Alkol Verilen Sıçanlarda 2,4-Diklorofenoksi Asetik Asitin Hematolojik Parametreler Üzerine Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi
Öz
Modern tarımda, pestisit, herbisit ve çeşitli gübreler gibi birçok bileşik, bitki üretimini arttırmak için sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bu bileşikler arasında, sentetik herbisitlerin tarımsal amaçlı yaygın kullanımı, canlı organizmalar üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahip olup, insan ve hayvanlarda çeşitli hematolojik ve nörolojik komplikasyonlara yol açabilmektedir. Alkol tüketimi, kardiyovasküler hastalıkta potansiyel risk faktörlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yaygın olarak çiftçiler tarafından herbisit olarak kullanılan 2,4-diklorofenoksi asetik asidin (2.4-D), etil alkol verilen sıçanlarda hematolojik değişikliklere etkisini araştırmaktır. Toplam 28 Sprague Dawley erkek sıçan rastgele olarak grup başına 7 hayvan içerecek şekilde dört gruba ayrıldı. Birinci grup kontrol olarak görev yaparken, deney grupları şöyledir; herbisit grubu (5 mg / kg, 2,4 D, oral yoldan), alkol grubu (3 mg / kg etil alkol, oral yoldan), herbisit + alkol grubu (5 mg / kg 2,4D ve 3 mg / kg etil alkol, oral yoldan). Altmış günlük toplam deney süresi sonunda kan örnekleri anestezi altında kalp punksiyonu ile hayvanlardan alındı. Kan örneklerinden eritrosit (RBC), toplam lökosit sayısı (WBC) ve yüzde oranları ile trombosit sayısı (PLT), hematokrit değeri (HCT) ve hemoglobin (HGB) düzeyi belirlendi. 2,4-D uygulanan hayvanlarda, WBC, lenfosit, monosit ve granülosit yüzdelik değerlerinin arttığı bulundu. Alkol ve alkol ile birlikte 2,4-D uygulanan hayvanlarda, RBC, HGB, HCT ve PLT sayılarının azaldığı tespit edildi. Alkol, 2.4-D ve alkol ile birlikte 2.4 -D uygulamalarının, her bir kırmızı kan hücresindeki ortalama hemoglobin seviyesini (MCH) arttırdığı gözlendi. Sonuç olarak, alkol verilen sıçanlarda 2,4-D uygulamasının hematolojik parametrelerde değişikliklere neden olduğu sonucuna varıldı.
Anahtar Kelimeler
2.4-diklorofenoksi asetik asit alkol hematolojik parametreler rat
Kaynakça
- Amel N, Wafa T, Samia D, Yousra B, Issam C, Cheraif I, Mohamed H. Extra virgin olive oil modulates brain docosahexaenoic acid level and oxidative damage caused by 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats. Journal of food science and technology, 2016; 53: 1454-1464.
- Armutcu F, Gürel A, Kurtman S, Mungan AG, Ünalacak M. Alkol Alışlkanlığı olanlarda lipid peroksidasyonu ve serum demir parametreleri. Türk Klin. Biyok. Derg. 2003; 2: 61-67.
- Bortolozzi AA, Evangelista de DuffarrdAM, Duffard RO and Antonelli MC. Effects of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposure on dopamine D2-like receptors in rat brain. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2004; 26: 599–605.
- Duchnowicz P, Koter M. Damage to the erythrocyte membrane caused by chlorophenoxyacetic herbicides. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 2002; 7 (Supp): 180.
- Figgs LW, Holland NT, Rothman N, Zahm SH, Tarone RE, Hill R, Vogt RF, Smith MT, Boysen CD, Holmes FF, VanDyck K, Blair A. Increased lymphocyte replicative index following 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide exposure. Cancer Causes Control, 2000; 11: 373-380.
- Gholami-Seyedkolaei SJ, Mirvaghefi A, Farahmand H. & Kosari AA. Effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide in Cyprinus carpio: Assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity, hematological responses and serum biochemical parameters. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2013; 98: 135-141.
- Glusczak L, Miron DS, Crestani M, Fonseca MB, Pedron FA, Duarte MF, Vieira VLP. Effect of glyphosate herbicide on acetylcholinesterase activity and metabolic and hematological parameters in piava (Leporinus obtusidens). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2006; 65: 237–241.
- Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP, Jessen CR, McCurnin DM and Richardson RC. Case Control Study of Canine Malignant Lymphoma: Positive Assocation With Dog Owner's Use of 2,4Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides, The Nat. Cancer Institute. 1991; 83: 1226-1231.
- Hill RH, Head SL, Baker S, Gregg M, Shealy DB, Bailey SL, Williams CC, Sampson EJ, Needham LL. Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: reference range concentrations. Environ. Res. 1995; 7: 99-108.
- Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, Hashimoto H, Nagai R, Yamakado M. Association between white blood cell count and carotid arteriosclerosis in Japanese smokers. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 175: 95-100.
- Kamoun Z, Kamoun AS, Bougatef A, Kharrat RM, Youssfi H, Boudawara T & Zeghal N. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of sardinelle (Sardinella aurita) protein hydrolysate against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017; 24: 1432-1441.
- Leonard C, Burke CM, O'Keane C and Doyle JS. Golf ball liver: Agent Orange Hepatitis,1997;http://gut.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/40/5/687.(Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2018).
- Lerda D, Rizzi R. Study of reproductive function in persons occupationally exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Mutat Res., 1991; 262: 47-50.
- Linge HM, Ochani K, Lin K, Lee JY, Miller EJ. Age-dependent alterations in the inflammatory response to pulmonary challenge. Immunol. Res., 2015; 63: 209–215.
- Modesto KA, Martinez CB. Effects of roundup transorb on fish: hematology, antioxidant defenses and acetylcholinesterase activity. Chemosphere, 2010; 81: 781–787.
- Nakbi A, Tayeb W, Dabbou S, Issaoui M, Grissa AK, Attia N, Hammami M. Dietary olive oil effect on antioxidant status and fatty acid profile in the erythrocyte of 2,4-Dexposed rats. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2010; 9: 89-99.
- Pei C, Chang JB, Hsieh CH, Lin JD, Hsu CH, Pei D, Liang YJ, Chen YL. Using white blood cell counts to predict metabolic syndrome in the elderly: A combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Eur. J. Intern.Med., 2015; 26: 324-329.
- Potter BJ. Alcohol and hepatic iron homeostasis. In: Watson RR. Editor. Drug and alcohol abuse reviews: vol. 2. Liver Pathology and Alcohol, Humana Press, Totowa: NJ, Pp; 1991; 1-60.
- Rubin R, Rand ML. Alcohol and platelet function. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 1994; 18: 105–110.
- Saghir SA, Marty MS, Zablotny CL, Passage JK, Perala AW, Neal BH, Hammond L, Bus JS. Life-stage-, sex-, and dose-dependent dietary toxicokinetics and relationship to toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rats: implications for toxicity test dose selection, design, and interpretation. Toxicol Sci, 2013; 136: 294-307.
- Salaspuro M. Conventional and coming laboratory markers of alcoholisrn and heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1986; 10: 5- 12.
- Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Ashby D, Walker M, Whitehead TP. Biochemical and haematological response to alcohol intake. Ann Clin Biochem, 1985; 22: 50-61.
- Smith CM, Tobin JD Jr, Burris SM, White JG. Alcohol consumption in the guinea pig is associated with reduced megakaryocyte deformability and platelet size. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1992; 120: 699–706.
- Song Y. Insight into the mode of action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an herbicide. J Integr Plant Biol, 2014; 56(2): 106–113.
- Suwalsky M, Benites M, Villena F, Aguilar F, Sotomayor CP. Interaction of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with cell and model membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1285: 267–276.
- Tan B, Babur E, Koşar B, Varol S, Dursun N, Süer C. Age-dependent evaluation of long-term depression responses in hyperthyroid rats: Possible roles of oxidative intracellular redox status. Brain research, 2019; 1720: 146314.
- Taşlıdere E, Kuruş M, Kazancı A, Otlu A. Sıçanlarda Özefagus ve Midede Yaşa Bağlı Değişimlerin Histomorfolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 2013; 18(2): 75-82.
- Tayeb W, Nakbi A, Chargui I, Cheraief I, Miled A, Hammami M. Subacute effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2011; 99: 256–264.
- Teixeira MC, Duque P and Sa´Correia I. Environmental genomics: mechanistic insights into toxicity of and resistance to the herbicide 2, 4-D. Trends in Biotechnology. 2007; 25: 363–370.
- Temel İ, Özerol E, Bay A, Çiğli A. Erythrocyte catalase activities in alcohol consumption, medications and some diseases. Inönü Üni. Tip Fak. Derg., 2002; 9: 11-14.
- Tiryaki O, Canhilal R, Horuz S. Tarım ilaçları kullanımı ve riskleri. Erciyes Ün. Fen Bil.Derg., 2010; 26: 154-169.
- Tyulina OV, Prokopieva VD, Dodd RD, Hawkins JR, Clay SW, Wilson DO, Boldyrev AA, Johnson P. In vitro effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and fatty acid ethyl esters on human erythrocytes. Alcohol Alcohol, 2002; 37: 179-186.
- Tyulina OV, Huentelman MJ, Prokopieva VD, Boldyrev AA, Johnson P. Does ethanol metabolism a¡ect erythrocyte hemolysis? Biochim. Biophy., Acta, 2000; 1535: 69-77.
- Uyanikgil Y, Ates¸ U, Baka M, Bicer S, Oztas¸ E, Ergen G. Immunohistochemical and histopathological evaluation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced changes in rat kidney cortex. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009; 82(6): 749–755.
- Vural N. Toksikoloji. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, 2005; 73: 381.
- Yılmaz B. Fziyoloji, II.Basım, Feryal Matbaacılık, Ankara. 2000; 45-133.
Determination of The Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid on Hematological Parameters in Rats Given Alcohol
Öz
In modern agriculture, many compounds such as pesticides, herbicides and various kinds of fertilizers are frequently used in the fields to increase crop production. However, among these compounds, widespread usage of synthetic herbicides for agricultural purpose has an adverse effect on living organisms and can lead to several hematological and neurological complications in human and animals. Alcohol consumption is one of the potential risk factors in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2.4-D), used commonly by farmers as a herbicide, on hematological changes in rats given alcohol. Totally 28 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into four groups containing 7 animals per group. While first group served as a control, experimental groups were as follows; herbicide group (5 mg/kg, 2,4- D, orally), alcohol group (3 mg/kg ethyl alcohol, orally), herbicide plus alcohol group (5 mg/kg 2,4-D and 3 mg/kg ethyl alcohol, orally). In the end of experimental period lasted totally 60 days, the blood samples were taken from animals by cardiac puncture under anesthesia. In the blood samples, erythrocyte (RBC), total leukocytes (WBC) and percentage of the different white blood cells, hematocrit value (HCT), hemoglobin concentration (HGB) and platelet counts (PLT) were determined. 2,4-D increased the WBC, percentage of lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte numbers. Alcohol and alcohol plus 2,4-D application reduced RBC numbers, HGB, HCT value and PLT concentration. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin level (MCH) was increased by alcohol, 2.4 D and alcohol plus 2.4 D treatments. We concluded that 2,4-D application in rats given alcohol leads to changes in hematological parameters.
Anahtar Kelimeler
2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid alcohol hematological parameters rat
Kaynakça
- Amel N, Wafa T, Samia D, Yousra B, Issam C, Cheraif I, Mohamed H. Extra virgin olive oil modulates brain docosahexaenoic acid level and oxidative damage caused by 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rats. Journal of food science and technology, 2016; 53: 1454-1464.
- Armutcu F, Gürel A, Kurtman S, Mungan AG, Ünalacak M. Alkol Alışlkanlığı olanlarda lipid peroksidasyonu ve serum demir parametreleri. Türk Klin. Biyok. Derg. 2003; 2: 61-67.
- Bortolozzi AA, Evangelista de DuffarrdAM, Duffard RO and Antonelli MC. Effects of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid exposure on dopamine D2-like receptors in rat brain. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2004; 26: 599–605.
- Duchnowicz P, Koter M. Damage to the erythrocyte membrane caused by chlorophenoxyacetic herbicides. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 2002; 7 (Supp): 180.
- Figgs LW, Holland NT, Rothman N, Zahm SH, Tarone RE, Hill R, Vogt RF, Smith MT, Boysen CD, Holmes FF, VanDyck K, Blair A. Increased lymphocyte replicative index following 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide exposure. Cancer Causes Control, 2000; 11: 373-380.
- Gholami-Seyedkolaei SJ, Mirvaghefi A, Farahmand H. & Kosari AA. Effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide in Cyprinus carpio: Assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity, hematological responses and serum biochemical parameters. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2013; 98: 135-141.
- Glusczak L, Miron DS, Crestani M, Fonseca MB, Pedron FA, Duarte MF, Vieira VLP. Effect of glyphosate herbicide on acetylcholinesterase activity and metabolic and hematological parameters in piava (Leporinus obtusidens). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2006; 65: 237–241.
- Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP, Jessen CR, McCurnin DM and Richardson RC. Case Control Study of Canine Malignant Lymphoma: Positive Assocation With Dog Owner's Use of 2,4Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides, The Nat. Cancer Institute. 1991; 83: 1226-1231.
- Hill RH, Head SL, Baker S, Gregg M, Shealy DB, Bailey SL, Williams CC, Sampson EJ, Needham LL. Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: reference range concentrations. Environ. Res. 1995; 7: 99-108.
- Ishizaka N, Ishizaka Y, Toda E, Hashimoto H, Nagai R, Yamakado M. Association between white blood cell count and carotid arteriosclerosis in Japanese smokers. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 175: 95-100.
- Kamoun Z, Kamoun AS, Bougatef A, Kharrat RM, Youssfi H, Boudawara T & Zeghal N. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of sardinelle (Sardinella aurita) protein hydrolysate against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017; 24: 1432-1441.
- Leonard C, Burke CM, O'Keane C and Doyle JS. Golf ball liver: Agent Orange Hepatitis,1997;http://gut.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/40/5/687.(Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2018).
- Lerda D, Rizzi R. Study of reproductive function in persons occupationally exposed to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Mutat Res., 1991; 262: 47-50.
- Linge HM, Ochani K, Lin K, Lee JY, Miller EJ. Age-dependent alterations in the inflammatory response to pulmonary challenge. Immunol. Res., 2015; 63: 209–215.
- Modesto KA, Martinez CB. Effects of roundup transorb on fish: hematology, antioxidant defenses and acetylcholinesterase activity. Chemosphere, 2010; 81: 781–787.
- Nakbi A, Tayeb W, Dabbou S, Issaoui M, Grissa AK, Attia N, Hammami M. Dietary olive oil effect on antioxidant status and fatty acid profile in the erythrocyte of 2,4-Dexposed rats. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2010; 9: 89-99.
- Pei C, Chang JB, Hsieh CH, Lin JD, Hsu CH, Pei D, Liang YJ, Chen YL. Using white blood cell counts to predict metabolic syndrome in the elderly: A combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Eur. J. Intern.Med., 2015; 26: 324-329.
- Potter BJ. Alcohol and hepatic iron homeostasis. In: Watson RR. Editor. Drug and alcohol abuse reviews: vol. 2. Liver Pathology and Alcohol, Humana Press, Totowa: NJ, Pp; 1991; 1-60.
- Rubin R, Rand ML. Alcohol and platelet function. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 1994; 18: 105–110.
- Saghir SA, Marty MS, Zablotny CL, Passage JK, Perala AW, Neal BH, Hammond L, Bus JS. Life-stage-, sex-, and dose-dependent dietary toxicokinetics and relationship to toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rats: implications for toxicity test dose selection, design, and interpretation. Toxicol Sci, 2013; 136: 294-307.
- Salaspuro M. Conventional and coming laboratory markers of alcoholisrn and heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1986; 10: 5- 12.
- Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Ashby D, Walker M, Whitehead TP. Biochemical and haematological response to alcohol intake. Ann Clin Biochem, 1985; 22: 50-61.
- Smith CM, Tobin JD Jr, Burris SM, White JG. Alcohol consumption in the guinea pig is associated with reduced megakaryocyte deformability and platelet size. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1992; 120: 699–706.
- Song Y. Insight into the mode of action of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as an herbicide. J Integr Plant Biol, 2014; 56(2): 106–113.
- Suwalsky M, Benites M, Villena F, Aguilar F, Sotomayor CP. Interaction of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with cell and model membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1996; 1285: 267–276.
- Tan B, Babur E, Koşar B, Varol S, Dursun N, Süer C. Age-dependent evaluation of long-term depression responses in hyperthyroid rats: Possible roles of oxidative intracellular redox status. Brain research, 2019; 1720: 146314.
- Taşlıdere E, Kuruş M, Kazancı A, Otlu A. Sıçanlarda Özefagus ve Midede Yaşa Bağlı Değişimlerin Histomorfolojik Açıdan İncelenmesi. Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 2013; 18(2): 75-82.
- Tayeb W, Nakbi A, Chargui I, Cheraief I, Miled A, Hammami M. Subacute effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2011; 99: 256–264.
- Teixeira MC, Duque P and Sa´Correia I. Environmental genomics: mechanistic insights into toxicity of and resistance to the herbicide 2, 4-D. Trends in Biotechnology. 2007; 25: 363–370.
- Temel İ, Özerol E, Bay A, Çiğli A. Erythrocyte catalase activities in alcohol consumption, medications and some diseases. Inönü Üni. Tip Fak. Derg., 2002; 9: 11-14.
- Tiryaki O, Canhilal R, Horuz S. Tarım ilaçları kullanımı ve riskleri. Erciyes Ün. Fen Bil.Derg., 2010; 26: 154-169.
- Tyulina OV, Prokopieva VD, Dodd RD, Hawkins JR, Clay SW, Wilson DO, Boldyrev AA, Johnson P. In vitro effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and fatty acid ethyl esters on human erythrocytes. Alcohol Alcohol, 2002; 37: 179-186.
- Tyulina OV, Huentelman MJ, Prokopieva VD, Boldyrev AA, Johnson P. Does ethanol metabolism a¡ect erythrocyte hemolysis? Biochim. Biophy., Acta, 2000; 1535: 69-77.
- Uyanikgil Y, Ates¸ U, Baka M, Bicer S, Oztas¸ E, Ergen G. Immunohistochemical and histopathological evaluation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced changes in rat kidney cortex. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009; 82(6): 749–755.
- Vural N. Toksikoloji. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları, 2005; 73: 381.
- Yılmaz B. Fziyoloji, II.Basım, Feryal Matbaacılık, Ankara. 2000; 45-133.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Bilimleri |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Mart 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 1 Şubat 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
