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Gestasyonel Diyabetes Mellitusun Emzirme ve Doğum Sonu Dönem Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 139 - 150, 13.12.2023

Emine Kınık Tülay Yılmaz Hüsniye Dinç Kaya Sevil Günaydın

https://doi.org/10.59244/ktokusbd.1263478

Öz

Gestasyonel Diyabetes Mellitus’un artan prevalansı nedeni ile emzirme ve doğum sonu dönem üzerindeki rolünün belirlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Gestasyonel Diyabetes Mellitus (GDM)’lu kadınlarda anne sütünün salınımının geciktiğini ve içeriğinde bulunan bileşenlerin değiştiğini gösteren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. GDM’li kadınların emzirmeye başlama konusunda daha fazla zorluk yaşadığı, erken doğum sonu dönemde formula mama verme olasılıklarının daha yüksek olduğu ve daha sonraki dönemde sadece emzirme olasılıklarının daha düşük olduğu bildirilmektedir. GDM'li kadınlar için emzirme sonuçlarını iyileştirmeye yönelik potansiyel yöntemler çok faktörlüdür. Bu faktörler arasında annenin emzirme durumunun değerlendirilmesi, bebeğin beslenme durumunun değerlendirilmesi ve doğum sonu dönemde kadınların yakınları (aile, eş, arkadaş gibi) tarafından desteklenmesi oldukça önemlidir. GDM’nin doğum sonu dönem üzerine etkileri açısından glikoz düzeyi, beden kitle indeksi ve Tip 2 Diyabet gelişme riski ile ilgili çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmalarda yer alan mevcut kanıtlar doğum sonu anne glukoz düzeyinin normal sınırlarda tutulmasının, annede beden kitle indeksinin azalmasının bebekte Tip 2 Diyabet gelişim riskini azalttığını göstermektedir. Bu derlemede gestasyonel diyabetes mellitusun emzirme ve doğum sonu dönemde anne-bebek sağlığı üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gestasyonel Diyabetes Mellitus anne sütü emzirme diyabet doğum sonu

Destekleyen Kurum

YOK

Proje Numarası

YOK

Teşekkür

YOK

Kaynakça

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  • Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J. (2014). Breastfeeding and the maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.028
  • Borgen, I., Småstuen, M. C., Jacobsen, A. F., Garnweidner-Holme, L. M., Fayyad, S., Noll, J., & Lukasse, M. (2019). Effect of the Pregnant+ smartphone application in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled trial in Norway. BMJ Open, 9(11), e030884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030884
  • Castillo, W. C., Boggess, K., Stürmer, T., Brookhart, M. A., Benjamin, D. K., & Funk, M. J. (2015). Association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with glyburide vs insulin in women with gestational diabetes. JAMA pediatrics, 169(5), 452-458. https://doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.74
  • Chamberlain, C. R., Wilson, A. N., Amir, L. H., O'Dea, K., Campbell, S., Leonard, D., ... & Wolfe, R. (2017). Low rates of predominant breastfeeding in hospital after gestational diabetes, particularly among Indigenous women in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(2), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12629
  • Chertok, I. R., Raz, I., Shoham, I., Haddad, H., & Wiznitzer, A. (2009). Effects of early breastfeeding on neonatal glucose levels of term infants born to women with gestational diabetes. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 22(2), 166-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00921.x
  • Cordero, L., Gabbe, S. G., Landon, M. B., & Nankervis, C. A. (2013). Breastfeeding initiation in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 6(4), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-1372513
  • Cordero, Y., Mottola, M. F., Vargas, J., Blanco, M., & Barakat, R. (2015). Exercise is associated with a reduction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(7), 1328. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000547
  • Dugas, C., Laberee, L., Perron, J., St-Arnaud, G., Richard, V., Perreault, V., ... & Robitaille, J. (2023). Gestational diabetes mellitus, human milk composition, and infant growth. Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0085
  • Ehrenthal, D. B., Maiden, K., Rogers, S., & Ball, A. (2014). Postpartum healthcare after gestational diabetes and hypertension. Journal of Women's Health, 23(9), 760-764. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4688
  • Fenger-Grøn, J., Fenger-Grøn, M., Blunck, C. H., Schønemann-Rigel, H., & Wielandt, H. B. (2015). Low breastfeeding rates and body mass index in Danish children of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. International Breastfeeding Journal, 10(26), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-015-0051-8
  • Finkelstein, S. A., Keely, E., Feig, D. S., Tu, X., Yasseen III, A. S., & Walker, M. (2013). Breastfeeding in women with diabetes: lower rates despite greater rewards. A population‐based study. Diabetic Medicine, 30(9), 1094-1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12238
  • Fok, D., Aris, I. M., Ho, J., Chan, Y. H., Rauff, M., Lui, J. K., ... & Mattar, C. N. (2019). Early initiation and regular breast milk expression reduces risk of lactogenesis II delay in at-risk Singaporean mothers in a randomised trial. Singapore Medical Journal, 60(2), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018067
  • Griffith, R. J., Alsweiler, J., Moore, A. E., Brown, S., Middleton, P., Shepherd, E., & Crowther, C. A. (2020). Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), CD012394 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012394.pub3
  • Gunderson, E. P. (2014). Impact of breastfeeding on maternal metabolism: Implications for women with gestational diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 14, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0460-2
  • Haile, Z. T., Oza-Frank, R., Azulay Chertok, I. R., & Passen, N. (2016). Association between history of gestational diabetes and exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Journal of Human Lactation, 32(3), NP36-NP43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415618936
  • Horta, B. L., Loret de Mola, C., & Victora, C. G. (2015). Long‐term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta paediatrica, 104, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13133
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  • Korkut, S., Köse Çetinkaya, A., Işık, Ş., Özel, Ş., Gökay, N., Şahin, A., & Alyamaç Dizdar, E. (2022). Macronutrient composition of colostrum in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(4), 322-325. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0209
  • Lessen, R., & Kavanagh, K. (2015). Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(3), 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.014
  • Ley, S. H., Chavarro, J. E., Li, M., Bao, W., Hinkle, S. N., Wander, P. L., ... & Zhang, C. (2020). Lactation duration and long-term risk for incident type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 43(4), 793-798. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-2237
  • Li, Z., Cheng, Y., Wang, D., Chen, H., Chen, H., Ming, W. K., & Wang, Z. (2020). Incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 170,139 women. Journal of Diabetes Research, Article ID 3076463, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3076463
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  • Matias, S. L., Dewey, K. G., Quesenberry Jr, C. P., & Gunderson, E. P. (2014). Maternal prepregnancy obesity and insulin treatment during pregnancy are independently associated with delayed lactogenesis in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99(1), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.073049
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Effect of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Breastfeeding and Postpartum Period

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 139 - 150, 13.12.2023

Emine Kınık Tülay Yılmaz Hüsniye Dinç Kaya Sevil Günaydın

https://doi.org/10.59244/ktokusbd.1263478

Öz

Due to the increasing prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, it is very important to determine its role on breastfeeding and the postpartum period. There are studies showing that the secretion of breast milk is delayed in women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and the components in its content change. It has been reported that women with GDM have more difficulties in starting breastfeeding, they are more likely to give formula in the early postpartum period, and they are less likely to breastfeed exclusively in the later period. Potential ways to improve breastfeeding outcomes for women with GDM are multifactorial. Among these factors, the evaluation of the mother's breastfeeding status, the evaluation of the infant's nutritional status and the support of women by their relatives (such as family, spouse, friends) in the postpartum period are very important. In terms of the effects of GDM on the postpartum period, there are studies on glucose level, body mass index and the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes. The available evidence in these studies shows that keeping maternal glucose levels within normal limits after delivery and a decrease in maternal body mass index reduce the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes in the baby. In this review, it is aimed to examine the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus on mother-infant health during breastfeeding and postpartum period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus breast milk breastfeeding diabetes postpartum

Proje Numarası

YOK

Kaynakça

  • American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2021). 14. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care, 44(Suppl 1), S200-S210. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S014
  • Aroda, V. R., Christophi, C. A., Edelstein, S. L., Zhang, P., Herman, W. H., Barrett-Connor, E., ... & Ratner, R. E. (2015). Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(4), 1646-1653. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3761
  • Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P., & Vatten, L. J. (2014). Breastfeeding and the maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.028
  • Borgen, I., Småstuen, M. C., Jacobsen, A. F., Garnweidner-Holme, L. M., Fayyad, S., Noll, J., & Lukasse, M. (2019). Effect of the Pregnant+ smartphone application in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled trial in Norway. BMJ Open, 9(11), e030884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030884
  • Castillo, W. C., Boggess, K., Stürmer, T., Brookhart, M. A., Benjamin, D. K., & Funk, M. J. (2015). Association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with glyburide vs insulin in women with gestational diabetes. JAMA pediatrics, 169(5), 452-458. https://doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.74
  • Chamberlain, C. R., Wilson, A. N., Amir, L. H., O'Dea, K., Campbell, S., Leonard, D., ... & Wolfe, R. (2017). Low rates of predominant breastfeeding in hospital after gestational diabetes, particularly among Indigenous women in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(2), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12629
  • Chertok, I. R., Raz, I., Shoham, I., Haddad, H., & Wiznitzer, A. (2009). Effects of early breastfeeding on neonatal glucose levels of term infants born to women with gestational diabetes. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 22(2), 166-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00921.x
  • Cordero, L., Gabbe, S. G., Landon, M. B., & Nankervis, C. A. (2013). Breastfeeding initiation in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 6(4), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.3233/NPM-1372513
  • Cordero, Y., Mottola, M. F., Vargas, J., Blanco, M., & Barakat, R. (2015). Exercise is associated with a reduction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(7), 1328. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000547
  • Dugas, C., Laberee, L., Perron, J., St-Arnaud, G., Richard, V., Perreault, V., ... & Robitaille, J. (2023). Gestational diabetes mellitus, human milk composition, and infant growth. Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2022.0085
  • Ehrenthal, D. B., Maiden, K., Rogers, S., & Ball, A. (2014). Postpartum healthcare after gestational diabetes and hypertension. Journal of Women's Health, 23(9), 760-764. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4688
  • Fenger-Grøn, J., Fenger-Grøn, M., Blunck, C. H., Schønemann-Rigel, H., & Wielandt, H. B. (2015). Low breastfeeding rates and body mass index in Danish children of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. International Breastfeeding Journal, 10(26), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-015-0051-8
  • Finkelstein, S. A., Keely, E., Feig, D. S., Tu, X., Yasseen III, A. S., & Walker, M. (2013). Breastfeeding in women with diabetes: lower rates despite greater rewards. A population‐based study. Diabetic Medicine, 30(9), 1094-1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12238
  • Fok, D., Aris, I. M., Ho, J., Chan, Y. H., Rauff, M., Lui, J. K., ... & Mattar, C. N. (2019). Early initiation and regular breast milk expression reduces risk of lactogenesis II delay in at-risk Singaporean mothers in a randomised trial. Singapore Medical Journal, 60(2), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018067
  • Griffith, R. J., Alsweiler, J., Moore, A. E., Brown, S., Middleton, P., Shepherd, E., & Crowther, C. A. (2020). Interventions to prevent women from developing gestational diabetes mellitus: An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), CD012394 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012394.pub3
  • Gunderson, E. P. (2014). Impact of breastfeeding on maternal metabolism: Implications for women with gestational diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 14, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0460-2
  • Haile, Z. T., Oza-Frank, R., Azulay Chertok, I. R., & Passen, N. (2016). Association between history of gestational diabetes and exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Journal of Human Lactation, 32(3), NP36-NP43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334415618936
  • Horta, B. L., Loret de Mola, C., & Victora, C. G. (2015). Long‐term consequences of breastfeeding on cholesterol, obesity, systolic blood pressure and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta paediatrica, 104, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13133
  • Kim, C. (2014). Maternal outcomes and follow‐up after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 31(3), 292-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12382
  • King, T. L., Brucker, M. C., Kriebs, J. M., & Fahey, J. O. (2013). Varney's midwifery. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN: 9781284025422
  • Korkut, S., Köse Çetinkaya, A., Işık, Ş., Özel, Ş., Gökay, N., Şahin, A., & Alyamaç Dizdar, E. (2022). Macronutrient composition of colostrum in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(4), 322-325. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2021.0209
  • Lessen, R., & Kavanagh, K. (2015). Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(3), 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.014
  • Ley, S. H., Chavarro, J. E., Li, M., Bao, W., Hinkle, S. N., Wander, P. L., ... & Zhang, C. (2020). Lactation duration and long-term risk for incident type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 43(4), 793-798. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-2237
  • Li, Z., Cheng, Y., Wang, D., Chen, H., Chen, H., Ming, W. K., & Wang, Z. (2020). Incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 170,139 women. Journal of Diabetes Research, Article ID 3076463, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3076463
  • Madazlı, R. (2021). Gebelik ve Sistemik Hastalıklar. İstanbul; Nobel Tıp Kitabevi: 35-54. ISBN: 9786257291033 Martinez, N. G., Niznik, C. M., & Yee, L. M. (2017). Optimizing postpartum care for the patient with gestational diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 217(3), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.04.033
  • Matias, S. L., Dewey, K. G., Quesenberry Jr, C. P., & Gunderson, E. P. (2014). Maternal prepregnancy obesity and insulin treatment during pregnancy are independently associated with delayed lactogenesis in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 99(1), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.073049
  • Meek, J. Y., & Noble, L. (2022). Policy statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics, 150(1): e2022057988. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057988
  • Much, D., Beyerlein, A., Roßbauer, M., Hummel, S., & Ziegler, A. G. (2014). Beneficial effects of breastfeeding in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Molecular metabolism, 3(3), 284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.002
  • Nguyen, P. T. H., Pham, N. M., Chu, K. T., Van Duong, D., & Van Do, D. (2019). Gestational diabetes and breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 31(3), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/101053951983349
  • Ogurtsova, K., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Huang, Y., Linnenkamp, U., Guariguata, L., Cho, N. H., ... & Makaroff, L. E. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 128, 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024
  • Oza-Frank, R., & Gunderson, E. P. (2017). In-hospital breastfeeding experiences among women with gestational diabetes. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(5), 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2016.0197
  • Peila, C., Gazzolo, D., Bertino, E., Cresi, F., & Coscia, A. (2020). Influence of diabetes during pregnancy on human milk composition. Nutrients, 12(1), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010185
  • Plows, J. F., Stanley, J. L., Baker, P. N., Reynolds, C. M., & Vickers, M. H. (2018). The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(11), 3342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113342
  • Rayanagoudar, G., Hashi, A. A., Zamora, J., Khan, K. S., Hitman, G. A., & Thangaratinam, S. (2016). Quantification of the type 2 diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 95,750 women. Diabetologia, 59, 1403-1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3927-2
  • Sauder, K. A., Bekelman, T. A., Harrall, K. K., Glueck, D. H., & Dabelea, D. (2019). Gestational diabetes exposure and adiposity outcomes in childhood and adolescence: An analysis of effect modification by breastfeeding, diet quality, and physical activity in the EPOCH study. Pediatric Obesity, 14(12), e12562. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12562
  • Shearrer, G. E., Whaley, S. E., Miller, S. J., House, B. T., Held, T., & Davis, J. N. (2015). Association of gestational diabetes and breastfeeding on obesity prevalence in predominately Hispanic low‐income youth. Pediatric Obesity, 10(3), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.247
  • Simon Sarkadi, L., Zhang, M., Muránszky, G., Vass, R. A., Matsyura, O., Benes, E., & Vari, S. G. (2022). Fatty acid composition of milk from mothers with normal weight, obesity, or gestational diabetes. Life, 12(7), 1093. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071093
  • Sparud-Lundin, C., Wennergren, M., Elfvin, A., & Berg, M. (2011). Breastfeeding in women with type 1 diabetes: exploration of predictive factors. Diabetes Care, 34(2), 296-301. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1916
  • Stuebe, A. M. (2015, June). Does breastfeeding prevent the metabolic syndrome, or does the metabolic syndrome prevent breastfeeding?. In Seminars in Perinatology, 39(4), 290-295. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2015.05.008
  • Tarrant, M., Chooniedass, R., Fan, H. S. L., Del Buono, K., & Masina, S. (2020). Breastfeeding and postpartum glucose regulation among women with prior gestational diabetes: A systematic review. Journal of Human Lactation, 36(4), 723-738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334420950259
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  • Van Ryswyk, E., Middleton, P., Shute, E., Hague, W., & Crowther, C. (2015). Women's views and knowledge regarding healthcare seeking for gestational diabetes in the postpartum period: A systematic review of qualitative/survey studies. Diabetes Research And Clinical Practice, 110(2), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2015.09.010
  • Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., ... & Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
  • Vounzoulaki, E., Khunti, K., Abner, S. C., Tan, B. K., Davies, M. J., & Gillies, C. L. (2020). Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 369. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1361
  • World Health Organization (WHO) 2022. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2023
  • Wu, J. L., Pang, S. Q., Jiang, X. M., Zheng, Q. X., Han, X. Q., Zhang, X. Y., & Pan, Y. Q. (2021). Gestational diabetes mellitus and risk of delayed onset of lactogenesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breastfeeding Medicine, 16(5), 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2020.0356
  • Yasuhi, I., Yamashita, H., Nomiyama, M., Kubo, N., Ogawa, M., Okura, N., ... & Sumitomo, M. (2017). 68: Exclusive breastfeeding improves insulin sensitivity independent of maternal weight change during early postpartum in gestational diabetic women. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 216(1), S48-S49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.11.954
  • You, H., Hu, J., Liu, Y., Luo, B., & Lei, A. (2021). Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review & meta-analysis. The Indian Journal Of Medical Research, 154(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_852_18
  • Ziegler, A. G., Wallner, M., Kaiser, I., Rossbauer, M., Harsunen, M. H., Lachmann, L., ... & Hummel, S. (2016). Long-term protective effect of lactation on the development of type 2 diabetes in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 61(12), 3167-3171. https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-0393.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Emine Kınık 0000-0002-5701-4046

Tülay Yılmaz 0000-0002-3706-3844

Hüsniye Dinç Kaya 0000-0002-8461-643X

Sevil Günaydın 0000-0003-2539-8783

Proje Numarası YOK
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kınık, E., Yılmaz, T., Dinç Kaya, H., Günaydın, S. (2023). Gestasyonel Diyabetes Mellitusun Emzirme ve Doğum Sonu Dönem Üzerine Etkisi. KTO Karatay Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.59244/ktokusbd.1263478
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