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Forest fire effects on water resources

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 554 - 564, 20.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.369008

Öz

Aim of study: In this paper, effects of forest
fires on disposition of precipitation (interception,
evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff) and physical-chemical
features of water were reviewed.

Material and
Methods:
In this review paper, literatures were used to discuss
the subject.

Main results: It is
forecasting that climate change increases the forest fires around the world.
Thus, it is understood that forest fires can lead soil erosion and changes in
the quality of water resources due to causing interception, evapotranspiration,
infiltration and surface runoff in direct or indirect ways.







Research
highlights:
Forest fires have adverse effects on quality of water
resources and aquatic life due causing changes in physical and chemical features
of water resources.

Kaynakça

  • Akkuzu, E., Kucuk, O., Evcin, O. (2012). “Forest Fire Effects on Mammalian Species”, Wood and Fire Safety, 7. International Scientific Conference, High Tatras, Slovakia, 358.
  • Akkuzu, E., Kucuk, Ö, Ünal, S., Evcin, Ö., Ugış, A. (2014) "Effects of Forest Fires on Mammal Species : A Brief Review" International Forest Fire Conference in Black Sea Region, Kastamonu. 98-99.
  • Balcı, A.N., Çepel, N. (1966). Vejetasyonun hidrolojik devirdeki rolü. Orman Muhendisliği 1. Teknik Kongresi. Vural Matbaası, 1966 -Ankara.
  • Bilgin, A., Aybar, M., & Sağlam, B. (2016). Effects of Forest Fires on Water Sources. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 12(2).
  • Bilgili, E., & Saglam, B. (2003). Fire behavior in maquis fuels in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management, 184(1), 201-207.
  • Bilgili, E. R., Durmaz, B. D., Saglam, B. L., Kucuk, O., & Baysal, I. (2006). Fire behaviour in immature calabrian pine plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 234(1), 112.
  • Bladon, K. D., Emelko, M. B., Silins, U., & Stone, M. (2014). Wildfire and the future of water supply, Environmental Science & Technology, 8936-8943.
  • Bruijnzeel, L. A. (2004). Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees?. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 104(1), 185-228.
  • Calder, I. R. (1998). Water-resource and land-use issues (Vol. 3). Iwmi.
  • Couzin J. (1999). Landscape changes make regional climate run hot and cold. Science; 283:317] 318.
  • Doğanay, H., & Doğanay, S. (2004). Türkiye’de Orman Yangınları Ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler/Forest Fires and Measures to be Taken in Turkey. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 9(11).
  • Ekhuemelo, D. (2016). Importance of forest and trees in sustaining water supply and rainfall. Nigeria journal of education, health and technology research (NJEHETR). 8. 8.
  • Evcin, Ö. Akkuzu, E. Küçük, Ö. Ünal, S. (2014) Responses of Reptiles, International Forest Fire Conference in Black Sea Region, 6-8 November 2014, Kastamonu. 129
  • Eraslan, İ. (1973). Türkiye’deki Devlet Ormanlarında İdare Amaçları Tespitinin Hukuki. Teorik ve Pratik Esasları, İÜ Orman Fakültesi Yayını, (1843/194), 179.
  • Eruz, E. (1969). Belgrad orman'ında birer kayın, meşe ve çam meşceresinde tesbit edilen intersepsiyon (tepe çatısında yağışın buharlaşması) miktarları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University| İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 83-99.
  • Ffolliott, P. F., & Thorud, D. B. (1977). Water yield improvement by vegetation management. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 13(3), 563-572.
  • Ffolliott, P. F., & Brooks, K. N. (1996). Process studies in forest hydrology: A worldwide review. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 1993 (pp. 1-18). Springer Netherlands.
  • Flannigan, M. D., Stocks, B. J., & Wotton, B. M. (2000). Climate change and forest fires. Science of the total environment, 262(3), 221-229.
  • Florsheim, J. L., Keller, E. A., & Best, D. W. (1991). Fluvial sediment transport in response to moderate storm flows following chaparral wildfire, Ventura County, southern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103(4), 504-511.
  • Forbes, K., Bischetti, G., Brardinoni, F., Dykes, A., Dgray, D. G., Imaizumi, F., Verbist, B. (2011). Forests and landslides The role of trees and forests in the prevention of landslides and rehabilitation of landslide-affected areas in Asia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
  • Gould, J. & E. Nissen-Petersen, (1999). Rainwater catchment systems for domestic supply. Intermediate Technology Publications, London. 333.
  • Görcelioğlu, E. (1984). İçme ve kullanma suları kaynaklarının korunmasında ormancılığın yeri ve önemi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University| İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 55-67.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., (1996), Ormanların Sel ve Taşkınlar Üzerindeki Etkileri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri B, 46,(1-2-3-4), 15-25.
  • Güney, K., Küçük, Ö., Aktürk, E., Evcin, Ö., 2017. Biodiversity of Gavurdag Wildlife Development Area, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3), Jul-Sep, 2017.
  • Hoover, M. D., & Leaf, C. F. (1966). Process and significance of interception in Colorado subalpine forest. Pergamon Press.
  • Helvey, J., & Patric, J. H. (1965). Canopy and litter interception of rainfall by hardwoods of eastern United States. Water Resources Research, 1(2), 193-206.
  • IPCC. (1996). Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses.
  • IPCC. (2013): Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
  • Kinnell, P. I. A. (2005). Raindrop‐impact‐induced erosion processes and prediction: a review. Hydrological processes, 19(14), 2815-2844.
  • Kibaroğlu, A. (2008). Küresel iklim değişikliğinin sınıraşan su kaynakları politikasına etkileri. TMMOB 2. Su Politikaları Kongre Kitapçığı, 347-355.
  • Küçük, Ö., & Aktepe, N. (2017) Effect Of Phenolic Compounds On The Flammability In Forest Fires. International Journal Of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 6 (4), 320-327
  • Küçük, Ö. & Bilgili, E. (2010). Estimation of carbon emissions from experimental fires in young Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) plantations. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19(4a), 676-681.
  • Küçük, Ö. Bilgili, E, Bulut, S. Fernandes, M. (2012). Rates of sur-face fire spread in a young calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) plantation, Environ Eng Manag J 11(8): 1475–1480.
  • Küçükosmanoğlu, A. (1995). Su kaynaklarının korunması-orman yangınları ilişkisi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU), 45(1-2), 107-118.
  • Lewis, D., Singer, M. J., Dahlgren, R. A., & Tate, K. W. (2000). Hydrology in a California oak woodland watershed: a 17-year study. Journal of Hydrology, 240(1), 106-117.
  • Lormand, J.R. 1988. The effects of urban vegetation on strormwater runoff in an arid environment. Master's thesis, School of Renewable National Resources, Univ. Ariz., Tucson, AZ. 100.
  • Lyon, J., Huff, M., Telfer, E., Schreiner, D. & Kapler Smith, J. (2000) Wildland fire in ecosystems. Effects of fire on fauna. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
  • Meixner, T., & Wohlgemuth, P. (2004). Wildfire impacts on water quality. Journal of Wildland Fire, 13(1), 27-35.
  • Moya, D. De las Heras, J. and López Serrano, F.R. (2007). Postfire management in Mediterranean forest: researching to prevent global change, IV. International Wildland Fire Conference, 13-17 May, 2007, Sevilla, Spain.
  • Overpeck, J. T., Rind, D., & Goldberg, R. (1990). Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature, 343(6253), 51-53.
  • Price, C., & Rind, D. (1994). The impact of a 2× CO2 climate on lightning-caused fires. Journal of Climate, 7(10), 1484-1494.
  • Prosser, I. P., & Williams, L. (1998). The effect of wildfire on runoff and erosion in native Eucalyptus forest. Hydrological processes, 12(2), 251-265.
  • Rothacher, J. (1970). Increases in water yield following clear‐cut logging in the Pacific northwest. Water Resources Research, 6(2), 653-658.
  • Shu-ren, Y. (2003). Effects of fire disturbance on forest hydrology. Journal of forestry research, 14(4), 331-334.
  • Shakesby, R. A., Coelho, C. D. O., Ferreira, A. D., Terry, J. P., & Walsh, R. P. D. (1994). Fire, post-burn land management practice and soil erosion response curves in eucalyptus and pine forests, north-central Portugal. In International Conference on Soil Erosion and Degradation as a Consequence of Forest Fires (Eds M Sala, JF Rubio).(Geoforma Ediciones: Logrono, Spain) (15-27).
  • Swanson, F. J. (1981). Fire and geomorphic processes. Mooney, HA; Bonnicksen, TM; Christensen, NL; Lotan, JE, 401-444.
  • Sullivan, A. (2009). Wildland surface fire spread modelling, 1990–2007.2: Empirical and quasi-empirica models International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 369-386.
  • Şengönül, K. (1984), Marmara Bölgesi- Armutlu Yarımadası Koşullarında Güç Islanan Toprakların Oluşumu Üzerine Etkili Olan Faktörler, İ.Ü. Orman Fak. Yayınları, 363.
  • Tackle, E. S., Bramer, D. J., Heilman, W. E., & Thompson, M. R. (1994). A synoptic climatology for forest-fires in the NE US and future implications from GCM simulations. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 4(4), 217-224.
  • Tecle, A., & Neary, D. (2015). Water Quality Impacts of Forest Fires. Journal of Pollution Effects & Control, 1-7.
  • Tennyson, L. C., Ffolliott, P. F., & Thorud, D. B. (1974). Use Of Tıme‐Lapse Photography To Assess Potentıal Interceptıon In Arizona Ponderosa Pine. Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 10(6), 1246-1254.
  • Wiersum, K. F. (1985). Effects of various vegetation layers of an Acacia auriculiformis forest plantation on surface erosion in Java, Indonesia. In Soil erosion and conservation, 79-89.
  • UNESCO (2006). World Water Assesment Programme, World Water Development Report
  • Uslu, S. (1969). Toprak koruması bakımından orman yangınlarının doğurduğu problemler. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU), 67-74.
  • Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., & Lammers, R. B. (2000). Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 289(5477), 284-288.
  • Yurtseven, İ., Serengil, Y., & Özhan, S. (2013). Meşe Kayın Karışık Meşceresinde Yapay Sinir Ağları Kullanılarak İntersepsiyonun Tahmin Edilmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University| İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(1), 19-26.
  • Zengin, M. (1997). Kocaeli yöresindeorman ekosistemlerinin hidrolojik aǧaçlandırmalar yönünden karşılaştırılması. Poplar and Fast Growing Forest Trees Research Institute. İzmit, 1300-395 X

Orman yangınlarının su kaynakları üzerindeki etkileri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 554 - 564, 20.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.369008

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada, orman yangınlarının yağış dispozisyonu (intersepsiyon,
evapotranspirasyon, infiltrasyon, yüzeysel akış) ve suyun fiziksel-kimyasal
özellikleri üzerine etkileri 
tartışılmıştır. 

Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu derleme çalışmasında konu ile ilgili literatür bilgilerine yer
verilmiştir.   

Sonuçlar: İklim
değişikliği ile birlikte dünya genelinde orman yangınlarının artış göstermekte
olduğu öngörülmektedir. Bu nedenle, orman yangınlarının doğrudan veya dolaylı
olarak hidrolojik döngü içerisinde intersepsiyona, evapotranspirasyona,
infiltrasyona ve yüzeysel akışa neden olarak su kaynaklarının kalitesinde
değişimlere ve erozyona yol açabileceği anlaşılmaktadır.   







Araştırma
vurguları:
Orman yangınları su
kaynaklarının fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinde değişimlere neden olduğu için
suyun kalitesinde ve sucul yaşamda da olumsuz etkilere sahiptir. 

Kaynakça

  • Akkuzu, E., Kucuk, O., Evcin, O. (2012). “Forest Fire Effects on Mammalian Species”, Wood and Fire Safety, 7. International Scientific Conference, High Tatras, Slovakia, 358.
  • Akkuzu, E., Kucuk, Ö, Ünal, S., Evcin, Ö., Ugış, A. (2014) "Effects of Forest Fires on Mammal Species : A Brief Review" International Forest Fire Conference in Black Sea Region, Kastamonu. 98-99.
  • Balcı, A.N., Çepel, N. (1966). Vejetasyonun hidrolojik devirdeki rolü. Orman Muhendisliği 1. Teknik Kongresi. Vural Matbaası, 1966 -Ankara.
  • Bilgin, A., Aybar, M., & Sağlam, B. (2016). Effects of Forest Fires on Water Sources. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 12(2).
  • Bilgili, E., & Saglam, B. (2003). Fire behavior in maquis fuels in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management, 184(1), 201-207.
  • Bilgili, E. R., Durmaz, B. D., Saglam, B. L., Kucuk, O., & Baysal, I. (2006). Fire behaviour in immature calabrian pine plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 234(1), 112.
  • Bladon, K. D., Emelko, M. B., Silins, U., & Stone, M. (2014). Wildfire and the future of water supply, Environmental Science & Technology, 8936-8943.
  • Bruijnzeel, L. A. (2004). Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees?. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 104(1), 185-228.
  • Calder, I. R. (1998). Water-resource and land-use issues (Vol. 3). Iwmi.
  • Couzin J. (1999). Landscape changes make regional climate run hot and cold. Science; 283:317] 318.
  • Doğanay, H., & Doğanay, S. (2004). Türkiye’de Orman Yangınları Ve Alınması Gereken Önlemler/Forest Fires and Measures to be Taken in Turkey. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 9(11).
  • Ekhuemelo, D. (2016). Importance of forest and trees in sustaining water supply and rainfall. Nigeria journal of education, health and technology research (NJEHETR). 8. 8.
  • Evcin, Ö. Akkuzu, E. Küçük, Ö. Ünal, S. (2014) Responses of Reptiles, International Forest Fire Conference in Black Sea Region, 6-8 November 2014, Kastamonu. 129
  • Eraslan, İ. (1973). Türkiye’deki Devlet Ormanlarında İdare Amaçları Tespitinin Hukuki. Teorik ve Pratik Esasları, İÜ Orman Fakültesi Yayını, (1843/194), 179.
  • Eruz, E. (1969). Belgrad orman'ında birer kayın, meşe ve çam meşceresinde tesbit edilen intersepsiyon (tepe çatısında yağışın buharlaşması) miktarları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University| İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 83-99.
  • Ffolliott, P. F., & Thorud, D. B. (1977). Water yield improvement by vegetation management. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 13(3), 563-572.
  • Ffolliott, P. F., & Brooks, K. N. (1996). Process studies in forest hydrology: A worldwide review. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 1993 (pp. 1-18). Springer Netherlands.
  • Flannigan, M. D., Stocks, B. J., & Wotton, B. M. (2000). Climate change and forest fires. Science of the total environment, 262(3), 221-229.
  • Florsheim, J. L., Keller, E. A., & Best, D. W. (1991). Fluvial sediment transport in response to moderate storm flows following chaparral wildfire, Ventura County, southern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103(4), 504-511.
  • Forbes, K., Bischetti, G., Brardinoni, F., Dykes, A., Dgray, D. G., Imaizumi, F., Verbist, B. (2011). Forests and landslides The role of trees and forests in the prevention of landslides and rehabilitation of landslide-affected areas in Asia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
  • Gould, J. & E. Nissen-Petersen, (1999). Rainwater catchment systems for domestic supply. Intermediate Technology Publications, London. 333.
  • Görcelioğlu, E. (1984). İçme ve kullanma suları kaynaklarının korunmasında ormancılığın yeri ve önemi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University| İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 55-67.
  • Görcelioğlu, E., (1996), Ormanların Sel ve Taşkınlar Üzerindeki Etkileri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri B, 46,(1-2-3-4), 15-25.
  • Güney, K., Küçük, Ö., Aktürk, E., Evcin, Ö., 2017. Biodiversity of Gavurdag Wildlife Development Area, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3), Jul-Sep, 2017.
  • Hoover, M. D., & Leaf, C. F. (1966). Process and significance of interception in Colorado subalpine forest. Pergamon Press.
  • Helvey, J., & Patric, J. H. (1965). Canopy and litter interception of rainfall by hardwoods of eastern United States. Water Resources Research, 1(2), 193-206.
  • IPCC. (1996). Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses.
  • IPCC. (2013): Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
  • Kinnell, P. I. A. (2005). Raindrop‐impact‐induced erosion processes and prediction: a review. Hydrological processes, 19(14), 2815-2844.
  • Kibaroğlu, A. (2008). Küresel iklim değişikliğinin sınıraşan su kaynakları politikasına etkileri. TMMOB 2. Su Politikaları Kongre Kitapçığı, 347-355.
  • Küçük, Ö., & Aktepe, N. (2017) Effect Of Phenolic Compounds On The Flammability In Forest Fires. International Journal Of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 6 (4), 320-327
  • Küçük, Ö. & Bilgili, E. (2010). Estimation of carbon emissions from experimental fires in young Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) plantations. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19(4a), 676-681.
  • Küçük, Ö. Bilgili, E, Bulut, S. Fernandes, M. (2012). Rates of sur-face fire spread in a young calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) plantation, Environ Eng Manag J 11(8): 1475–1480.
  • Küçükosmanoğlu, A. (1995). Su kaynaklarının korunması-orman yangınları ilişkisi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU), 45(1-2), 107-118.
  • Lewis, D., Singer, M. J., Dahlgren, R. A., & Tate, K. W. (2000). Hydrology in a California oak woodland watershed: a 17-year study. Journal of Hydrology, 240(1), 106-117.
  • Lormand, J.R. 1988. The effects of urban vegetation on strormwater runoff in an arid environment. Master's thesis, School of Renewable National Resources, Univ. Ariz., Tucson, AZ. 100.
  • Lyon, J., Huff, M., Telfer, E., Schreiner, D. & Kapler Smith, J. (2000) Wildland fire in ecosystems. Effects of fire on fauna. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
  • Meixner, T., & Wohlgemuth, P. (2004). Wildfire impacts on water quality. Journal of Wildland Fire, 13(1), 27-35.
  • Moya, D. De las Heras, J. and López Serrano, F.R. (2007). Postfire management in Mediterranean forest: researching to prevent global change, IV. International Wildland Fire Conference, 13-17 May, 2007, Sevilla, Spain.
  • Overpeck, J. T., Rind, D., & Goldberg, R. (1990). Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature, 343(6253), 51-53.
  • Price, C., & Rind, D. (1994). The impact of a 2× CO2 climate on lightning-caused fires. Journal of Climate, 7(10), 1484-1494.
  • Prosser, I. P., & Williams, L. (1998). The effect of wildfire on runoff and erosion in native Eucalyptus forest. Hydrological processes, 12(2), 251-265.
  • Rothacher, J. (1970). Increases in water yield following clear‐cut logging in the Pacific northwest. Water Resources Research, 6(2), 653-658.
  • Shu-ren, Y. (2003). Effects of fire disturbance on forest hydrology. Journal of forestry research, 14(4), 331-334.
  • Shakesby, R. A., Coelho, C. D. O., Ferreira, A. D., Terry, J. P., & Walsh, R. P. D. (1994). Fire, post-burn land management practice and soil erosion response curves in eucalyptus and pine forests, north-central Portugal. In International Conference on Soil Erosion and Degradation as a Consequence of Forest Fires (Eds M Sala, JF Rubio).(Geoforma Ediciones: Logrono, Spain) (15-27).
  • Swanson, F. J. (1981). Fire and geomorphic processes. Mooney, HA; Bonnicksen, TM; Christensen, NL; Lotan, JE, 401-444.
  • Sullivan, A. (2009). Wildland surface fire spread modelling, 1990–2007.2: Empirical and quasi-empirica models International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 369-386.
  • Şengönül, K. (1984), Marmara Bölgesi- Armutlu Yarımadası Koşullarında Güç Islanan Toprakların Oluşumu Üzerine Etkili Olan Faktörler, İ.Ü. Orman Fak. Yayınları, 363.
  • Tackle, E. S., Bramer, D. J., Heilman, W. E., & Thompson, M. R. (1994). A synoptic climatology for forest-fires in the NE US and future implications from GCM simulations. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 4(4), 217-224.
  • Tecle, A., & Neary, D. (2015). Water Quality Impacts of Forest Fires. Journal of Pollution Effects & Control, 1-7.
  • Tennyson, L. C., Ffolliott, P. F., & Thorud, D. B. (1974). Use Of Tıme‐Lapse Photography To Assess Potentıal Interceptıon In Arizona Ponderosa Pine. Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 10(6), 1246-1254.
  • Wiersum, K. F. (1985). Effects of various vegetation layers of an Acacia auriculiformis forest plantation on surface erosion in Java, Indonesia. In Soil erosion and conservation, 79-89.
  • UNESCO (2006). World Water Assesment Programme, World Water Development Report
  • Uslu, S. (1969). Toprak koruması bakımından orman yangınlarının doğurduğu problemler. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU), 67-74.
  • Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., & Lammers, R. B. (2000). Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 289(5477), 284-288.
  • Yurtseven, İ., Serengil, Y., & Özhan, S. (2013). Meşe Kayın Karışık Meşceresinde Yapay Sinir Ağları Kullanılarak İntersepsiyonun Tahmin Edilmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University| İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(1), 19-26.
  • Zengin, M. (1997). Kocaeli yöresindeorman ekosistemlerinin hidrolojik aǧaçlandırmalar yönünden karşılaştırılması. Poplar and Fast Growing Forest Trees Research Institute. İzmit, 1300-395 X
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Miraç Aydın Bu kişi benim

Abdullah Ugiş Bu kişi benim

Erol Akkuzu

Sabri Ünal

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, M., Ugiş, A., Akkuzu, E., Ünal, S. (2017). Forest fire effects on water resources. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17(4), 554-564. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.369008
AMA Aydın M, Ugiş A, Akkuzu E, Ünal S. Forest fire effects on water resources. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. Aralık 2017;17(4):554-564. doi:10.17475/kastorman.369008
Chicago Aydın, Miraç, Abdullah Ugiş, Erol Akkuzu, ve Sabri Ünal. “Forest Fire Effects on Water Resources”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17, sy. 4 (Aralık 2017): 554-64. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.369008.
EndNote Aydın M, Ugiş A, Akkuzu E, Ünal S (01 Aralık 2017) Forest fire effects on water resources. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17 4 554–564.
IEEE M. Aydın, A. Ugiş, E. Akkuzu, ve S. Ünal, “Forest fire effects on water resources”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 17, sy. 4, ss. 554–564, 2017, doi: 10.17475/kastorman.369008.
ISNAD Aydın, Miraç vd. “Forest Fire Effects on Water Resources”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17/4 (Aralık 2017), 554-564. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.369008.
JAMA Aydın M, Ugiş A, Akkuzu E, Ünal S. Forest fire effects on water resources. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2017;17:554–564.
MLA Aydın, Miraç vd. “Forest Fire Effects on Water Resources”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, c. 17, sy. 4, 2017, ss. 554-6, doi:10.17475/kastorman.369008.
Vancouver Aydın M, Ugiş A, Akkuzu E, Ünal S. Forest fire effects on water resources. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2017;17(4):554-6.

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