Derleme
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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri ve Korunma: Derleme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 162 - 171, 03.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1060956

Öz

Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs 2 (SARS-CoV-2) varyantı Omicron'un (B.1.1.529) ortaya çıkması, yüksek bulaşma hızı ve mutasyon sayısı nedeniyle dünya çapında ciddi bir endişe nedeni olmuştur. Kasım 2021'de Güney Afrika ve Botsvana'daki genomik incelemeler esnasında, Güney Afrika'nın Gauteng Eyaletinde enfeksiyonların hızla yeniden artmasıyla ilişkili yeni bir SARS-CoV-2 varyantı saptanmış, ilk genomun sekans yüklemeleri sonrasında Omicron, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından endişe oluşturan bir varyant olarak belirlenmiştir. Hemen akabinde üç hafta içinde 87 ülkede tanımlanmıştır. Omicron varyantı, spike glikoproteininde antikor nötralizasyonunu ve spike fonksiyonunu etkilediği tahmin edilen 30'dan fazla mutasyon taşıyan çok istisnai bir virüstür. Omicron son derece bulaşıcıdır ve önceki varyantlardan daha hızlı yayılır, ancak önceki varyantlardan daha az şiddetli semptomlara neden olabilir. Omicron varyantı bağışıklık sisteminden kaçabilir. COVID-19’a karşı geliştirilen aşı yanıtlarından da kaçabilir. Omicron varyantının baskılanması için aşılama da dahil olmak üzere hızlı ve dikkatli önleyici adımlar her zaman anahtar olacaktır. Bu derlemede, SARS-CoV-2'nin Omicron varyantının yüksek oranda mutasyona uğramış bölgelerini, temel bulaşıcılığı, aşı atılımını ve antikor direncini özetlenmektedir.

Kaynakça

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  • Del Rio C, Malani PN, Omer SB. Confronting the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, summer 2021. JAMA. 2021;326(11):1001-1002. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.14811.
  • Kupferschmidt K. Where did 'weird' Omicron come from? Science. 2021;374(6572):1179. doi: 10.1126/science.acx9738.
  • Kumar S, Thambiraja TS, Karuppanan K, Subramaniam G. Omicron and Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2: A comparative computational study of spike protein. J Med Virol. 2021;94(4):1641-1649. doi:10.1002/jmv.27526.
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  • Zuckerman NS, Fleishon S, Bucris E, et al. A Unique SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein P681H Variant Detected in Israel. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;9(6):616. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9060616.
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  • Meo SA, Meo AS, Al-Jassir FF, et al. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant: global prevalence and biological and clinical characteristics. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(24):8012-8018. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202112_27652.
  • Araf Y, Akter F, Tang YD, et al. Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Genomics, transmissibility, and responses to current COVID-19 vaccines. J Med Virol. 2022;94(5):1825-1832. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27588.
  • Meo SA, Meo AS, Al-Jassir FF, et al. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant: global prevalence and biological and clinical characteristics. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(24):8012-8018. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202112_27652.
  • Jia H, Wang H, Cao L, et al. Genetic analysis of a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant from a Chinese traveler returning from overseas. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;5:1-9. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2025747.
  • Abdullah F, Myers J, Basu D, et al. Decreased severity of disease during the first global omicron variant covid-19 outbreak in a large hospital in tshwane, south africa. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;116:38–42. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.357.
  • Espenhain L, Funk T, Overvad M, et al. Epidemiological characterisation of the first 785 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases in Denmark, December 2021. Euro Surveill. 2021;26(50). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101146.
  • Brandal LT, MacDonald E, Veneti L, et al. Outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Norway, November to December 2021. Euro Surveill. 202;26(50). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101147.
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Virological, Epidemiological Features and Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant: A Review

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 162 - 171, 03.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1060956

Öz

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant Omicron (B.1.1.529) has been a cause for serious concern worldwide due to its high rate of transmission and number of mutations. During genomic studies in South Africa and Botswana in November 2021, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 was identified associated with a rapid resurgence of infections in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Omicron variant was identified as a type of concern by the World Health Organization after sequence uploads of the first genome. It was subsequently identified in 87 countries within three weeks. The Omicron variant is a very exceptional virus carrying more than 30 mutations in the spike glycoprotein that are predicted to affect antibody neutralization and spike function. Omicron is highly contagious and spreads faster than previous variants, but may cause less severe symptoms than previous variants. Omicron variant can evade the immune system. It can also evade the vaccine responses developed against COVID-19. Rapid and careful preventive steps, including vaccination, will always be a key for suppression of the Omicron variant.
This review summarizes the highly mutated regions, core infectiousness, vaccine elimination, and antibody resistance of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.

Kaynakça

  • Tao K, Tzou PL, Nouhin J, et al. The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Rev Genet. 2021;22(12):757-773. doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). SARS-CoV-2 variant classifications and definitions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fcases-updates%2Fvariant-surveillance%2Fvariant-info.html Published Dec. 1, 2021. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update Edition 57, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---14-september-2021 Published September 14, 2021. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • Del Rio C, Omer SB, Malani PN. Winter of Omicron-The Evolving COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA. 2022;327(4):319-320 doi:10.1001/jama.2021.24315.
  • Del Rio C, Malani PN, Omer SB. Confronting the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, summer 2021. JAMA. 2021;326(11):1001-1002. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.14811.
  • Kupferschmidt K. Where did 'weird' Omicron come from? Science. 2021;374(6572):1179. doi: 10.1126/science.acx9738.
  • Kumar S, Thambiraja TS, Karuppanan K, Subramaniam G. Omicron and Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2: A comparative computational study of spike protein. J Med Virol. 2021;94(4):1641-1649. doi:10.1002/jmv.27526.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Enhancing readiness for Omicron (B.1.1.529): technical brief and priority actions for member states. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/enhancing-readiness-for-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-technical-brief-and-priority-actions-for-member-states Published January 7, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2022
  • Karim SSA, Karim QA. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10317):2126-2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). South Africa. 2021. https://covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/za. Published January 3, 2022. Accessed January 16, 2022.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). B.1.1.529. 2021. https://cov‐lineages.org/global_report_B.1.1.529.html. January 19, 2022. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • Graham F. Daily briefing: Omicron coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert. Nature. 2021 doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-03564-6.
  • The New York Times. Tracking Omicron and Other Coronavirus Variants. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/coronavirus-variant-tracker.html Update May 24, 2022; Access Date: July 4, 2022.
  • Ferron F, Subissi L, Silveira De Morais AT, et al. Structural and molecular basis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(2):E162-E171. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718806115.
  • De Villiers CB, Blackburn L, Cook S, Janus J. SARS-CoV-2 Variants. PHG Foundation for FIND. 2021. Available at: https://www.finddx.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/COVID-variants-report-FINAL-12MAR2021.pdf
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). SARS-CoV-2 variant classifications and definitions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fcases-updates%2Fvariant-surveillance%2Fvariant-info.html Published Dec. 1, 2021. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update Edition 57, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---14-september-2021 Published September 14, 2021. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Podogrocki M, Majsterek I, Bijak M. The Emerging Concern and Interest SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Pathogens. 2021;10(6):633. doi:10.3390/pathogens10060633.
  • Mohammadi M, Shayestehpour M, Mirzaei H. The impact of spike mutated variants of SARS-CoV2 [Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda] on the efficacy of subunit recombinant vaccines. Braz J Infect Dis. 2021; 25(4):101606. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101606.
  • UpToDate. COVID-19: Epidemiology, virology, and prevention. 2021 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-epidemiology-virology-and-prevention#H874583070. Published January 13, 2022. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/ Published January 17, 2022. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • Pulliam JR, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, et al. Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa. Sceince. 2022;376(596). doi:10.1126/science.abn4947.
  • Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, et al. Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus. Cell. 2020;182(4):812-827.e19. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043.
  • Plante JA, Liu Y, Liu J, et al. Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness. Nature. 2021;592(7852):116-121. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2895-3.
  • Volz E, Hill V, McCrone JT, et al. Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity. Cell. 2021;184(1):64-75.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020.
  • Khateeb J, Li Y, Zhang H. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and potential intervention approaches. Crit Care. 2021; 25(1):244. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03662-x.
  • Sars-CoV-2 circulating variants. https://viralzone.expasy.org/9556 Published September 14, 2021. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Implications of the emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1. 529 variant of concern (Omicron) for the EU/EEA. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Implications-emergence-spread-SARS-CoV-2%20B.1.1.529-variant-concern-Omicron-for-the-EU-EEA-Nov-2021.pdf. Published November 26, 2021. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • Martínez-Baz I, Miqueleiz A, Casado I, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalisation, Navarre, Spain, January to April 2021. Euro Surveill. 2021;26(21):2100438. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.21.2100438.
  • Zuckerman NS, Fleishon S, Bucris E, et al. A Unique SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein P681H Variant Detected in Israel. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;9(6):616. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9060616.
  • Tian D, Sun Y, Xu H, et al. The emergence and epidemic characteristics of the highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. J Med Virol. 2022;94(6):2376-2383. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27643.
  • Ren SY, Wang WB, Gao RD, Zhou AM. Omicron variant (B. 1.1. 529) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutation, infectivity, transmission, and vaccine resistance. World J Clin Cases. 2022;10(1):1-11. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.1.
  • Meo SA, Meo AS, Al-Jassir FF, et al. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant: global prevalence and biological and clinical characteristics. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(24):8012-8018. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202112_27652.
  • Araf Y, Akter F, Tang YD, et al. Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: Genomics, transmissibility, and responses to current COVID-19 vaccines. J Med Virol. 2022;94(5):1825-1832. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27588.
  • Meo SA, Meo AS, Al-Jassir FF, et al. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant: global prevalence and biological and clinical characteristics. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(24):8012-8018. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202112_27652.
  • Jia H, Wang H, Cao L, et al. Genetic analysis of a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant from a Chinese traveler returning from overseas. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;5:1-9. doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2025747.
  • Abdullah F, Myers J, Basu D, et al. Decreased severity of disease during the first global omicron variant covid-19 outbreak in a large hospital in tshwane, south africa. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;116:38–42. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.357.
  • Espenhain L, Funk T, Overvad M, et al. Epidemiological characterisation of the first 785 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases in Denmark, December 2021. Euro Surveill. 2021;26(50). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101146.
  • Brandal LT, MacDonald E, Veneti L, et al. Outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Norway, November to December 2021. Euro Surveill. 202;26(50). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2101147.
  • Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(23):2187-2201. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2101544.
  • Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, et al. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):403-416. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389.
  • Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-2615. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577.
  • Griffin JB, Haddix M, Danza P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Hospitalizations Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years, by Vaccination Status - Los Angeles County, California, May 1-July 25, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(34):1170-1176. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7034e5.
  • Garcia-Beltran WF, St Denis KJ, Hoelzemer A, et al. mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Cell. 2022;185(3):457-466.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.033.
  • Ren SY, Wang WB, Gao RD, et al. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutation, infectivity, transmission, and vaccine resistance. World J Clin Cases. 2022;10(1):1-11. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.1.
  • He X, Hong W, Pan X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: Characteristics and prevention. MedComm. 2021;2(4):838–45. doi: 10.1002/mco2.110.
  • World Health Organization. Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. 26 November 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern Published November 26, 2021. Accessed January 18, 2022.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). update for Omicron. https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dls/locs/2021/12-03-2021-lab-alert-CDC_Update_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_Variant.html Published December 6, 2021. Accessed January 17, 2022.
  • Metzger CMJA, Lienhard R, Seth-Smith HMB, et al. PCR performance in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern? Swiss Med Wkly. 2021;151:w30120. doi:10.4414/smw.2021.w30120.
  • Opinion. Europe must come together to confront omicron. BMJ 2022; 376 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o90 Published January 13, 2022. Accessed January 17, 2022.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html. Published March 11, 2020. Accessed January 20, 2022.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Koronavirüs Bilim Toplantısına İlişkin Açıklama (12.01.2022). https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,87133/koronavirus-bilim-kurulu-toplantisina-iliskin-aciklama-12012022.html. Yayın Tarihi 12 Ocak 2022. Erişim Tarihi 20 Ocak 2022.
  • Hirsch L, Goldberg E, Savage C. Appeals court reinstates OSHA’s vaccine mandate for workers at larger businesses. New York Times. December 17, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/17/business/osha-vaccine-mandate.html
  • Pavel STI, Yetiskin H, Uygut MA, et al. Development of an Inactivated Vaccine against SARS CoV-2. Vaccines. 2021; 9(11):1-20. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9111266.
  • Bowe B, Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Kidney Outcomes in Long COVID. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(11):2851-2862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2021060734.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gülsüm Kaya 0000-0003-2810-0153

Mustafa Altındiş 0000-0003-0411-9669

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ocak 2022
Kabul Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, G., & Altındiş, M. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri ve Korunma: Derleme. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1060956
AMA Kaya G, Altındiş M. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri ve Korunma: Derleme. KOU Sag Bil Derg. Ekim 2022;8(3):162-171. doi:10.30934/kusbed.1060956
Chicago Kaya, Gülsüm, ve Mustafa Altındiş. “SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri Ve Korunma: Derleme”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8, sy. 3 (Ekim 2022): 162-71. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1060956.
EndNote Kaya G, Altındiş M (01 Ekim 2022) SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri ve Korunma: Derleme. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8 3 162–171.
IEEE G. Kaya ve M. Altındiş, “SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri ve Korunma: Derleme”, KOU Sag Bil Derg, c. 8, sy. 3, ss. 162–171, 2022, doi: 10.30934/kusbed.1060956.
ISNAD Kaya, Gülsüm - Altındiş, Mustafa. “SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri Ve Korunma: Derleme”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8/3 (Ekim 2022), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.1060956.
JAMA Kaya G, Altındiş M. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri ve Korunma: Derleme. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2022;8:162–171.
MLA Kaya, Gülsüm ve Mustafa Altındiş. “SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri Ve Korunma: Derleme”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 162-71, doi:10.30934/kusbed.1060956.
Vancouver Kaya G, Altındiş M. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Varyantının Virolojik, Epidemiyolojik Özellikleri ve Korunma: Derleme. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2022;8(3):162-71.