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Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 65 - 77, 22.06.2023

Gülseren Özsaç Özlem Özpak Akkuş

Öz

Tip 2 diyabetes mellitus'un dünya çapındaki prevalansı sürekli olarak artmakta ve halk sağlığı için önemli bir endişe haline gelmektedir. Genetik faktörlerin yanı sıra yaşam tarzı, yüksek enerji ve düşük lifli besinlerin tüketiminin artması ve bağırsak mikrobiyotası gibi birçok faktörün tip 2 diyabete yol açabileceği savunulmaktadır. Son zamanlarda yapılan bazı araştırmalar, bağırsak mikrobiyotasının bileşiminin tip 2 diyabeti tetikleyebileceğini öne sürmektedir. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki değişiklikler bağırsak geçirgenliğinin bozulmasına ve proinflamatuar sitokinlerin salınmasına neden olarak insülin direncine katkıda bulunan metabolik düzenleme sistemleri üzerinde sinerjistik olarak hareket eden kısa zincirli yağ asitlerinin, safra asitlerinin ve diğer metabolitlerin metabolizmasını modüle edebilmektedir. Son yıllarda yapılan kısıtlı sayıdaki çalışmalarda bağırsakta homeostazı sağlayan müdahalelerin insülin sekresyon ve duyarlılığı üzerine yararlı etkilerinin olduğu ve glisemik kontrolü iyileştirdiği görülmektedir. İlerleyen yıllarda yapılacak olan çalışmalarda bağırsak mikrobiyotasının modüle ettiği spesifik yolakları tanımlamak ve tip 2 diyabetin yönetim stratejisinde yeni potansiyel hedeflerini belirlemek için olası patofizyolojik mekanizmalar klinik çalışmalarda daha ayrıntılı olarak incelenmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tip 2 diyabet insülin direnci bağırsak mikrobiyotası bağırsak geçirgenliği inflamasyon

Kaynakça

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Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 65 - 77, 22.06.2023

Gülseren Özsaç Özlem Özpak Akkuş

Öz

Type 2 diabetes is an inflammatory metabolic disease characterized by insulin insufficiency/insufficient use of insulin in the body, the prevalence of which has been increasing (1,2). Environmental factors and genetic predisposition contribute to type 2 diabetes (3). Disruption of the gut microbiota is among the environmental factors contributing to type 2 diabetes (4,5). In this review, the relationship between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes is summarized.
Gut microbiota includes microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that have settled in the gastrointestinal tract. Some functions of the gut microbiota, which has a symbiotic relationship with the human body, have various effects on human health. These functions are regulation of the immune system and inflammatory processes, ensuring intestinal integrity, regulation of neural signals, and increasing the levels of vitamins and intestinal metabolites (6).
Intestinal microbiota includes six bacterial phyla, mainly Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Factors such as genetics, mode of birth, breast milk intake, diet, lifestyle, and antibiotic use affect microbiota diversity (8). The intestinal barrier, which prevents the passage of toxins, intestinal bacteria, and bacterial metabolites into the circulation, is protected by intestinal permeability formed by the interconnection of intestinal epithelial cells (9). As a result of the disruption of the intestinal barrier, intestinal permeability increases which leads to translocation of intestinal bacteria into the circulation (6,10). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria increase intestinal permeability. Translocation of LPS into the circulation cause metabolic endotoxemia, leading to low-grade chronic inflammation. The resulting metabolic inflammation increases proinflammatory cytokines and impairs insulin metabolism. Intestinal microbiota is the main factor of the increase in intestinal permeability in type 2 diabetes (11). Therefore, healthy intestinal barrier functions may protect from metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (12).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Type 2 diabetes insulin resistance gut microbiota intestinal permeability inflammation

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization (2016, 24 Mayıs) Global Reports on Diabetes. World Health Organization. WHO Press, Geneva. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565257
  • 2. International Diabetes Federation (2017, 30 Nisan) Diabetes Atlas. Eighth Edition. https://diabetesatlas.org
  • 3. Lyssenko, V., Jonsson, A., Almgren, P., Pulizzi, N., Isomaa, B., Tuomi, T., Berglund, G., Altshuler, D., Nilsson, P., & Groop, L. (2008). Clinical risk factors, DNA variants, and the development of type 2 diabetes. TheNew England Journa of Medicine, 359, 2220–2232. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa0801869
  • 4. Everard, A., & Cani, P.D. (2013). Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota. Best practice & research Clinical Gastroenterology, 27(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2013.03.007.
  • 5. Kahn, S.E., Hull, R.L., & Utzschneider, K.M. (2006). Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature, 444, 840–846. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05482.
  • 6. Zhang, L., Chu, J., Hao, W., Zhang, J., Li, H., Yang, C., & Wang, H. (2021). Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Association, mechanism, and translational applications. Mediators of Inflammation, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5110276.
  • 7. Gomaa, E. Z. (2020). Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 113(12), 2019-2040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01474-7.
  • 8. Bielka, W., Przezak, A., & Pawlik, A. (2022). The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of diabetes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010480.
  • 9. Salgaço, M. K., Oliveira, L. G. S., Costa, G. N., Bianchi, F., & Sivieri, K. (2019). Relationship between gut microbiota, probiotics, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103, 9229-9238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002253-019-10156-y.
  • 10. Trøseid, M., Nestvold, T. K., Rudi, K., Thoresen, H., Nielsen, E. W., & Lappegård, K. T. (2013). Plasma lipopolysaccharide is closely associated with glycemic control and abdominal obesity: evidence from bariatric surgery. Diabetes Care, 36(11), 3627-3632. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0451.
  • 11. Sircana, A., Framarin, L., Leone, N., Berrutti, M., Castellino, F., Parente, R., & Musso, G. (2018). Altered gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes: just a coincidence?. Current Diabetes Reports, 18, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1057-6.
  • 12. Kuzu, F. (2017). Bağırsak mikrobiyotasının obezite, insülin direnci ve diyabetteki rolü. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research, 1, 68-80. htthttps://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bshr/issue/32641/363323
  • 13. Cunningham, A. L., Stephens, J. W., & Harris, D. A. (2021). Gut microbiota influence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Gut Pathogens, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-021-00446-0.
  • 14. Portincasa, P., Bonfrate, L., Vacca, M., De Angelis, M., Farella, I., Lanza, E., & Di Ciaula, A. (2022). Gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids: implications in glucose homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(3), 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031105.
  • 15. Al Bander, Z., Nitert, M. D., Mousa, A., & Naderpoor, N. (2020). The gut microbiota and inflammation: an overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207618.
  • 16. Adak, A., & Khan, M. R. (2019). An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 76, 473-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4.
  • 17. Sircana, A., Framarin, L., & Leone, N. (2018). Altered gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes: just a coincidence?. Current Diabetes Report, 18(10), 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1057-6.
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  • 19. Heianza, Y., Sun, D., Li, X., Di Donato, J.A., Bray, G.A., & Sacks, F.M. (2018). Gut microbiota metabolites, amino acid metabolites and improve- ments in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism: the POUNDS Lost trial. Gut, 68(2), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316155.
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Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beslenme ve Diyetetik
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Gülseren Özsaç Bu kişi benim 0009-0005-4358-1292

Özlem Özpak Akkuş 0000-0002-1471-8000

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özsaç, G., & Özpak Akkuş, Ö. (2023). Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus. Toros University Journal of Food Nutrition and Gastronomy, 2(1), 65-77.
AMA Özsaç G, Özpak Akkuş Ö. Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus. JFNG. Haziran 2023;2(1):65-77.
Chicago Özsaç, Gülseren, ve Özlem Özpak Akkuş. “Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası Ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus”. Toros University Journal of Food Nutrition and Gastronomy 2, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 65-77.
EndNote Özsaç G, Özpak Akkuş Ö (01 Haziran 2023) Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus. Toros University Journal of Food Nutrition and Gastronomy 2 1 65–77.
IEEE G. Özsaç ve Ö. Özpak Akkuş, “Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus”, JFNG, c. 2, sy. 1, ss. 65–77, 2023.
ISNAD Özsaç, Gülseren - Özpak Akkuş, Özlem. “Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası Ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus”. Toros University Journal of Food Nutrition and Gastronomy 2/1 (Haziran 2023), 65-77.
JAMA Özsaç G, Özpak Akkuş Ö. Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus. JFNG. 2023;2:65–77.
MLA Özsaç, Gülseren ve Özlem Özpak Akkuş. “Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası Ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus”. Toros University Journal of Food Nutrition and Gastronomy, c. 2, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 65-77.
Vancouver Özsaç G, Özpak Akkuş Ö. Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus. JFNG. 2023;2(1):65-77.
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