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The relationship of ultra-processed foods with some diseases

Yıl 2024, , 306 - 315, 01.10.2024

Seyit Ramazan Karadoğan , Eren Canbolat

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH24029

Öz

Ultra-processed foods are defined as multi-component industrial formulations that include chemical food additives in food production where sugar, salt, oils and fats are the main products. General production purposes of ultra-processed foods are to obtain low-cost and mass production, long shelf-life and branded products. NOVA Group 4 classification is used to express ultra-processed foods. Packaged snacks (chips, cake, crackers, candy, etc.), frozen products, meat and chicken extract products (bouillon, powder mixtures), processed meat products (hot dog, nugget star), fizzy drinks, beverages, packaged milk and cocoa drinks, etc. constitute ultra-processed foods. Excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods, especially those containing free sugar, causes the intake of empty calories and causes insufficient intake of some essential nutrients. Also, ultra-processed foods increase the energy density, sugar, saturated fat and trans fatty acid levels of the daily diet. A high-energy-density diet causes an increase in people's body weight. In addition to these results, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, kidney diseases, and colon, rectal and breast cancer may occur due to insufficient fibre intake and obesity. Therefore, in response to the development of the global food industry, countries should develop their own national policies and work to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods for public health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Health NOVA group 4 Obesity Ultra-processed foods

Kaynakça

  • Atman Ü.C. (2004). Gıda katkı maddeleri ve gıda kontrolü. Sted, 13(3), 86-88.
  • Bielemann, R.M., Motta, J.V.S., Minten, G.C., Horta, B.L., Gigante, D.P. (2015). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults. Rev Saúde Pública, 49, 28. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005572
  • Bonaccio, M., Costanzo, S., Di Castelnuovo, A., Persichillo, M., Magnacca, S., De Curtis, A., ... & Moli-sani Study Investigators. (2022). Ultra-processed food intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with cardiovascular disease: the Moli-sani Study. European Heart Journal, 43(3), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab783
  • Cai, Q., Duan, M., Dekker, L.H., Bakker, S., De Borst, M., & Navis, G. (2021). FC 081 Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: The life lines cohort. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 36(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab139.001
  • Capozzi, F. (2022). Food Innovation in the frame of circular economy by designing ultra-processed foods optimized for sustainable nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 886220-886226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.886220
  • Cediel, G, Reyes, M, Louzada, M.L.C., Steele, E.M., Monteiro, C.A., Corvalan, C., & Uauy, R. (2018). Ultra processed-foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010). Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017001161
  • Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Srour, B., Kesse-Guyot, E., Julia, C., Alles, B., ... & Touvier, M. (2020). Food additives: distribution and co-occurrence in 126,000 food products of the French market. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 3980-3994. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60948-w
  • Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Qiu, P., Wang, H., Wang, F., Zhao, Q., Fang, J., & Nie, J. (2020). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Nutrition Journal, 19(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00604-1
  • Cooper, E.L. (2018). Assessing the link ages between a processing-based dietary index and nutrient intakes, obesity, and the gut microbiome among bolivian women in a region under going the nutrition transition [Doktora Tezi, University of Michigan], USA.
  • Cornwell, B., Villamor, E., Plazas, M.M., Marin, C., Monteiro, C. A., & Baylin, A. (2017). Processed and ultra-processed foods areas sociated with lower-quality nutrient profiles in children from Colombia. Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017000891
  • Costa, C. S., Rauber, F., Leffa, P. S., Sangalli, C.N., Campagnolo, P.D.B., & Vitolo, M.R. (2019). Ultra-processed food consumption and its effects on anthropometric and glucose profile: A longitudinal study during Childhood. Nutrition, Metabolism&Cardiovascular Diseases, 29, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.003
  • Crimarco, A., Landry, M.J., & Gardner, C.D. (2022). Ultra-processed foods, weight gain and co-morbidity risk. Current obesity reports, 11(3), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00460-y
  • Elizabeth, L., Machado, P., Zinöcker, M., Baker, P., & Lawrence, M. (2020). Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a narrative review. Nutrients, 12(7), 1955-1987.
  • Eroğlu, E.İ. ve Ayaz, A. (2018). Gıda katkı maddelerinin sağlık üzerine etkileri: risk değerlendirme. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 46(3), 311-319. https://doi.org/10.33076/2018.BDD.312
  • Fardet, A. (2018). Characterization of the degree of food processing in relation with its health potential and effects. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 85, 79-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.02.002
  • Fiolet, T., Srour, B., Sellem, L., Guyot, E.M., Alles, B., Mejean, C., Deschasaux, M., Fassier, P., Martel, P.L., Beslay, M., Hercberg, S., Lavalette, C., Monteiro, C.A., Julia,C., & Touvier, M. (2018). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: Results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort, 360, k322. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k322
  • Fliss-Isakov, N., Zelber-Sagi, S., Ivancovsky-Wajcman, D., Shibolet, O., & Kariv, R. (2020). Ultra-processed food intake and smoking interact in relation with colorectal adenomas. Nutrients, 12(11), 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113507
  • Gaidai, O., Cao, Y., & Loginov, S. (2023). Global cardiovascular diseases death rate prediction. Current Problems in Cardiology, 48(5), 101622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101622
  • He, X., Zhang, X., Si, C., Feng, Y., Zhu, Q., Li, S., & Shu, L. (2024). Ultra-processed food consumption and chronic kidney disease risk: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1359229-1359241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1359229
  • Isaksen, I.M. and Dankel, S.N. (2023). Ultra-processed food consumption and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 42(6), 919-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.03.018
  • Jardim, M.Z., Costa, B.V.L., Pessoa, M.C., & Duarte, C.K. (2021). Ultra-processed foods increase non-communicable chronic disease risk. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 95, 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.006
  • Juul, F. and Hemmingsson, E. (2015). Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010. Public Health Nutrition, 18(17), 3096–3107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000506
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Ultra işlenmiş besinlerin bazı hastalıklar ile ilişkisi

Yıl 2024, , 306 - 315, 01.10.2024

Seyit Ramazan Karadoğan , Eren Canbolat

https://doi.org/10.3153/FH24029

Öz

Ultra işlenmiş besinler şeker, tuz, sıvı ve katı yağların ana ürün olduğu kimyasal gıda katkı maddelerini de içeren çok bileşenli endüstriyel formülasyonlar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ultra işlenmiş besinlerin genel üretim amaçları; düşük maliyetli ve toplu üretim, uzun raf ömürlü ve markalı ürünler elde etmektir. Ultra işlenmiş besinleri ifade etmek için NOVA Grup 4 sınıflaması kullanılmaktadır. Paketli atıştırmalıklar (cips, kek, kraker, şeker vb.), yemeye ve ısıtılmaya hazır dondurulmuş ürünler, et ve tavuk ekstraktı ürünleri (bulyon, toz karışımlar), işlenmiş et ürünleri (sosisli sandiviç, nuggetstar), gazlı içecekler, meşrubatlar, paket süt ve kakaolu içecekler vb. ürünler ultra işlenmiş besinleri oluşturmaktadır. Ultra işlenmiş özellikle saf şeker içerikli besinlerin fazla tüketilmesi boş enerji alımına neden olduğundan elzem birtakım besin ögelerinin alımında yetersizliğe sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca ultra işlenmiş besinler günlük diyetin enerji yoğunluğunu, şeker, doymuş yağ ve trans yağ asidi seviyelerini arttırmaktadır. Yüksek enerji yoğunluklu beslenme düzeni ise insanların vücut ağırlıklarında artışa sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca yetersiz posa alımı ve obeziteye bağlı olarak diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıkları, hipertansiyon, böbrek hastalıkları, kolon, rektal ve meme kanseri gibi kronik hastalıklar da ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu nedenle küresel gıda sektörünün gelişmesine karşılık ülkeler kendi ulusal politikalarını geliştirmeli ve halk sağlığı için ultra işlenmiş besinlerin tüketimini azaltıcı çalışmalar yapmaları gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

NOVA grup 4 Obezite Sağlık Ultra işlenmiş besinler

Kaynakça

  • Atman Ü.C. (2004). Gıda katkı maddeleri ve gıda kontrolü. Sted, 13(3), 86-88.
  • Bielemann, R.M., Motta, J.V.S., Minten, G.C., Horta, B.L., Gigante, D.P. (2015). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults. Rev Saúde Pública, 49, 28. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005572
  • Bonaccio, M., Costanzo, S., Di Castelnuovo, A., Persichillo, M., Magnacca, S., De Curtis, A., ... & Moli-sani Study Investigators. (2022). Ultra-processed food intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with cardiovascular disease: the Moli-sani Study. European Heart Journal, 43(3), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab783
  • Cai, Q., Duan, M., Dekker, L.H., Bakker, S., De Borst, M., & Navis, G. (2021). FC 081 Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: The life lines cohort. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 36(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab139.001
  • Capozzi, F. (2022). Food Innovation in the frame of circular economy by designing ultra-processed foods optimized for sustainable nutrition. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 886220-886226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.886220
  • Cediel, G, Reyes, M, Louzada, M.L.C., Steele, E.M., Monteiro, C.A., Corvalan, C., & Uauy, R. (2018). Ultra processed-foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010). Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017001161
  • Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Srour, B., Kesse-Guyot, E., Julia, C., Alles, B., ... & Touvier, M. (2020). Food additives: distribution and co-occurrence in 126,000 food products of the French market. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 3980-3994. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60948-w
  • Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Qiu, P., Wang, H., Wang, F., Zhao, Q., Fang, J., & Nie, J. (2020). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Nutrition Journal, 19(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00604-1
  • Cooper, E.L. (2018). Assessing the link ages between a processing-based dietary index and nutrient intakes, obesity, and the gut microbiome among bolivian women in a region under going the nutrition transition [Doktora Tezi, University of Michigan], USA.
  • Cornwell, B., Villamor, E., Plazas, M.M., Marin, C., Monteiro, C. A., & Baylin, A. (2017). Processed and ultra-processed foods areas sociated with lower-quality nutrient profiles in children from Colombia. Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017000891
  • Costa, C. S., Rauber, F., Leffa, P. S., Sangalli, C.N., Campagnolo, P.D.B., & Vitolo, M.R. (2019). Ultra-processed food consumption and its effects on anthropometric and glucose profile: A longitudinal study during Childhood. Nutrition, Metabolism&Cardiovascular Diseases, 29, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.003
  • Crimarco, A., Landry, M.J., & Gardner, C.D. (2022). Ultra-processed foods, weight gain and co-morbidity risk. Current obesity reports, 11(3), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00460-y
  • Elizabeth, L., Machado, P., Zinöcker, M., Baker, P., & Lawrence, M. (2020). Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a narrative review. Nutrients, 12(7), 1955-1987.
  • Eroğlu, E.İ. ve Ayaz, A. (2018). Gıda katkı maddelerinin sağlık üzerine etkileri: risk değerlendirme. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 46(3), 311-319. https://doi.org/10.33076/2018.BDD.312
  • Fardet, A. (2018). Characterization of the degree of food processing in relation with its health potential and effects. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 85, 79-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.02.002
  • Fiolet, T., Srour, B., Sellem, L., Guyot, E.M., Alles, B., Mejean, C., Deschasaux, M., Fassier, P., Martel, P.L., Beslay, M., Hercberg, S., Lavalette, C., Monteiro, C.A., Julia,C., & Touvier, M. (2018). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: Results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort, 360, k322. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k322
  • Fliss-Isakov, N., Zelber-Sagi, S., Ivancovsky-Wajcman, D., Shibolet, O., & Kariv, R. (2020). Ultra-processed food intake and smoking interact in relation with colorectal adenomas. Nutrients, 12(11), 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113507
  • Gaidai, O., Cao, Y., & Loginov, S. (2023). Global cardiovascular diseases death rate prediction. Current Problems in Cardiology, 48(5), 101622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101622
  • He, X., Zhang, X., Si, C., Feng, Y., Zhu, Q., Li, S., & Shu, L. (2024). Ultra-processed food consumption and chronic kidney disease risk: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1359229-1359241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1359229
  • Isaksen, I.M. and Dankel, S.N. (2023). Ultra-processed food consumption and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 42(6), 919-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.03.018
  • Jardim, M.Z., Costa, B.V.L., Pessoa, M.C., & Duarte, C.K. (2021). Ultra-processed foods increase non-communicable chronic disease risk. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 95, 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.006
  • Juul, F. and Hemmingsson, E. (2015). Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010. Public Health Nutrition, 18(17), 3096–3107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000506
  • Juul, F., Steele, E.M., Parekh, N., Monteiro, C.A., & Chang, V.W. (2018). Ultra-processed food consumption and excess weight among US adults. British Journal of Nutrition,120, 90-100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518001046
  • Karatepe, T.U. & Ekerbiçer, H.Ç. (2017). Gıda katkı maddeleri. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi,7(4), 164.167. https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.368978
  • Kityo, A. & Lee, S.A. (2022). The intake of ultra-processed foods and prevalence of chronic kidney disease: The health examinees study. Nutrients, 14(17), 3548-3558. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173548
  • Leo, E.E.M. & Campos, M.R.S. (2020). Effect of ultra-processed diet on gut microbiota and thus its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrition, 71, 110609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.110609
  • Levine, A.S. & Ubbink, J. (2023). Ultra-processed foods: Processing versus formulation. Obesity Science & Practice, 9(4), 435–439. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.657
  • Lian, Y., Wang, G. P., Chen, G. Q., Chen, H. N., & Zhang, G. Y. (2023). Association between ultra-processed foods and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1175994-1176003. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1175994
  • Liu, M., Yang, S., Ye, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., He, P., ... & Qin, X. (2023). Relationship of ultra-processed food consumption and new-onset chronic kidney diseases among participants with or without diabetes. Diabetes&Metabolism, 49(4), 101456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101456
  • Llavero-Valero, M., Escalada-San Martin, J., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Basterra-Gortari, F.J., Fuente-Arrillaga, C., & Bes-Rastrollo, M. (2021). Ultra-processed food and type-2 diabetes risk in the SUN project: A prospective cohort study. Clinical Nutrition, 40, 2817-2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.039
  • Louzada, M.L.C., Martins, A.P.B., Canella, D.S., Baraldi, L.G., Levy, R.B., Claro, R.M., Moubarac, J.C., Cannon, G., & Monteiro, C.A. (2015a). Ultra-processed foods and the nutritional dietary profile in Brazil. Alimentos ultra processados e perfil nutricional da dietano Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública, 49, 38. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049006132
  • Louzada, M.L.C., Martins, A.P.B., Canella, D.S., Baraldi, L.G., Levy, R.B., Claro, R.M., Moubarac, J.C., Cannon, G., & Monteiro, C.A. (2015b). Impact of ultra-processed foods on micronutrient content in the Brazilian diet. Rev Saúde Pública, 49, 45. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049006211
  • Martini, D., Godos, J., Bonaccio, M., Vitaglione, P., & Grosso, G. (2021). Ultra-processed foods and nutritional dietary profile: A meta-analysis of nationally representative samples. Nutrients, 13(10), 3390-3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103390
  • Mendonça, R.D., Lopes, A.C.S., Pimenta, A.M., Gea, A., Gonzalez, M.A.M., & Rastrollo, M.B. (2017). Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project. American Journal of Hypertension, 30(4), 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw137
  • Monteiro, C.A., Cannon, G., Moubarac, J.C., Levy, R.B., Louzada, M.L.C., & Jaime, P.C. (2018). The UN decade of nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public health nutrition, 21(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017000234
  • Monteiro, C.A., Cannon, G., Levy, R.B., Moubarac, J.C., Louzada, M.L.C., Rauber, F., Khandpur, N., Cediel, G., Neri, D., Steele, E.M., Baraldi, L.G., & Jaime, P.C. (2019). Ultra-processed foods: What they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutrition, 22(5), 936-941. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003762
  • Moubarac, J.C., Batal, M., Martins, A.P.B., Claro, R., Levy, R.B., Cannon, G., & Monteiro, C. (2014). Processed and ultra-processed food products: Consumption trends in Canada from 1938 to 2011. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research,75(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.3148/75.1.2014.15
  • Moubarac, J.C., Batal, M., Louzada, M.L., Steele, E.M., & Monteiro, C.A. (2017). Consumption of ultra-processed foods predicts diet quality in Canada. Appetite, 108, 512-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.006
  • Narula, N., Wong, E.C.L., Dehghan, M., Mente, A., Rangarajan, S., Lanas, F., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Rohatgi, P., Lakshmi, P.V.M., Varma, R.P., Orlandini, A., Avezum, A., Wielgosz, A., Poirier, P., Almadi, M.A., Altuntas, Y., Ng, K. K., Chifamba, J., Yeates, K., Puoane, T., …& Yusuf, S. (2021). Association of ultra-processed food intake with risk of inflammatory bowel disease: Prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinicalresearch ed.), 374, 1554-1564. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1554
  • Poti, J.M., Braga, B., & Qin. B. (2017). Ultra-processed food intake and obesity: What really matters for health processing or nutrient content? Curr Obes Rep. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-017-0285-4
  • Rojo, R.B., Insausti, H.S., Garcia, E.L., Graciani, A., Ordovas, J. M., Banegas, J.R., Artalejo, F.R., & Castillon, P.G. (2019). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and mortality: a national prospective cohort in Spain. Mayo Clin Proc, 94(11), 2178-2188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.03.035
  • Schnabel, L., Buscail, C., Sabate, J.M., Bouchoucha, M., Kesse-Guyot, E., Allès, B., Touvier, M., Monteiro, C.A., Hercberg, S., Benamouzig, R., & Julia, C. (2018). Association between ultra-processed food consumption and functional gastrointestinal disorders: Results from the French Nutri Net-Santé Cohort. The American journal of gastroenterology, 113(8), 1217–1228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41395-018-0137-1
  • Seale, E., Greene-Finestone, L.S., & de Groh, M. (2020). Examining the diversity of ultra-processed food consumption and associated factors in Canadian adults. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 45(8), 857-864. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0518
  • Silva-Scaranni, P.O., Cardoso, L.O., Koro, D., Prates-Melo, E.C., Alvim-Matos, S.M., Giatti, L., Barreto, S.M., & Fonseca, M.J.M. (2021). Ultra-processed foods, changes in blood pressure and incidence of hypertension: The Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brazil). Public Health Nutrition, 24(11), 3352-3360. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002100094X
  • Srour, B., Fezeu, L.K., Guyot, E.K., Alles, B., Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Herchberg, S., Monteiro, C.A., Julia, C., & Touvier, M. (2019a). Ultra-processed food intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a French cohort of middle-aged adults. European Journal of Public Health, 29(4), 1.
  • Srour, B., Fezeu, L.K., Guyot, E.K., Alles, B., Mejean, C., Andrianasolo, R.M., Chazelas, E., Deschasaux, M., Hercberg, S., Galan, P., Monteiro, C.A., Julia, C., & Touvier, M. (2019b). Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Santé). Nutri Net-Santé cohort, 365, l1451. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l1451 Steele, E.M., Baraldi, L.G., Louzada, M.L.C., Moubarac, J.C., Mozaffarian, D., & Monterio, C.A. (2016). Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 6(3), e009892. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009892
  • Steele, E.M., Juul, F., Neri, D., Rauber, F., & Monteiro, C.A. (2019). Dietary share of ultra-processed foods and metabolic syndrome in the US adult population. Preventive Medicine,125, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.004
  • Tavares, L.F., Fonseca, S.C., Rosa, M.L.G., & Yokoo, E.M. (2011). Relationship between ultra-processed foods and metabolic syndrome in adolescents from a Brazilian Family Doctor Program. Public Health Nutrition, 15(1), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001571
  • Tristan-Asensi, M., Napoletano, A., Sofi, F., & Dinu, M. (2023). Low-grade inflammation and ultra-processed foods consumption: a review. Nutrients, 15(6), 1546-1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061546
  • Vergeer, L., Veira, P., Bernstein, J.T., Weippert, M., & Labbe, M.R. (2019). The calorie and nutrient density of more-versus less-processed packaged food and beverage products in the Canadian Food Supply. Nutrients, 11,1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112782
  • World Health Organization. (2022, February 3). Cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ cancer
  • Zhang, Y. and Giovannucci, E.L. (2023). Ultra-processed foods and health: A comprehensive review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(31), 10836–10848. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2084359
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gıda Özellikleri
Bölüm Review Articles
Yazarlar

Seyit Ramazan Karadoğan 0000-0001-5413-8484

Eren Canbolat 0000-0001-6250-2303

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Eylül 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Karadoğan, S. R., & Canbolat, E. (2024). Ultra işlenmiş besinlerin bazı hastalıklar ile ilişkisi. Food and Health, 10(4), 306-315. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH24029

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