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THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) JUVENILES

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 128 - 141, 05.04.2016

Latife C. İrkin Murat Yiğit

https://doi.org/10.3153/JAEFR16015

Öz

The
incorporation of garlic meal (GM) in diets for European seabass juveniles were
evaluated with a diet containing 43% protein and 17% lipid (gross energy 19kJ/g
diet). Experimental diets with GM incorporation of 0, 2, 4, and 6% were fed to
fish (10.60 ±0.16 g) until satiation for 60-days. Significant differences (p<0.05) were recorded for growth
performance, with the highest rate in the 4% GM group, followed by the control
group. Improved feed conversion (FCR) and protein efficiency rates (PER) were
observed in the GM4 group compared to the other treatments. Nitrogen retention
as a percent of intake was highest in the in GM4 group. Significantly higher
values (p<0.05) were found for
body protein and lipid, and lower values (p<0.05)
for the hepatosomatic, viscerasomatic or mesenteric fat indexes in the GM4
group compared to the other treatments. Fish fed garlic supplemented diets
showed lower saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids
(MUFA), but higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to the control
group with no garlic treatment. Results indicate that dietary GM inclusion of
4% can improve fish growth and nutrient utilization with an increase of fish
muscle quality by elevated PUFA concentrations, and a reduction of total
nitrogen excretion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Feed additives Garlic meal Growth perfor-mance Nutrient utilization Fatty acid profile

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Hakim, N.F., Lashin, M.M.E., Al-Azab, A.A.M. & Ashry, A.M. (2010). Effect of fresh or dried garlic as a natural feed supplement on growth performance and nutrients utilization of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 14, 19-38.
  • Amagase, H. & Milner, J.A. (1993). Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA. Carcinogenesis, 14, 1627-1631.
  • Ao, X., Yoo, J.S., Lee, J.H., Jang, H.D., Wang, J.P., Zhou, T.X. & Kim, I.H. (2010). Effects of fermented garlic powder on production performance, egg quality, blood profiles and fatty acids composition of egg yolk in laying hens. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 23, 786-791.
  • AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. 17th ed Vol II. Washington DC, USA
  • Arab-Tehrany, E., Jacquot, M., Gaiani, C. & Imran, M., Desobry, S., Linder, M. (2012). Beneficial effects and oxidative stability of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 25, 24-33.
  • Aremu, M.O., Nweze, C.C. & Alade, P. (2011): Evaluation of protein and Amino acid composition of selected spices grown in the Middle Belt Region of Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10, 991-995.
  • Bhosale, S.V., Bhilave, M.P. & Nadaf, S.B. (2010). Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources. Research Journal of Agriculture Science, 1, 284-287.
  • Block, E. (1992). The organ sulfur chemistry of the genus Allium implications for the organic chemistry of sulfur. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 31, 1135-1178.
  • Brannas, E., Jonsson, S. & Lundqvist, H. (2003). Influence of food abundance on individual behaviour strategy and growth rate in juvenile Brown trout (Salmo trutta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 684-691.
  • Buckley, J.D., Howe, P.R. (2009). Anti-obesity effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Obesity Review, 10(6), 648-659.
  • Burel, C., Boujard, T., Kaushik, S.J., Boeuf, G., Van Der Geyten, S., Mol, K.A., Kuhn, E.R., Quinsac, A., Krouti, M., Ribaillier, D. (2000). Potential of plant-protein sources as fish meal substitutes in diets for turbot (Psetta maxima): growth, nutrient utilisation and thyroid status. Aquaculture, 188, 363-382.
  • Dalmo, R.A. & Seljelid, R. (1995). The immunomodulatory effect of LPS, laminaran and sulphated laminaran [b (1, 3)-D-glucan] on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., macrophages in vitro. Journal of Fish Disease, 18, 175-185.
  • Diab, A.S., El-nagar, G.O. & Abd-El-hady, Y.M. (2002). Evaluation of Nigella sativa L (black seeds; baraka), Allium sativum (garlic) and biogen as feed additives on growth performance and immunostimulants of O. niloticus fingerlings. Suez Canal Veterinary Medicine Journal, 1, 745-75.
  • Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple 'F' tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42.
  • El-Afify, S.F. (1997). Nutritional studies on onion and garlic supplement to poultry feed. Doctor thesis of the Faculty of Agriculture at Ain-Shams University, Egypt.
  • El-Nawawy, H. (1991). Some of non conventional ingredients in broiler ration. Master of Science thesis of the Faculty of Agriculture at Ain-Shams University, Egypt.
  • Engstad, R.E., Robertson, B. & Frivold, E. (1992). Yeast glucan induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 2, 287-297.
  • Ergün, S., Yigit, M., Türker, A. & Harmantepe, B. (2008a). Incorporation of soybean meal and hazelnut meal in diets for Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus). Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 60(1), 27-36.
  • Ergün, S., Yigit, M. & Türker, A., Harmantepe, B. (2008b): Partial replacement of fishmeal by defatted soybean meal in diets for Black Sea turbot (Psetta maeotica): growth and nutrient utilization in winter. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 60(3), 175-182.
  • FAO (2012). Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 500/1, 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
  • Farahi, A., Kasiri, M., Sudagar, M., Iraei, M. & Shahkolaei, M. (2010). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth factors, some hematological parameters and body compositions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation - International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 3, 4.
  • Fernandez-Palacios, H., Izquierdo, M.S. & Robaina, L. (1997). The effect of dietary protein and lipid from squid and fish meals on the egg quality of broodstock for Gilhead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 148, 233-246.
  • Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-Stanley, G.H.S. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497-509.
  • Fournier, V., Huelvan, C. & Desbruyeres, E. (2004): Incorporation of a mixture of plant feedstuffs as substitute for fish meal in diets of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 236, 451-465.
  • Gabor, E.F., Şara, A. & Barbu, A. (2010). The effects of some phytoadditives on growth, health and meat quality on different species of fish. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1), 61-65.
  • Güner, S., Dincer, B., Alemdag, N., Colak, A. & Tüfekci, M. (1998). Proximate composition and selected mineral content of commercially important fish species from the Black Sea. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 78, 337-342.
  • Halver, J.E. (1991). Fish nutrition. Second edition. Academic Press, Inc, USA. pp 733-734.
  • Howe, P. & Buckley, J. (2014). Metabolic health benefits of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Military Medicine, 179, 138-143.
  • Ibrahiem, I.A., Elam, T.A., Mohamed, F.F., Awadalla, S.A. & Yousif, Y.I. (2004). Effect of onion and / or garlic as feed additives on growth performance and immunity in broiler muscovy ducks. Paper presented at the 1st Annual Conference of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Moshtohor, Benha-Ras Sedr, and September 2004.
  • Kaushik, S. (1998). Whole body amino acid composition of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and turbot (Psetta maxima) with an estimation of their IAA needs. Aquatic Living Resources, 11, 351-358.
  • Khalil, R.H., Nadia, B.M. & Soliman, M.K. (2001). Effects of biogen and levamisol Hcl on the immune response of cultured Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine. Beni-Suef Veterinary Medical Journal, 11(2). 381-392.
  • Konjufca, V.H., Pesti, G.M. & Bakalli, R.I. (1997). Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poultry Science, 76, 1264-1271.
  • Lapatra, S.E., Lauda, K.A., Jones, G.R., Sjhewmaker, W.S. & Bayne, C.J. (1998). Resistance to IHN virus infection in rainbow trout is increased by glucan while subsequent production of serum neutralizing activity is decreased. Fish and Shellfish Immunololgy, 8, 435-446.
  • Lee, D.H., Ra, C.S., Song, Y.H., Sung, K.I. & Kim, J.D. (2012). Effect of dietary garlic extracts on growth, feed utilization and whole body composition of juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 25, 577-583.
  • Lee, D.H., Lim, S.R., Han, J.J., Lee, S.W., Ra, C.S. & Kim, J.D. (2014). Effects of dietary garlic powder on growth, feed utilization and whole body composition changes in fingerling Sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 27(9), 1303-1310.
  • Li, J.J., Huang, C.J. & Xie, D. (2008). Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52(6), 631-645.
  • Mabrouk, H.A. (2011). Response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings to different replacement levels of fish meal with soybean meal using garlic and onion. http://en.engormix.com/MA-aquaculture/articles/garliconion-on-growth-of-tilapia-t2108/p0.htm Published on: 27 Dec 2011
  • Mesalhy Aly, S.E., Abdel Atti, N.M. & Mohamed, M.F. (2008). Effect of garlic on the survival, growth, resistance and quality of Oreochromis niloticus. Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture ISTA 8. Cairo, Egypt. Vol 1. Pp 227- 295. El-Ghobasshy, H., Fitzsimmons, K., Diab, A.S. (Eds). October 12-14, 2008, Egypt.
  • Metwally, M.A.A. (2009). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on some antioxidant activities in tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus). World Journal of Fish Marine Science, 1(1), 56-64.
  • Ndong, D. & Fall, J. (2011). The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus). Journal of Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology Research, 3(1), 1-9.
  • Okumus, I. & Mazlum., M.D. (2002). Evaluation of commercial trout feeds: Feed consumption, growth, feed conversion, carcass composition and bioeconomic analysis. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 2, 101-107.
  • Pait, A.S. & Nelson, J.O. (2003). Vitellogenesis in male Fundulus heteroclitus (Killifish) induced by selected estrogenic compounds. Aquatic Toxicology, 64, 331-342.
  • Paulsen, S.M., Lunde, H., Engstad, R.E. & Robertsen, B. (2003). In vivo effects of glucan and LPS on regulation of lysozyme activity and mRNA expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 14, 39-54.
  • Sahu, S., Das, B.K., Mishra, B.K., Pradhan, J., Sarangi, N. (2007). Effects of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23, 80-86.
  • Sakai, M. (1999). Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture, 172, 63-92.
  • Saleh, N.E., Michael, F.R. & Toutou, M.M. (2015): Evaluation of garlic and onion powder as phyto-a dditives in the diet of sea bass (Dicentrarcus labrax). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 41(2), 211-217.
  • Shalaby, A.M., Khattab, Y.A. & Abdel Rahman, A.M. (2006). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 12(2), 178.
  • Sivam, G.P. (2001). Protection against Helicobacter pylori and Other Bacterial Infections by Garlic. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(3), 1106-1108.
  • Skalli, A. & Robin, J.H. (2004). Requirement in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for European sea bass juveniles: growth and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture, 240, 399-415.
  • Soltan, M.A. & El-Laithy, S.M. (2008). Effect of probiotics and some spices as feed additives on the performance and behaviour of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 12(2), 63-80.
  • Talpur, A.D. & Ikhwanuddin, M. (2012). Dietary effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on haemato-immunological parameters, survival, growth, and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi infection in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). Aquaculture, 364-365, 6-12.
  • IUPAC (1987). Standard Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives. Seventh ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1987. IUPAC Method 2.301; Report of IUPAC Working Group WG 2/87.
  • Yessoufou, A., Nekoua, M.P., Gbankoto, A., Mashalla, Y. & Moutairou, K. (2015). Beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in gestational diabetes: consequences in macrosomia and adulthood obesity. Journal of Diabetes, 1-11, Research Article ID 731434.
  • Yigit, M., Ergün, S., Türker, A., Harmantepe, B. & Erteken, A. (2010). Evaluation of soybean meal as a protein source and its effect on growth and nitrogen utilization of Black Sea turbot (Psetta maeotica) juveniles. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18(5), 682-688.
  • Yokoyama, S., Koshio, S., Takakura, N., Oshida, K., Ishikawa, M., Gallardo-Cigarroa, F.J. & Teshima, S. (2005). Dietary bovine lactoferrin enhances tolerance to high temperature stress in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 249: 367-373.

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 128 - 141, 05.04.2016

Latife C. İrkin Murat Yiğit

https://doi.org/10.3153/JAEFR16015

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Hakim, N.F., Lashin, M.M.E., Al-Azab, A.A.M. & Ashry, A.M. (2010). Effect of fresh or dried garlic as a natural feed supplement on growth performance and nutrients utilization of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 14, 19-38.
  • Amagase, H. & Milner, J.A. (1993). Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA. Carcinogenesis, 14, 1627-1631.
  • Ao, X., Yoo, J.S., Lee, J.H., Jang, H.D., Wang, J.P., Zhou, T.X. & Kim, I.H. (2010). Effects of fermented garlic powder on production performance, egg quality, blood profiles and fatty acids composition of egg yolk in laying hens. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 23, 786-791.
  • AOAC (2000). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. 17th ed Vol II. Washington DC, USA
  • Arab-Tehrany, E., Jacquot, M., Gaiani, C. & Imran, M., Desobry, S., Linder, M. (2012). Beneficial effects and oxidative stability of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 25, 24-33.
  • Aremu, M.O., Nweze, C.C. & Alade, P. (2011): Evaluation of protein and Amino acid composition of selected spices grown in the Middle Belt Region of Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10, 991-995.
  • Bhosale, S.V., Bhilave, M.P. & Nadaf, S.B. (2010). Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources. Research Journal of Agriculture Science, 1, 284-287.
  • Block, E. (1992). The organ sulfur chemistry of the genus Allium implications for the organic chemistry of sulfur. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 31, 1135-1178.
  • Brannas, E., Jonsson, S. & Lundqvist, H. (2003). Influence of food abundance on individual behaviour strategy and growth rate in juvenile Brown trout (Salmo trutta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81, 684-691.
  • Buckley, J.D., Howe, P.R. (2009). Anti-obesity effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Obesity Review, 10(6), 648-659.
  • Burel, C., Boujard, T., Kaushik, S.J., Boeuf, G., Van Der Geyten, S., Mol, K.A., Kuhn, E.R., Quinsac, A., Krouti, M., Ribaillier, D. (2000). Potential of plant-protein sources as fish meal substitutes in diets for turbot (Psetta maxima): growth, nutrient utilisation and thyroid status. Aquaculture, 188, 363-382.
  • Dalmo, R.A. & Seljelid, R. (1995). The immunomodulatory effect of LPS, laminaran and sulphated laminaran [b (1, 3)-D-glucan] on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., macrophages in vitro. Journal of Fish Disease, 18, 175-185.
  • Diab, A.S., El-nagar, G.O. & Abd-El-hady, Y.M. (2002). Evaluation of Nigella sativa L (black seeds; baraka), Allium sativum (garlic) and biogen as feed additives on growth performance and immunostimulants of O. niloticus fingerlings. Suez Canal Veterinary Medicine Journal, 1, 745-75.
  • Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple 'F' tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42.
  • El-Afify, S.F. (1997). Nutritional studies on onion and garlic supplement to poultry feed. Doctor thesis of the Faculty of Agriculture at Ain-Shams University, Egypt.
  • El-Nawawy, H. (1991). Some of non conventional ingredients in broiler ration. Master of Science thesis of the Faculty of Agriculture at Ain-Shams University, Egypt.
  • Engstad, R.E., Robertson, B. & Frivold, E. (1992). Yeast glucan induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 2, 287-297.
  • Ergün, S., Yigit, M., Türker, A. & Harmantepe, B. (2008a). Incorporation of soybean meal and hazelnut meal in diets for Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus). Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 60(1), 27-36.
  • Ergün, S., Yigit, M. & Türker, A., Harmantepe, B. (2008b): Partial replacement of fishmeal by defatted soybean meal in diets for Black Sea turbot (Psetta maeotica): growth and nutrient utilization in winter. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 60(3), 175-182.
  • FAO (2012). Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 500/1, 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
  • Farahi, A., Kasiri, M., Sudagar, M., Iraei, M. & Shahkolaei, M. (2010). Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth factors, some hematological parameters and body compositions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation - International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 3, 4.
  • Fernandez-Palacios, H., Izquierdo, M.S. & Robaina, L. (1997). The effect of dietary protein and lipid from squid and fish meals on the egg quality of broodstock for Gilhead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture, 148, 233-246.
  • Folch, J., Lees, M. & Sloane-Stanley, G.H.S. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 497-509.
  • Fournier, V., Huelvan, C. & Desbruyeres, E. (2004): Incorporation of a mixture of plant feedstuffs as substitute for fish meal in diets of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 236, 451-465.
  • Gabor, E.F., Şara, A. & Barbu, A. (2010). The effects of some phytoadditives on growth, health and meat quality on different species of fish. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 43(1), 61-65.
  • Güner, S., Dincer, B., Alemdag, N., Colak, A. & Tüfekci, M. (1998). Proximate composition and selected mineral content of commercially important fish species from the Black Sea. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 78, 337-342.
  • Halver, J.E. (1991). Fish nutrition. Second edition. Academic Press, Inc, USA. pp 733-734.
  • Howe, P. & Buckley, J. (2014). Metabolic health benefits of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Military Medicine, 179, 138-143.
  • Ibrahiem, I.A., Elam, T.A., Mohamed, F.F., Awadalla, S.A. & Yousif, Y.I. (2004). Effect of onion and / or garlic as feed additives on growth performance and immunity in broiler muscovy ducks. Paper presented at the 1st Annual Conference of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Moshtohor, Benha-Ras Sedr, and September 2004.
  • Kaushik, S. (1998). Whole body amino acid composition of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and turbot (Psetta maxima) with an estimation of their IAA needs. Aquatic Living Resources, 11, 351-358.
  • Khalil, R.H., Nadia, B.M. & Soliman, M.K. (2001). Effects of biogen and levamisol Hcl on the immune response of cultured Oreochromis niloticus to Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine. Beni-Suef Veterinary Medical Journal, 11(2). 381-392.
  • Konjufca, V.H., Pesti, G.M. & Bakalli, R.I. (1997). Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poultry Science, 76, 1264-1271.
  • Lapatra, S.E., Lauda, K.A., Jones, G.R., Sjhewmaker, W.S. & Bayne, C.J. (1998). Resistance to IHN virus infection in rainbow trout is increased by glucan while subsequent production of serum neutralizing activity is decreased. Fish and Shellfish Immunololgy, 8, 435-446.
  • Lee, D.H., Ra, C.S., Song, Y.H., Sung, K.I. & Kim, J.D. (2012). Effect of dietary garlic extracts on growth, feed utilization and whole body composition of juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 25, 577-583.
  • Lee, D.H., Lim, S.R., Han, J.J., Lee, S.W., Ra, C.S. & Kim, J.D. (2014). Effects of dietary garlic powder on growth, feed utilization and whole body composition changes in fingerling Sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 27(9), 1303-1310.
  • Li, J.J., Huang, C.J. & Xie, D. (2008). Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 52(6), 631-645.
  • Mabrouk, H.A. (2011). Response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings to different replacement levels of fish meal with soybean meal using garlic and onion. http://en.engormix.com/MA-aquaculture/articles/garliconion-on-growth-of-tilapia-t2108/p0.htm Published on: 27 Dec 2011
  • Mesalhy Aly, S.E., Abdel Atti, N.M. & Mohamed, M.F. (2008). Effect of garlic on the survival, growth, resistance and quality of Oreochromis niloticus. Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture ISTA 8. Cairo, Egypt. Vol 1. Pp 227- 295. El-Ghobasshy, H., Fitzsimmons, K., Diab, A.S. (Eds). October 12-14, 2008, Egypt.
  • Metwally, M.A.A. (2009). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on some antioxidant activities in tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus). World Journal of Fish Marine Science, 1(1), 56-64.
  • Ndong, D. & Fall, J. (2011). The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus). Journal of Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology Research, 3(1), 1-9.
  • Okumus, I. & Mazlum., M.D. (2002). Evaluation of commercial trout feeds: Feed consumption, growth, feed conversion, carcass composition and bioeconomic analysis. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 2, 101-107.
  • Pait, A.S. & Nelson, J.O. (2003). Vitellogenesis in male Fundulus heteroclitus (Killifish) induced by selected estrogenic compounds. Aquatic Toxicology, 64, 331-342.
  • Paulsen, S.M., Lunde, H., Engstad, R.E. & Robertsen, B. (2003). In vivo effects of glucan and LPS on regulation of lysozyme activity and mRNA expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 14, 39-54.
  • Sahu, S., Das, B.K., Mishra, B.K., Pradhan, J., Sarangi, N. (2007). Effects of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23, 80-86.
  • Sakai, M. (1999). Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture, 172, 63-92.
  • Saleh, N.E., Michael, F.R. & Toutou, M.M. (2015): Evaluation of garlic and onion powder as phyto-a dditives in the diet of sea bass (Dicentrarcus labrax). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 41(2), 211-217.
  • Shalaby, A.M., Khattab, Y.A. & Abdel Rahman, A.M. (2006). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 12(2), 178.
  • Sivam, G.P. (2001). Protection against Helicobacter pylori and Other Bacterial Infections by Garlic. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(3), 1106-1108.
  • Skalli, A. & Robin, J.H. (2004). Requirement in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for European sea bass juveniles: growth and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture, 240, 399-415.
  • Soltan, M.A. & El-Laithy, S.M. (2008). Effect of probiotics and some spices as feed additives on the performance and behaviour of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 12(2), 63-80.
  • Talpur, A.D. & Ikhwanuddin, M. (2012). Dietary effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on haemato-immunological parameters, survival, growth, and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi infection in Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). Aquaculture, 364-365, 6-12.
  • IUPAC (1987). Standard Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivatives. Seventh ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1987. IUPAC Method 2.301; Report of IUPAC Working Group WG 2/87.
  • Yessoufou, A., Nekoua, M.P., Gbankoto, A., Mashalla, Y. & Moutairou, K. (2015). Beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in gestational diabetes: consequences in macrosomia and adulthood obesity. Journal of Diabetes, 1-11, Research Article ID 731434.
  • Yigit, M., Ergün, S., Türker, A., Harmantepe, B. & Erteken, A. (2010). Evaluation of soybean meal as a protein source and its effect on growth and nitrogen utilization of Black Sea turbot (Psetta maeotica) juveniles. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 18(5), 682-688.
  • Yokoyama, S., Koshio, S., Takakura, N., Oshida, K., Ishikawa, M., Gallardo-Cigarroa, F.J. & Teshima, S. (2005). Dietary bovine lactoferrin enhances tolerance to high temperature stress in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 249: 367-373.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Latife C. İrkin Bu kişi benim

Murat Yiğit

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA İrkin, L. C., & Yiğit, M. (2016). THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) JUVENILES. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 2(3), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.3153/JAEFR16015
AMA İrkin LC, Yiğit M. THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) JUVENILES. J Aquacult Eng Fish Res. Temmuz 2016;2(3):128-141. doi:10.3153/JAEFR16015
Chicago İrkin, Latife C., ve Murat Yiğit. “THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium Sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus Labrax) JUVENILES”. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research 2, sy. 3 (Temmuz 2016): 128-41. https://doi.org/10.3153/JAEFR16015.
EndNote İrkin LC, Yiğit M (01 Temmuz 2016) THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) JUVENILES. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research 2 3 128–141.
IEEE L. C. İrkin ve M. Yiğit, “THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) JUVENILES”, J Aquacult Eng Fish Res, c. 2, sy. 3, ss. 128–141, 2016, doi: 10.3153/JAEFR16015.
ISNAD İrkin, Latife C. - Yiğit, Murat. “THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium Sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus Labrax) JUVENILES”. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research 2/3 (Temmuz 2016), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.3153/JAEFR16015.
JAMA İrkin LC, Yiğit M. THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) JUVENILES. J Aquacult Eng Fish Res. 2016;2:128–141.
MLA İrkin, Latife C. ve Murat Yiğit. “THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium Sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus Labrax) JUVENILES”. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, c. 2, sy. 3, 2016, ss. 128-41, doi:10.3153/JAEFR16015.
Vancouver İrkin LC, Yiğit M. THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) MEAL AS A NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT IN DIETS FOR EUROPEAN SEABASS (Dicentrarchus labrax) JUVENILES. J Aquacult Eng Fish Res. 2016;2(3):128-41.
 Kapak Resmi İndir