Araştırma Makalesi
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF TOFU PROCESSED FROM GERMINATED SOYBEAN ON CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED CHRONIC LIVER INJURY IN MICE
Öz
The hepatoprotective activities of silk
tofu made from germinated and non germinated soybeans at different doses of
feeding against CCl4 induced hepatic cell toxicity in mice was
investigated in this study. The heptatoprotective activity was analyzed by
assessing the ratio of liver weight to body weight (L/B), the levels of serum
alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterols (TC), the hepatic
malondehydyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and vitamin C levels as well as the
histopathological analysis of liver tissue. All types of silk tofu
significantly reduced the L/B value; ALT activity, total cholesterol, hepatic
MDA and PC levels, beside, liver vitamin C content increased compared to CCl4
intoxicated mice. Silk tofu made from germinated soybeans expressed higher
hepatoprotective activity as compared to silk tofu made from non germinated
soybeans. Mice fed with silk tofu made from germinated soybeans at the dose of
0.4 g/g body weight/day displayed all biochemical parameters as well as the
liver tissue histopathological analysis that were similar to that of normal
mice and silymarin treated mice. It was suggested that tofu specially made from
germinated soybeans expressed great hepatoprotective effect.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Liver injury Carbon tetrachloride Silk to-fu Germination Antioxidants
Kaynakça
- Abdel-Wahhab, K.G.E.-D., El-Shamy, K.A., El-Beih, N.A.E.-Z., Morcy, F.A. & Mannaa, F.A.E. (2011). Protective effect of a natural herb (Rosmarinus officinalis) against hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Comunicata Scientiae, 2(1), 9-17.
- Abdel‐Wahhab, M.A., Ahmed, H. & Hagazi, M.M. (2006). Prevention of aflatoxin B1‐initiated hepatotoxicity in rat by marine algae extracts. Journal, 26(3), 229-238. doi: 10.1002/jat.1127.
- Al-Assaf, A.H. (2014). Efficacy of corosolic and acid on mitochondrial enzymes and DNA damage against CCl4-induced heptatoxic rats. JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24(5), 1366-1373.
- Ashraf, J., Nagma, J.S., Mirani, N. & Rub, A. (2012). Protective effect of rutin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 4(2), 352-357.
- Boll, M., Weber, L.W., Becker, E. & Stampfl, A. (2001). Pathogenesis of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte injury bioactivation of CCl4 by cytochrome P450 and effects on lipid homeostasis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 56(1-2), 111-121.
- Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254.
- Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Giustarini, D., Milzani, A. & Colombo, R. (2003). Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clinica Chimica Acta, 329(1), 23-38.
- Domitrović, R., Jakovac, H., Tomac, J. & Šain, I. (2009). Liver fibrosis in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride and its reversion by luteolin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 241(3), 311-321.
- Duong, T.P.L., Phan, T.B.T. & Ha, T.T. (2015). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of different soybean cultivars from Mekong river delta - Vietnam. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 4(11), 321-326.
- El Denshary, E.S., Al-Gahazali, M.A., Mannaa, F.A., Salem, H.A., Hassan, N.S. & Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. (2012). Dietary honey and ginseng protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatonephrotoxicity in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 64(7), 753-760.
- Essawy, A.E., Abdel-Moneim, A.M., Khayyat, L.I. & Elzergy, A.A. (2012). Nigella sativa seeds protect against hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(10), 21-25. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.21004
- Fernandez-Orozco, R., Frias, J., Zielinski, H., Piskula, M.K., Kozlowska, H. & Vidal-Valverde, C. (2008). Kinetic study of the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity during germination of Vigna radiata cv. emmerald, Glycinemax cv. jutro and Glycine max cv. merit. Food Chemistry, 111(3), 622-630.
- Geesin, J.C., Gordon, J.S. & Berg, R.A. (1990). Retinoids affect collagen synthesis through inhibition of ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 278(2), 350-355.
- George, J. (2003). Ascorbic acid concentrations in dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Clinica Chimica Acta, 335(1), 39-47.
- Hong, M., Li, S., Tan, H.Y., Wang, N., Tsao, S.-W. & Feng, Y. (2015). Current status of herbal medicines in chronic liver disease therapy: the biological effects, molecular targets and future prospects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 28705-28745. doi: 10.3390/ijms161226126
- Huo, H.Z., Wang, B., Liang, Y.K., Bao, Y.Y. & Gu, Y. (2011). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of licorice extract against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(10), 6529-6543. doi: 10.3390/ijms12106529
- Ishak, K., Baptista, A., Bianchi, L., Callea, F., De Groote, J., Gudat, F., Denk, H., Desmet, V., Korb, G., (1995). Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. Journal of Hepatology, 22(6), 696-699.
- Jiang, S., Cai, W. & Xu, B. (2013). Food quality improvement of soy milk made from short-time germinated soybeans. Foods, 2(2), 198-212.
- Kaushik, G., Satya, S. & Naik, S. (2010). Effect of domestic processing techniques on the nutritional quality of the soybean. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(1), 39-46.
- Latha, U., Rajesh, M. & Latha, M. (1999). Hepatoprotective effect of an ayurvedic medicine. Indian Drugs, 36(7), 470-473.
- Lazerow, S.K., Abdi, M.S. and Lewis, J.H. (2005). Drug-induced liver disease 2004. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 21(3), 283-292.
- Levine RL, G.D., Oliver CN, Amici A., Climent I., Lenz A.-G., Ahn B.-W., Shaltiel S. & Stadtman E.R. (1990). Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods in Enzymolology, 465-478.
- Liu, J., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, C., Lu, S. & Liu, J. (2011). The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of extract and fractions from corn silk (Zea mays L.) and related flavone glycosides. Food Chemistry, 126(1), 261-269.
- Luo, S. & Wehr, N.B. (2009). Protein carbonylation: avoiding pitfalls in the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine assay. Redox Report, 14(4), 159-166.
- Ndatsu, Y. & Olekan, A.A. (2012). Effects of Different Types of Coagulants on the Nutritional Quality Tofu Produced in the Northern Part of Nigeria. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 7(2), 135-141.
- Nielsen, F., Mikkelsen, B.B., Nielsen, J.B., Andersen, H.R. & Grandjean, P. (1997). Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: reference interval and effects of life-style factors. Clinical Chemistry, 43(7), 1209-1214.
- Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. & Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95(2), 351-358.
- Paucar-Menacho, L.M., Berhow, M.A., Mandarino, J.M.G., de Mejia, E.G. & Chang, Y.K. (2010). Optimisation of germination time and temperature on the concentration of bioactive compounds in Brazilian soybean cultivar BRS 133 using response surface methodology. Food Chemistry, 119(2), 636-642.
- Pigeolet, E., Corbisier, P., Houbion, A., Lambert, D., Michiels, C., Raes, M., Zachary, M.-D. & Remacle, J. (1990). Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase inactivation by peroxides and oxygen derived free radicals. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 51(3), 283-297.
- Poysa, V. & Woodrow, L. (2002). Stability of soybean seed composition and its effect on soymilk and tofu yield and quality. Food Research International, 35(4), 337-345.
- Ravikumar, V., Shivashangari, K.S. & Devaki, T. (2005). Hepatoprotective activity of Tridax procumbens against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1), 55-60.
- Robins, S., Cotran, R. & Kumar, V. (1979). Pathologic basis of disease. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1099-1106.
- Robinson, C., Keshavarzian, A., Pasco, D., Frommel, T., Winship, D. & Holmes, E. (1999). Determination of protein carbonyl groups by immunoblotting. Analytical Biochemistry, 266(1), 48-57.
- Saad, E.A. (2013). Kidney response to L-arginine treatment of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in mice. Naturel Science, 5(1), 1-6. doi: 10.4236/ns.2013.51001
- Sarhan, N.A., El-Denshary, E.S., Hassan, N.S., Abu-Salem, F.M. & Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. (2012). Isoflavones enriched soy protein prevents CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN) Pharmacology, 2012, 1-8. doi: 10.5402/2012/347930
- Shankar, N.G., Manavalan, R., Venkappayya, D. and Raj, C.D. (2008). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl bark extract against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(9), 3182-3185.
- Singhal, K.G. & Gupta, G.D. (2012). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of flowers of Nerium oleander against CCl4–induced liver injury in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(9), 677-685. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60106-0
- Sundari, P.N., Wilfred, G. & Ramakrishna, B. (1997). Does oxidative protein damage play a role in the pathogenesis of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in the rat? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1362(2), 169-176.
- Tejasari, M., Shahib, N., Iwan, D. & Sastramihardja, H.S. (2014). The role of soy in preventing apoptosis in liver injury. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Nano Sciences, 3(5), 373 - 379.
- Thresiamma, K. & Kuttan, R. (1996). Inhibition of liver fibrosis by ellagic acid. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 40(4), 363-366.
- Wood, N.J. (2010). Liver: Nonobese individuals in the developing world are at risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver disease. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7(7), 357-357.
- Wu, M.-L., Chang, J.-C., Lai, Y.-H., Cheng, S.-L. & Chiou, R.Y.-Y. (2004). Enhancement of tofu isoflavone recovery by pretreatment of soy milk with koji enzyme extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(15), 4785-4790.
- Yakubu, N. & Mohammed, U.A. (2016). Protective properties of flavonoid extract of coagulated tofu (Curdled soymilk) against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 8(1), 21-29.
- Yakubu, N., Oboh, G. & Olalekan, A.A. (2013). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of tofu (Curdle Soymilk) against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Biotechnology Research International, 2013, 1-7.
- Yang, B.-Y., Zhang, X.-Y., Guan, S.-W. & Hua, Z.-C. (2015). Protective effect of procyanidin B2 against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice. Molecules, 20(7), 12250-12265. doi: 10.3390/molecules200712250
- Yang, L., Wang, C.-z., Ye, J.-z. & Li, H.-t. (2011). Hepatoprotective effects of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Fitoterapia, 82(6), 834-840.
- Yu, C., Wang, F., Jin, C., Wu, X., Chan, W.-k. & McKeehan, W.L. (2002). Increased carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis in FGFR4-deficient mice. The American Journal of Pathology, 161(6), 2003-2010.
Yıl 2017,
, 1 - 11, 01.01.2017
Öz
Kaynakça
- Abdel-Wahhab, K.G.E.-D., El-Shamy, K.A., El-Beih, N.A.E.-Z., Morcy, F.A. & Mannaa, F.A.E. (2011). Protective effect of a natural herb (Rosmarinus officinalis) against hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Comunicata Scientiae, 2(1), 9-17.
- Abdel‐Wahhab, M.A., Ahmed, H. & Hagazi, M.M. (2006). Prevention of aflatoxin B1‐initiated hepatotoxicity in rat by marine algae extracts. Journal, 26(3), 229-238. doi: 10.1002/jat.1127.
- Al-Assaf, A.H. (2014). Efficacy of corosolic and acid on mitochondrial enzymes and DNA damage against CCl4-induced heptatoxic rats. JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24(5), 1366-1373.
- Ashraf, J., Nagma, J.S., Mirani, N. & Rub, A. (2012). Protective effect of rutin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 4(2), 352-357.
- Boll, M., Weber, L.W., Becker, E. & Stampfl, A. (2001). Pathogenesis of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte injury bioactivation of CCl4 by cytochrome P450 and effects on lipid homeostasis. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 56(1-2), 111-121.
- Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254.
- Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Giustarini, D., Milzani, A. & Colombo, R. (2003). Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clinica Chimica Acta, 329(1), 23-38.
- Domitrović, R., Jakovac, H., Tomac, J. & Šain, I. (2009). Liver fibrosis in mice induced by carbon tetrachloride and its reversion by luteolin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 241(3), 311-321.
- Duong, T.P.L., Phan, T.B.T. & Ha, T.T. (2015). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of different soybean cultivars from Mekong river delta - Vietnam. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 4(11), 321-326.
- El Denshary, E.S., Al-Gahazali, M.A., Mannaa, F.A., Salem, H.A., Hassan, N.S. & Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. (2012). Dietary honey and ginseng protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatonephrotoxicity in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 64(7), 753-760.
- Essawy, A.E., Abdel-Moneim, A.M., Khayyat, L.I. & Elzergy, A.A. (2012). Nigella sativa seeds protect against hepatotoxicity and dyslipidemia induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(10), 21-25. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2012.21004
- Fernandez-Orozco, R., Frias, J., Zielinski, H., Piskula, M.K., Kozlowska, H. & Vidal-Valverde, C. (2008). Kinetic study of the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity during germination of Vigna radiata cv. emmerald, Glycinemax cv. jutro and Glycine max cv. merit. Food Chemistry, 111(3), 622-630.
- Geesin, J.C., Gordon, J.S. & Berg, R.A. (1990). Retinoids affect collagen synthesis through inhibition of ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 278(2), 350-355.
- George, J. (2003). Ascorbic acid concentrations in dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Clinica Chimica Acta, 335(1), 39-47.
- Hong, M., Li, S., Tan, H.Y., Wang, N., Tsao, S.-W. & Feng, Y. (2015). Current status of herbal medicines in chronic liver disease therapy: the biological effects, molecular targets and future prospects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 28705-28745. doi: 10.3390/ijms161226126
- Huo, H.Z., Wang, B., Liang, Y.K., Bao, Y.Y. & Gu, Y. (2011). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of licorice extract against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(10), 6529-6543. doi: 10.3390/ijms12106529
- Ishak, K., Baptista, A., Bianchi, L., Callea, F., De Groote, J., Gudat, F., Denk, H., Desmet, V., Korb, G., (1995). Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. Journal of Hepatology, 22(6), 696-699.
- Jiang, S., Cai, W. & Xu, B. (2013). Food quality improvement of soy milk made from short-time germinated soybeans. Foods, 2(2), 198-212.
- Kaushik, G., Satya, S. & Naik, S. (2010). Effect of domestic processing techniques on the nutritional quality of the soybean. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(1), 39-46.
- Latha, U., Rajesh, M. & Latha, M. (1999). Hepatoprotective effect of an ayurvedic medicine. Indian Drugs, 36(7), 470-473.
- Lazerow, S.K., Abdi, M.S. and Lewis, J.H. (2005). Drug-induced liver disease 2004. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 21(3), 283-292.
- Levine RL, G.D., Oliver CN, Amici A., Climent I., Lenz A.-G., Ahn B.-W., Shaltiel S. & Stadtman E.R. (1990). Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods in Enzymolology, 465-478.
- Liu, J., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, C., Lu, S. & Liu, J. (2011). The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of extract and fractions from corn silk (Zea mays L.) and related flavone glycosides. Food Chemistry, 126(1), 261-269.
- Luo, S. & Wehr, N.B. (2009). Protein carbonylation: avoiding pitfalls in the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine assay. Redox Report, 14(4), 159-166.
- Ndatsu, Y. & Olekan, A.A. (2012). Effects of Different Types of Coagulants on the Nutritional Quality Tofu Produced in the Northern Part of Nigeria. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 7(2), 135-141.
- Nielsen, F., Mikkelsen, B.B., Nielsen, J.B., Andersen, H.R. & Grandjean, P. (1997). Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: reference interval and effects of life-style factors. Clinical Chemistry, 43(7), 1209-1214.
- Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N. & Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95(2), 351-358.
- Paucar-Menacho, L.M., Berhow, M.A., Mandarino, J.M.G., de Mejia, E.G. & Chang, Y.K. (2010). Optimisation of germination time and temperature on the concentration of bioactive compounds in Brazilian soybean cultivar BRS 133 using response surface methodology. Food Chemistry, 119(2), 636-642.
- Pigeolet, E., Corbisier, P., Houbion, A., Lambert, D., Michiels, C., Raes, M., Zachary, M.-D. & Remacle, J. (1990). Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase inactivation by peroxides and oxygen derived free radicals. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 51(3), 283-297.
- Poysa, V. & Woodrow, L. (2002). Stability of soybean seed composition and its effect on soymilk and tofu yield and quality. Food Research International, 35(4), 337-345.
- Ravikumar, V., Shivashangari, K.S. & Devaki, T. (2005). Hepatoprotective activity of Tridax procumbens against d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatitis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 101(1), 55-60.
- Robins, S., Cotran, R. & Kumar, V. (1979). Pathologic basis of disease. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1099-1106.
- Robinson, C., Keshavarzian, A., Pasco, D., Frommel, T., Winship, D. & Holmes, E. (1999). Determination of protein carbonyl groups by immunoblotting. Analytical Biochemistry, 266(1), 48-57.
- Saad, E.A. (2013). Kidney response to L-arginine treatment of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury in mice. Naturel Science, 5(1), 1-6. doi: 10.4236/ns.2013.51001
- Sarhan, N.A., El-Denshary, E.S., Hassan, N.S., Abu-Salem, F.M. & Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. (2012). Isoflavones enriched soy protein prevents CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN) Pharmacology, 2012, 1-8. doi: 10.5402/2012/347930
- Shankar, N.G., Manavalan, R., Venkappayya, D. and Raj, C.D. (2008). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Commiphora berryi (Arn) Engl bark extract against CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(9), 3182-3185.
- Singhal, K.G. & Gupta, G.D. (2012). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of flowers of Nerium oleander against CCl4–induced liver injury in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(9), 677-685. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60106-0
- Sundari, P.N., Wilfred, G. & Ramakrishna, B. (1997). Does oxidative protein damage play a role in the pathogenesis of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in the rat? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1362(2), 169-176.
- Tejasari, M., Shahib, N., Iwan, D. & Sastramihardja, H.S. (2014). The role of soy in preventing apoptosis in liver injury. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Nano Sciences, 3(5), 373 - 379.
- Thresiamma, K. & Kuttan, R. (1996). Inhibition of liver fibrosis by ellagic acid. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 40(4), 363-366.
- Wood, N.J. (2010). Liver: Nonobese individuals in the developing world are at risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver disease. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 7(7), 357-357.
- Wu, M.-L., Chang, J.-C., Lai, Y.-H., Cheng, S.-L. & Chiou, R.Y.-Y. (2004). Enhancement of tofu isoflavone recovery by pretreatment of soy milk with koji enzyme extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(15), 4785-4790.
- Yakubu, N. & Mohammed, U.A. (2016). Protective properties of flavonoid extract of coagulated tofu (Curdled soymilk) against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 8(1), 21-29.
- Yakubu, N., Oboh, G. & Olalekan, A.A. (2013). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of tofu (Curdle Soymilk) against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Biotechnology Research International, 2013, 1-7.
- Yang, B.-Y., Zhang, X.-Y., Guan, S.-W. & Hua, Z.-C. (2015). Protective effect of procyanidin B2 against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice. Molecules, 20(7), 12250-12265. doi: 10.3390/molecules200712250
- Yang, L., Wang, C.-z., Ye, J.-z. & Li, H.-t. (2011). Hepatoprotective effects of polyprenols from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Fitoterapia, 82(6), 834-840.
- Yu, C., Wang, F., Jin, C., Wu, X., Chan, W.-k. & McKeehan, W.L. (2002). Increased carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and fibrosis in FGFR4-deficient mice. The American Journal of Pathology, 161(6), 2003-2010.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Articles |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ocak 2017 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 12 Ağustos 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 |
Journal is licensed under a
CreativeCommons Attribtion-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence 
Diamond Open Access refers to a scholarly publication model in which journals and platforms do not charge fees to either authors or readers.
Open Access Statement:This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Archiving Policy:
Archiving is done according to ULAKBİM "DergiPark" publication policy (LOCKSS).