Derleme
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 6 - 11, 26.07.2017
Öz
Abstract
Osteoarthritis, the most common chronic disease in the joints, resulting destruction.It is the most common cause of pain and loss of function in society. Overall, as manyas 40% of those aged over 65 in the community may have symptomatic OA. The aimsof the treatment in OA are reducing joint pain and stiffness, maintaining and improvingjoint mobility, reducing physical disability and handicap, improving health related quality of life, limiting the progression of joint damage and educating patients about the nature of the disorder and its progression. The recommended pharmacological modalities include acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, drugs and capsaicin,intraarticular injections of corticosteroids and hyaluronates, symptomatic slow acting drugsfor osteoarthritis and opioid analgesics. In this review, current effectivneess of topical NSAİDs’ will be discussed in osteoarthritis.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Osteoarthritis topical nonsteroid anti-inflammatorydrugs treatment guidelines
Kaynakça
- Kaynaklar 1. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, Deyo RA, Felson DT,Giannini EH, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis andselected musculoskeletal _disorders in the United States. Arth-ritis Rheum 1998;41:778-99.2. Mow VC, Setton LA, Fuilak F, Ratcliffe A. Mechanical fac-tors in articular cartilage and their role in osteoarthritis. In:Kuettner KE, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIP AND KNEEOA MANAGEMENT Goldberg VM, editors. Osteoarthritic di-sorders. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of OrthopaedicSurgeons; 1995. p. 147-72.3. Poole AR. Imbalances of anabolism and catabolism of carti-lage matrix components in osteoarthritis. In:Kuettner KE, Gold-berg VM, editors. Osteoarthritic disorders. Rosemont (IL): Ame-rican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1995. p. 247-60.4. Holderbaum D, Haqqi TM, Moskowitz RW. Genetics and os-teo arthritis: exposing the iceberg. Arthritis Rheum1999;42:397-405.5. Dieppe PA: Osteoarthritis and related disorder. In: Rheuma-tology (Eds. Klippel JH, Dieppe PA). Mosby, London, 1998,pp1.1–12.16.6. Zhang W, Doherty M, Peat G, et al. EULAR evidencebasedrecommendations for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. AnnRheum Dis 2010;69:483-9.7. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, Brandt KD, Clark BM, Dieppe PA,Griffin MR, et al. Guidelines for the medical management ofosteoarthritis. Part 1. Osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rhe-um 1995;38:1535-40.8. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, Brandt KD, Clark BM, Dieppe PA,Griffin MR, et al. Guidelines for the medical management ofosteoarthritis. Part II. Osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rhe-um 1995;38:1541-6.9. Towheed TE, Hochberg MC. A systematic review of randomi-zed controlled trials of pharmacological therapy in patientswith osteoarthritis of the hip. J Rheumatol 1997;24:349-57.10. Towheed TE, Hochberg MC. A systematic review of rando-mized controlled trials of pharmacological therapy in patientswith osteoarthritis of the knee. Semin Arthritis Rheum1997;27:755-70.11. Watson MC, Brookes ST, Kirwan JR, Faulkner A. Non-aspi-rin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritisof the knee (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane library, is-sue 1. Ox ford: Update Software; 2000. Accessed April 11, 200012. Towheed T, Shea B, Wells G, Hochberg M. Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoar thri-tis of the hip (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane library, is-sue 1. Oxford: Update Software; 2000. Accessed April 11, 2000.13. Gotzsche PC. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ2000; 320:1058-61. Guyatt GH. Evidence-based managementof patients with osteo porosis. J Clin14. Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden N, et al. EULAR evidenceba-sed recommendations for the management of hip osteoarth-ritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:669-681.15. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, Brandt KD et al. Guidelines forthe medical management of osteoarthritis. Part II. Osteoarth-ritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1535–1540.16. Altman R, Hochberg MC, Moskowitz RD, Schnitzer JD. Re-commendations for the medical management of osteoarthri-tis of the hip and knee. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1905–1915.17. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Logan R. Risk of adverse gas-trointestinal outcomes in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs: population based nested casecontrol analysis. BMJ.2005;331(7528):1310–1316.18. Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, et al. Time dependent risk ofgastrointestinal complications induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63 (7):759–766.19. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Risk of myocardial infarctionin patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventio-nal non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: population basednested case-control analysis. BMJ. 2005;330 (7504):1366.20. Whelton A, Hamilton CW. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs: effects on kidney function. J Clin Pharmacol.1991;31(7):588–598.21. Huerta C, Castellsague J, Varas-Lorenzo C, García Rodrí-guez LA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of ARFin the general population. Am J Kidney Dis. 05;45(3):531–539.22. American Geriatrics Society Panel on PharmacologicalManagement of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharma-cological management of persistent pain in older persons. JAm Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(8):1331–1346.23. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Os-teoarthritis: The Care and Management of Osteoarthritis inAdults. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.24. Kienzler J, Gold M, Nollevaux F. Systemic bioavailability oftopical diclofenac sodium gel 1% versus oral diclofenac so-dium in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs.2010;50(1):50–61.25. Barthel HR, Haselwood D, Longley S 3rd, Gold MS, AltmanRD. Randomized controlled trial of diclofenac sodium gel inknee osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;39(3):203–212.26. Rother M, Lavins BJ, Kneer W, Lehnhardt K, Seidel EJ, Mazgareanu S. Efficacy and safety of epicutaneous ketoprofen inTransfersome (IDEA- 033) versus oral celecoxib and place-bo in osteoarthritis of the knee: multicentre randomized con-trolled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66 (9):1178–1183.27. Bruhlmann P, de Vathaire F, Dreiser RL, Michel BA. Short-term treatment with topical diclofenac epolamine plaster inpatients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: pooled analy-sis of two randomized clinical studies. Curr Med Res Opin.2006;22(12):2429–2438.28. Baraf HS, Gold MS, Clark MB, Altman RD. Safety and effi-cacy of topical diclofenac sodium 1% gel in knee osteoarth-ritis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Sportsmed.2010;38(2):19–28.29. Niethard FU, Gold MS, Solomon GS, et al. Efficacy of topi-cal diclofenac diethylamine gel in osteoarthritis of the knee.J Rheumatol. 2005;32(12):2384–2392.30. Grace D, Rogers J, Skeith K, Anderson K. Topical diclofenacversus placebo: a double blind, randomized clinical trial inpatients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol.1999;26(12):2659–2663.31. Baer PA, Thomas LM, Shainhouse Z. Treatment of osteoarth-ritis of the knee with a topical diclofenac solution: a rando-mized controlled, 6-week trial [ISRCTN 53366886]. BMC Mus-culoskelet Disord. 2005;6:44.32. Roth SH, Shainhouse JZ. Efficacy and safety of a topical dic-lofenac solution (Pennsaid) in the treatment of primary oste-oarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-con-trolled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164 (18):2017–2023.33. Simon LS, Grierson LM, Naseer Z, Bookman AA, Zev Shain-house J. Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac containingdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compared with those of topical pla-cebo, DMSO vehicle and oral diclofenac for knee osteoarth-ritis. Pain. 2009;143(3):238–245.34. Tugwell PS, Wells GA, Shainhouse JZ. Equivalence study ofa topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid) compared with oraldiclofenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of theknee: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol.2004;31(10):2002–2012.35. Cross PL, Ashby D, Harding G, et al. TOIB Study Team. TOIBStudy. Are topical or oral ibuprofen equally effective for thetreatment of chronic knee pain presenting in primary care: arandomized controlled trial with patient preference study.[ISRCTN79353052]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:55.36. Kozanoglu E, Basaran S, Guzel R, Guler-Uysal F. Short termefficacy of ibuprofen phonophoresis versus continuous ultra-sound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Swiss Med Wkly.2003;133(23–24):333–338.37. Trnavsky K, Fischer M, Vogtle-Junkert U, Schreyger F. Ef-ficacy and safety of 5% ibuprofen cream treatment in knee os-teoarthritis. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(3):565–572.38. Underwood M, Ashby D, Carnes D, et al. Topical or oral ibup-rofen for chronic knee pain in older people. The TOIB study.Health TechnoAssess. 2008;12(22):iii–iv.39. Altman RD, Dreiser RL, Fisher CL, Chase WF, Dreher DS,Zacher J.Diclofenac sodium gel in patients with primary handosteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-control-led trial. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(9):1991–1999.40. Zacher J, Burger K, Farber L, et al. Topical diclofenac Emul-gel versus oral ibuprofen in the treatment of active osteoarth-ritis of the finger joints (Heberden’s and/or Bouchard’s no-des). Double-blind, controlled, randomized study. Aktuel Rheu-matology. 2001;26:7–14.41. Widrig R, Suter A, Saller R, Melzer J. Choosing between NSA-ID and arnica for topical treatment of hand osteoarthritis ina randomized, double-blind study. Rheumatol Int.2007;27(6):585–591.42. Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, et al. OARSI recommen-dations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, partIII: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative up-date of research published through January 2009. Osteoarth-ritis Cartilage. 2010;18(4):476–499.43. Tugwell PS, Wells GA, Shainhouse JZ. Equivalence study ofa topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid) compared with oraldiclofenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of theknee: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol.2004;31(10):2002–2012.44. Bruhlmann P, de Vathaire F, Dreiser RL, Michel BA. Short-term treatment with topical diclofenac epolamine plaster inpatients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: pooled analy-sis of two randomised clinical studies. Curr Med Res Opin.2006;22(12):2429–2438.45. Niethard FU, Gold MS, Solomon GS, et al. Efficacy of topi-cal diclofenac diethylamine gel in osteoarthritis of the knee.J Rheumatol. 2005;32(12):2384–2392.46. Roth SH, Shainhouse JZ. Effi cacy and safety of a topical dic-lofenac solution (Pennsaid) in the treatment of primary oste-oarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-con-trolled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(18):2017–2023.47. Rother M, Lavins BJ, Kneer W, et al. Effi cacy and safety ofepicutaneous ketoprofen in Transfersome (IDEA-033) versusoral celecoxib and placebo in osteoarthritis of the knee: mul-ticentre randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis.2007;66(9):1178–1183.48. Kozanoglu E, Basaran S, Guzel R, Guler-Uysal F. Short termeffi cacy of ibuprofen phonophoresis versus continuous ult-rasound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Swiss Med Wkly.2003;133(23–24):333–338.49. Trnavsky K, Fischer M, Vögtle-Junkert U, Schreyger F. Efficacy and safety of 5% ibuprofen cream treatment in knee os-teoarthritis. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(3):565–572.50. Underwood M, Ashby D, Cross P, et al. Advice to use topi-cal or oral ibuprofen for chronic knee pain in older people:randomised controlled trial and patient preference study. BMJ.2008;336(7636):138–142.51. Tubach F, Ravaud P, Baron G, et al. Evaluation of clinicallyrelevant changes in patient reported outcomes in knee and hiposteoarthritis: the minimal clinically important improvement.Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(1):29–33. 52. Altman R, Zacher J, Renee LD, et al. Effi cacy and safety ofdiclofenac sodium gel 1% in patients with osteoarthritis of thehand: American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheu-matology Health Professionals Annual Scientifi c Meeting; No-vember 6–11, 2007; Boston, MA.53. Barthel HR, Haselwood D, Parikh P, Gold M. Effi cacy andsafety of diclofenac sodium gel 1% in patients with osteoarth-ritis of the knee: a prospective, 12-week, randomized, doub-le-blind, vehiclecontrolled, multicenter, phase 3 trial. Presen-ted at: American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheu-matology Health Professionals annual Scientifi c Meeting;November 6–11, 2007; Boston, MA.54. Tugwell PS, Wells GA, Shainhouse JZ. Equivalence studyof a topical solution (Pennsaid) compared with oral diclo-fenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee:a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(10):2002–2012.55. H. Richard Barthel MD & Robert A. Axford-Gatley MD .To-pical Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Osteoarth-ritis. Postgraduate Medicine, Volume 122, Issue 6, Novem-ber 2010, ISSN – 0032-5481, e-ISSN – 1941-926056. Tugwell PS, Wells GA, Shainhouse JZ. Equivalence study ofa topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid) compared with oraldiclofenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of theknee: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol 2004;31:2002-12.57. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Os-teoarthritis: The Care and Management of Osteoarthritis inAdults. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.58. Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, et al. EULAR evidence ba-sed recommendations for the management of hand osteoarth-ritis: report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Commit-tee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics(ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(3):377–388.59. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Treatment ofOsteoarthritis of the Knee (Non-Arthroplasty). Rosemont, IL:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; December 6,2008.
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 6 - 11, 26.07.2017
Öz
Öz
Osteoartrit (OA), eklemlerde en sık rastlanan, destruksiyonla sonuçlanan kronik birhastalıktır. Eklemlerdeki ağrı ve fonksiyon kaybının toplumdaki en sık nedenidir. Genel olarak toplumda 65 yaş üzeri bireylerde semptomatik OA %40’a varan oranlarda görülebilir. OA’da tedavinin amaçları eklem ağrısı ve tutukluğunu azaltmak, eklem mobilitesini korumak ve iyileştirmek, fiziksel kısıtlılıkları ve engelliliği azaltmak, yaşam ka-litesini arttırmak, eklem hasarının ilerlemesini önlemek ve hastalığın seyri ve sonuçları konusunda hastayı eğitmektir. Önerilen farmakolojik modaliteler ise asetaminofen, nonsteroid antiinflamatuvar ilaçlar, topikal antiinflamatuvar ilaçlar ve kapsaisin, intraartiküler kortikosteroid ve hiyalüronatlar, semptomatik yavaş etkili OA ilaçları ve opioid analjezikleri içerir. Bu derlemede OA li hastalarda topikal NSAİ ilaçların etkinliği üzerinde duracağız
Anahtar Kelimeler
Osteoarthritis topikal nonsteroid antiinflamatuar ilaçlar tedavi klavuzları
Kaynakça
- Kaynaklar 1. Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, Deyo RA, Felson DT,Giannini EH, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis andselected musculoskeletal _disorders in the United States. Arth-ritis Rheum 1998;41:778-99.2. Mow VC, Setton LA, Fuilak F, Ratcliffe A. Mechanical fac-tors in articular cartilage and their role in osteoarthritis. In:Kuettner KE, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIP AND KNEEOA MANAGEMENT Goldberg VM, editors. Osteoarthritic di-sorders. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of OrthopaedicSurgeons; 1995. p. 147-72.3. Poole AR. Imbalances of anabolism and catabolism of carti-lage matrix components in osteoarthritis. In:Kuettner KE, Gold-berg VM, editors. Osteoarthritic disorders. Rosemont (IL): Ame-rican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1995. p. 247-60.4. Holderbaum D, Haqqi TM, Moskowitz RW. Genetics and os-teo arthritis: exposing the iceberg. Arthritis Rheum1999;42:397-405.5. Dieppe PA: Osteoarthritis and related disorder. In: Rheuma-tology (Eds. Klippel JH, Dieppe PA). Mosby, London, 1998,pp1.1–12.16.6. Zhang W, Doherty M, Peat G, et al. EULAR evidencebasedrecommendations for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. AnnRheum Dis 2010;69:483-9.7. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, Brandt KD, Clark BM, Dieppe PA,Griffin MR, et al. Guidelines for the medical management ofosteoarthritis. Part 1. Osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Rhe-um 1995;38:1535-40.8. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, Brandt KD, Clark BM, Dieppe PA,Griffin MR, et al. Guidelines for the medical management ofosteoarthritis. Part II. Osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rhe-um 1995;38:1541-6.9. Towheed TE, Hochberg MC. A systematic review of randomi-zed controlled trials of pharmacological therapy in patientswith osteoarthritis of the hip. J Rheumatol 1997;24:349-57.10. Towheed TE, Hochberg MC. A systematic review of rando-mized controlled trials of pharmacological therapy in patientswith osteoarthritis of the knee. Semin Arthritis Rheum1997;27:755-70.11. Watson MC, Brookes ST, Kirwan JR, Faulkner A. Non-aspi-rin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritisof the knee (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane library, is-sue 1. Ox ford: Update Software; 2000. Accessed April 11, 200012. Towheed T, Shea B, Wells G, Hochberg M. Analgesia and non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoar thri-tis of the hip (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane library, is-sue 1. Oxford: Update Software; 2000. Accessed April 11, 2000.13. Gotzsche PC. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ2000; 320:1058-61. Guyatt GH. Evidence-based managementof patients with osteo porosis. J Clin14. Zhang W, Doherty M, Arden N, et al. EULAR evidenceba-sed recommendations for the management of hip osteoarth-ritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:669-681.15. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, Brandt KD et al. Guidelines forthe medical management of osteoarthritis. Part II. Osteoarth-ritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 1535–1540.16. Altman R, Hochberg MC, Moskowitz RD, Schnitzer JD. Re-commendations for the medical management of osteoarthri-tis of the hip and knee. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1905–1915.17. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Logan R. Risk of adverse gas-trointestinal outcomes in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs: population based nested casecontrol analysis. BMJ.2005;331(7528):1310–1316.18. Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, et al. Time dependent risk ofgastrointestinal complications induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63 (7):759–766.19. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Risk of myocardial infarctionin patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventio-nal non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs: population basednested case-control analysis. BMJ. 2005;330 (7504):1366.20. Whelton A, Hamilton CW. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs: effects on kidney function. J Clin Pharmacol.1991;31(7):588–598.21. Huerta C, Castellsague J, Varas-Lorenzo C, García Rodrí-guez LA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of ARFin the general population. Am J Kidney Dis. 05;45(3):531–539.22. American Geriatrics Society Panel on PharmacologicalManagement of Persistent Pain in Older Persons. Pharma-cological management of persistent pain in older persons. JAm Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(8):1331–1346.23. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Os-teoarthritis: The Care and Management of Osteoarthritis inAdults. London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.24. Kienzler J, Gold M, Nollevaux F. Systemic bioavailability oftopical diclofenac sodium gel 1% versus oral diclofenac so-dium in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs.2010;50(1):50–61.25. Barthel HR, Haselwood D, Longley S 3rd, Gold MS, AltmanRD. Randomized controlled trial of diclofenac sodium gel inknee osteoarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;39(3):203–212.26. Rother M, Lavins BJ, Kneer W, Lehnhardt K, Seidel EJ, Mazgareanu S. Efficacy and safety of epicutaneous ketoprofen inTransfersome (IDEA- 033) versus oral celecoxib and place-bo in osteoarthritis of the knee: multicentre randomized con-trolled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66 (9):1178–1183.27. Bruhlmann P, de Vathaire F, Dreiser RL, Michel BA. Short-term treatment with topical diclofenac epolamine plaster inpatients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: pooled analy-sis of two randomized clinical studies. Curr Med Res Opin.2006;22(12):2429–2438.28. Baraf HS, Gold MS, Clark MB, Altman RD. Safety and effi-cacy of topical diclofenac sodium 1% gel in knee osteoarth-ritis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Sportsmed.2010;38(2):19–28.29. Niethard FU, Gold MS, Solomon GS, et al. Efficacy of topi-cal diclofenac diethylamine gel in osteoarthritis of the knee.J Rheumatol. 2005;32(12):2384–2392.30. Grace D, Rogers J, Skeith K, Anderson K. Topical diclofenacversus placebo: a double blind, randomized clinical trial inpatients with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol.1999;26(12):2659–2663.31. Baer PA, Thomas LM, Shainhouse Z. Treatment of osteoarth-ritis of the knee with a topical diclofenac solution: a rando-mized controlled, 6-week trial [ISRCTN 53366886]. BMC Mus-culoskelet Disord. 2005;6:44.32. Roth SH, Shainhouse JZ. Efficacy and safety of a topical dic-lofenac solution (Pennsaid) in the treatment of primary oste-oarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-con-trolled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164 (18):2017–2023.33. Simon LS, Grierson LM, Naseer Z, Bookman AA, Zev Shain-house J. Efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac containingdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) compared with those of topical pla-cebo, DMSO vehicle and oral diclofenac for knee osteoarth-ritis. Pain. 2009;143(3):238–245.34. Tugwell PS, Wells GA, Shainhouse JZ. Equivalence study ofa topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid) compared with oraldiclofenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of theknee: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol.2004;31(10):2002–2012.35. Cross PL, Ashby D, Harding G, et al. TOIB Study Team. TOIBStudy. Are topical or oral ibuprofen equally effective for thetreatment of chronic knee pain presenting in primary care: arandomized controlled trial with patient preference study.[ISRCTN79353052]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:55.36. Kozanoglu E, Basaran S, Guzel R, Guler-Uysal F. Short termefficacy of ibuprofen phonophoresis versus continuous ultra-sound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Swiss Med Wkly.2003;133(23–24):333–338.37. Trnavsky K, Fischer M, Vogtle-Junkert U, Schreyger F. Ef-ficacy and safety of 5% ibuprofen cream treatment in knee os-teoarthritis. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(3):565–572.38. Underwood M, Ashby D, Carnes D, et al. Topical or oral ibup-rofen for chronic knee pain in older people. The TOIB study.Health TechnoAssess. 2008;12(22):iii–iv.39. Altman RD, Dreiser RL, Fisher CL, Chase WF, Dreher DS,Zacher J.Diclofenac sodium gel in patients with primary handosteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-control-led trial. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(9):1991–1999.40. Zacher J, Burger K, Farber L, et al. Topical diclofenac Emul-gel versus oral ibuprofen in the treatment of active osteoarth-ritis of the finger joints (Heberden’s and/or Bouchard’s no-des). Double-blind, controlled, randomized study. Aktuel Rheu-matology. 2001;26:7–14.41. Widrig R, Suter A, Saller R, Melzer J. Choosing between NSA-ID and arnica for topical treatment of hand osteoarthritis ina randomized, double-blind study. Rheumatol Int.2007;27(6):585–591.42. Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, et al. OARSI recommen-dations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, partIII: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative up-date of research published through January 2009. Osteoarth-ritis Cartilage. 2010;18(4):476–499.43. Tugwell PS, Wells GA, Shainhouse JZ. Equivalence study ofa topical diclofenac solution (Pennsaid) compared with oraldiclofenac in symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of theknee: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol.2004;31(10):2002–2012.44. Bruhlmann P, de Vathaire F, Dreiser RL, Michel BA. Short-term treatment with topical diclofenac epolamine plaster inpatients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: pooled analy-sis of two randomised clinical studies. Curr Med Res Opin.2006;22(12):2429–2438.45. Niethard FU, Gold MS, Solomon GS, et al. Efficacy of topi-cal diclofenac diethylamine gel in osteoarthritis of the knee.J Rheumatol. 2005;32(12):2384–2392.46. Roth SH, Shainhouse JZ. Effi cacy and safety of a topical dic-lofenac solution (Pennsaid) in the treatment of primary oste-oarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-con-trolled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(18):2017–2023.47. Rother M, Lavins BJ, Kneer W, et al. Effi cacy and safety ofepicutaneous ketoprofen in Transfersome (IDEA-033) versusoral celecoxib and placebo in osteoarthritis of the knee: mul-ticentre randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis.2007;66(9):1178–1183.48. Kozanoglu E, Basaran S, Guzel R, Guler-Uysal F. Short termeffi cacy of ibuprofen phonophoresis versus continuous ult-rasound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. Swiss Med Wkly.2003;133(23–24):333–338.49. Trnavsky K, Fischer M, Vögtle-Junkert U, Schreyger F. Efficacy and safety of 5% ibuprofen cream treatment in knee os-teoarthritis. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(3):565–572.50. Underwood M, Ashby D, Cross P, et al. Advice to use topi-cal or oral ibuprofen for chronic knee pain in older people:randomised controlled trial and patient preference study. BMJ.2008;336(7636):138–142.51. Tubach F, Ravaud P, Baron G, et al. Evaluation of clinicallyrelevant changes in patient reported outcomes in knee and hiposteoarthritis: the minimal clinically important improvement.Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(1):29–33. 52. Altman R, Zacher J, Renee LD, et al. Effi cacy and safety ofdiclofenac sodium gel 1% in patients with osteoarthritis of thehand: American College of Rheumatology/Association of Rheu-matology Health Professionals Annual Scientifi c Meeting; No-vember 6–11, 2007; Boston, MA.53. Barthel HR, Haselwood D, Parikh P, Gold M. Effi cacy andsafety of diclofenac sodium gel 1% in patients with osteoarth-ritis of the knee: a prospective, 12-week, randomized, doub-le-blind, vehiclecontrolled, multicenter, phase 3 trial. 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London, UK: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.58. Zhang W, Doherty M, Leeb BF, et al. EULAR evidence ba-sed recommendations for the management of hand osteoarth-ritis: report of a Task Force of the EULAR Standing Commit-tee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics(ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(3):377–388.59. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Treatment ofOsteoarthritis of the Knee (Non-Arthroplasty). Rosemont, IL:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; December 6,2008.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Temmuz 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4 |
