, a total of 70 non-SPF, healthy chicks were randomized into 4 groups. The chicks in Group 1 (n=20) were infected only with IBV-M41 strain; chicks in Group 2 (n=20) were infected with IBV-M41 and B. avium; chicks in Group 3 (n=20) were infected only given B. avium. Group 4 (n = 10) were given sterile physiological saline at the same dose and route. The administration of the strains was performed with an intranasal injection. On the 2nd-7th., 9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, and 18th days of the post-inoculation, 2 chicks from the experimental groups and 1 chick from the control group were sacrificed. In Group 1, the degenerative and inflammatory changes, which were observed in the 2nd day of infection, disappeared on the 15th day. In Group 2, we noticed bacterial colonies and mucous exudate containing heterophile leukocytes in the lumens of trachea and larynx. Starting from the 13th day, findings related to recovery e.g., in Group 1 were noticed. In the microscopical examination of the tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent methods, we observed the antigenic distribution in the upper respiratory tract in Group 1 between the 2nd and 5th days and in Group 2 between the 2nd and 9th days. However, lungs were involved between the 5th and 11th days in Group 1 and between the 7th and 11th days in Group 2. In conclusion, we determined that the progress of findings was relatively milder in chicks primarily infected with IBV-M41and the findings lasted longer in chicks co-infected with B. avium and IBV caused severe symptoms in chicks in case of co-infection.

Proje Numarası

07VF05 numaralı doktora tez destek projesi ile desteklenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ambali AG, Jones RC. Early pathogenesis in chicks of infection with an enterotropic strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis. 1990; 34: 809-817.
  • Arp LH, Cheville NF. Tracheal lesions in young turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. Am J Vet Res. 1984; 45: 2196-2200.
  • Benyeda Z, Szeredi L, Mató T, Süveges T, Balka G, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Rusvai M, Palya V. Comparative histopathology and immunohistochemistry of QX-like, Massachusetts and 793/B serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens. J Comp Pathol. 2010 Nov;143(4):276-83.
  • Bilgehan H. Klinik Mikrobiyolojik Tanı. 4. baskı. İzmir Şafak Matbaacılık. 2004. Bölüm 7: 131-144.
  • Blackall PJ, Doheny CM. Isolation and characterisation of Bordetella avium and related species and an evaluation of their role in respiratory disease in poultry. Aust Vet J. 1987; 64: 235-238.
  • Butcher GD, Winterfield RW, Shapiro DP. Pathogenesis of H13 nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis. 1990; 34: 916-921.
  • Bwala DG, Solomon P, Duncan N, Wandrag DBR, Abolnik C. Assessment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine efficacy in a co-infection challenge model with QX-like infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol. 2018;47(3):261-270.
  • Cavanagh D. Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus. Avian Pathol. 2003; 32: 567-582.
  • Cavanagh D, Naqi SA. Infectious Bronchitis. In: Poultry Disease. 2003; Chapter 3. 11th edn. Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, Mcdougald LR, Swayne DE, eds. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2003.
  • Cavanagh, D. & Gelb, J., 2008, ‘Infectious bronchitis ‘, in Y.M. Saif, A.M. Fadly, J.R. Glisson, L.R. Mcdougald, L.K. Nolan & D.E. Swayne (eds.), Diseases of poultry, p. 117–135, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames.
  • Chen BY, Itakura C. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of renal lesions due to avian infectious bronchitis virus in chicks uninoculated and previously inoculated with highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathol, 1997; 26: 607-624.
  • Chong KI, Apostolov K. The pathogenesis of nephritis in chickens induced by infectious bronchitis virus. J Comp Pathol. 1982; 92: 199-211.
  • Chousalkar KK, Roberts JR, Reece R. Histopathology of two serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus in laying hens vaccinated in the rearing phase. Poultry Sci. 2007; 86: 59-62.
  • Dhinakar RG, Jones RC. Infectious bronchitis virus: Immunopathogenesis of infection in the chicken. Avian Pathol. 1997; 26: 677-706.
  • Ducatelle R, Meulemans G, Coussement W, Hoorens J. Aetio-pathology of the fowl trachea early after inoculation with H52 infectious bronchitis virus. J Vet Med B. 1984; 31:151-160.
  • Dwars RM, Matthijs MGR, Daemen AJJM, Van Eck JHH, Vervelde L, Landman WJM. Progression of lesions in the respiratory tract of broilers after single infection with Escherichia coli compared to superinfection with E. coli after infection with infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Immunol Immunop. 2009; 127: 65-76.
  • El-Sukhon SN, Musa A, Al-Attar M. Studies on the bacterial etiology of airsacculitis of broilers in northern and middle Jordan with special reference to Escherichia coli, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and Bordetella avium. Avian Dis. 2002; 46: 605-612.
  • Fabricant J, Levine PP. Experimental production of complicated chronic respiratory disease infection ('air sac' disease). Avian Dis. 1962; 6: 13-23.
  • Fernando F, Montassier MFS, Silva KR, MFS, Okino CH, de Oliveira, ES, Fernandes CC, Bandarra, MB, Goncalves, Borzi MM, Santos RM, Vasconcelos R, Alessi AC, Montassier H. Nephritis Associated with a S1 Variant Brazilian Isolate of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Vaccine Protection Test in Experimentally Infected Chickens. Int J Poult Sci. 2013;12;639-646.
  • Fırat İ. İnfeksiyöz bronşitis virusunun üç patojen suşu ile enfekte edilen civcivlerdeki nefrolojik bulguların histopatolojik karşılaştırılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi. 1995.
  • Garside JS. The histopathological diagnosis of avian respiratory infections. Vet Rec. 1965; 27: 354-356.
  • Goryo M, Umemura T, Itakura C. Concurrence of nephrosis-nephritis due to infectious bronchitis virus and infectious bursal disease in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol. 1984; 13: 191-200.
  • Gross WB. Symposium on chronic respiratory diseases of poultry. II. The role of Escherichia coli in the cause of chronic respiratory disease and certain other respiratory diseases. Am J Vet Res. 1958; 19: 448-452.
  • Gross WB. The development of “air sac disease.” Avian Dis. 1961; 5:431-439.
  • Jackwood MW, Mc Carter SM, Brown TP. Bordetella avium: An opportunistic pathogen in Leghorn chickens. Avian Dis. 1995; 39: 360-367.
  • Jackwood MW, Saif YM. Bordetellozis. In: Poultry Disease, chapter 21. 11th edn. Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Fadly AM, Glisson JR, Mcdougald LR, Swayne DE, eds. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2003.
  • Jackwood, M. W., and S. de Wit. Infectious bronchitis. In: Diseases of poultry, 13th ed. D. E. Swayne, J. R. Glisson, L. R. McDougald, L. K.Nolan, D. L. Suarez, and V. Nair, eds. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Ames, IA. pp. 139–159. 2013.
  • Janse EM, Van Roozelaar D, Koch G. Leukocyte subpopulations in kidney and trachea of chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol. 1994; 23: 513-523.
  • Kinde H, Daft B, Castro AE, Bickford AA, Gelb J, Reynolds B. Viral pathogenesis of a nephrotropic infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial pullets. Avian Dis. 1991; 35: 415-421.
  • King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B. & Lefkowitz, E.J. (eds.), 2012, Virus taxonomy – Ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier, London.
  • Lister SA, Alexander DJ. Turkey rhinotracheitis: A rewiew. Vet Bull. 1986; 56: 633-663. Liu P, Deng G, Guo XQ, et al., 2015. Clinicopathology of gout in growing layers induced by avian nephrotrophic strains of infectious bronchitis virus. Pak Vet J. 2015; 35:345-9.
  • Luna LG. Routine Staining Procedures. Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1968, 32-47.
  • Matthijs MGR, Van Eck JHH, Landman WJM, Stegeman JA. Ability of Massachusetts-type infectious bronchitis virus to increase colibacillosis susceptibility in commercial broilers: A comparison between vaccine and virulent field virus Avian Pathol. 2003; 32: 473-481.
  • Mcmartin DA. (Infectious Bronchitis. In: Virus Infections of Vertebrates. Virus Infections of Birds. Vol 4. Mcferran JB, Mccnulty MS, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1993. 249-275.
  • Montgomery RD, Kleven SH, Villegas P. Observations on the pathogenicity of Alcaligenes faecalis in chickens. Avian Dis. 1983; 27: 751-761.
  • Nakamura K, Cook JKA, Otsuki K, Huggins MB, Frazier JA. Comparative study of respiratory lesions in two chicken lines of different susceptibility infected with infectious bronchitis virus: Histology, ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry. Avian Pathol. 1991; 20: 241-257.
  • Nakamura K, Imai K, Tanimura N. Comparison of the effects of infectious bronchitis and infectious laryngotracheitis on the chicken respiratory tract. J Comp Pathol. 1996; 114: 11-21.
  • Odugbo MO, Musa U, Ekundayo SO, Okewole PA, Esilonu J. Bordetella avium infection in chickens and quail in Nigeria: Preliminary investigations. Vet Res Commun. 2006; 30: 1-5.
  • Owen RL, Cowen BS, Hattel AL, Naqi SA, Wilson RA. Detection of viral antigen following exposure of one-day-old chickens to the Holland 52 strain of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol. 1991; 20: 663-673.
  • Pohl R. The histopathogenesis of the nephrosis-nephritis syndrome. Avian Pathol. 1974; 1: 1-13.
  • Purcell DA, Mcferran JB. The histopathology of infectious bronchitis in the domestic fowl. Res Vet Sci. 1972; 13: 116-122.
  • Purcell DA, Tham VL, Surman PG. The histopathology of infectious bronchitis in fowls infected with a nephrotropic "T" strain of virus. Aust Vet J. 1976; 52: 85-91. Reed L, Muench H. A simple method of estimating fifty percent end points. Am. J. Hyg. 1939; 27: 493-497.
  • Saif YM, Moorhead PD, Dearth RN, Jackwood DJ. Observations on Alcaligenes faecalis infection in turkeys. Avian Dis. 1980; 24: 665-684.
  • Sainte-Marie G. A paraffin embedding technique for studies employing immunofluorescence. J Histochem Cytochem, 1962; 10: 250-256.
  • Schulz LC. Krankheiten und Syndrome. In: Pathologie der Haustiere Teil II. Germany. 1991, 222-224.
  • Simmons DG, Gray JG, Rose LP. Isolation of an etiologic agent of acute respiartory disease (Rhinotracheitis) of turkey poults. Avian Dis. 1978; 23: 195-203. Smith HW, Cook JKA, Parsell ZE. The experimental infection of chickens with mixture of infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli. J Gen Virol. 1985; 66: 777-786.
  • Van Alstine WG, Hofstad MS. Antibiotic aerolization: The effect on experimentally induced alcaligenes rhinotracheitis in turkeys. Avian Dis. 1985; 29: 159-176.
  • Van Alstine WG, Arp LH. Effects of Bordetella avium infection on the pulmonary clearance E. coli in turkeys. Am J Vet Res. 1987; 48: 922-926.
  • Van Alstine WG, Arp LH. Histologic evaluation of lung and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in young turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. Am J Vet Res. 1988; 49: 835-839.
  • Valastro, V., Holmes, E.C., Britton, P., Fusaro, A., Jackwood, M.W., Cattoli, G. and Monne, I. S1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: An attempt to harmonize virus classification. Infect Genet Evol. 2016; 39: 349-364.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Mehmet Bozkurt 0000-0002-1669-0988

Günay Alçığır Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-3001-6420

Proje Numarası 07VF05 numaralı doktora tez destek projesi ile desteklenmiştir.
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2021
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bozkurt, M., & Alçığır, G. (2021). Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 14(1), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.830039
AMA Bozkurt M, Alçığır G. Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks. kvj. Mart 2021;14(1):137-148. doi:10.30607/kvj.830039
Chicago Bozkurt, Mehmet, ve Günay Alçığır. “Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-Infection With Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 14, sy. 1 (Mart 2021): 137-48. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.830039.
EndNote Bozkurt M, Alçığır G (01 Mart 2021) Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 14 1 137–148.
IEEE M. Bozkurt ve G. Alçığır, “Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks”, kvj, c. 14, sy. 1, ss. 137–148, 2021, doi: 10.30607/kvj.830039.
ISNAD Bozkurt, Mehmet - Alçığır, Günay. “Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-Infection With Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 14/1 (Mart 2021), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.830039.
JAMA Bozkurt M, Alçığır G. Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks. kvj. 2021;14:137–148.
MLA Bozkurt, Mehmet ve Günay Alçığır. “Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-Infection With Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks”. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, c. 14, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 137-48, doi:10.30607/kvj.830039.
Vancouver Bozkurt M, Alçığır G. Comparison of the Pathomorphological and Immunohistochemical Findings of an Experimental Co-infection with Infectious Bronchitis Virus M-41 and Bordetella Avium in Chicks. kvj. 2021;14(1):137-48.

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