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The Perceived Ability to Cope with the Trauma of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Some Associated Variables

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 87 - 94, 31.01.2023

Öz

Objective: The aim of the present study was to explore the perceived ability to cope with the trauma of the COVID-19 and some associated variables.

Material and Method: The present study was a descriptive epidemiological study. The data was collected between December 2020 and March 2021 by using a questionnaire generated at Google Forms. The target population was defined as all the individuals aged 18 years and over who can be reached via social media. A total of 986 individuals were included in the study. Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma Scale (PACTS), and a sociodemographic information form were used in the study. The data was analyzed in the SPSS 22.0 program using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests, independent sample t-test, and correlations. p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

Results: Nearly three fourths (72.8%) of the participants were female, and 85.1% were between 18 and 27 years. Mean total score of PACTS of the participants was 88.06±24.42. The males had significantly higher PACTS mean total scores (92.5±26.81) than females (86.4±23.28) (p=0.006). PACTS total scores were significantly and negatively correlated with the Fear of COVID-19 Scale total scores and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale total scores (p<0.001, r: -0.156; p<0.001, r: -0.113, respectively).

Conclusion: Total and sub-scale scores of PACTS of the participants were found low. Gender, perceived health status, fear of COVID-19, and coronavirus anxiety were the variables associated with the perceived ability to cope with trauma.

Kaynakça

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  • Aykut S, Aykut SS. KOVID-19 pandemisi ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu temelinde sosyal hizmetin önemi. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi. 2020;1(1):56-66. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpd/ issue/54902/764078
  • İlhan ÜD. Covid-19 ile mücadelede insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamalarında ihtiyaç duyulan aksiyonların belirlenmesine yönelik örgütsel müdahale yöntemi önerisi. GAUN-JSS. 2020;Special Issue:288-307. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jss/issue/55011/782458
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Pandemi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66494/pandemi. html#:~:text=Bir%20hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%20veya%20 enfeksiyon%20etkeninin,geni%C5%9F%20bir%20alanda%20 yay%C4%B1l%C4%B1m%20g%C3%B6stermesi.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/
  • Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020- 2012-7
  • World Health Organization. What is a pandemic? [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/ disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/.
  • TÜBA. COVID-19 küresel salgın değerlendirme raporu 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/ images/2020/kovidraporu/T%C3%9CBA%20Covid-19%20Raporu%20 6.%20G%C3%BCncelleme.pdf.
  • Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7042881/
  • Takieddine H, Tabbah SA. Coronavirus pandemic: coping with the psychological outcomes, mental changes, and the “new normal” during and after COVID-19. Open J Depress Anxiety. 2020;2:7-19. https://doi. org/10.36811/ojda.2020.110005
  • Ho CS, Chee CY, Ho RC. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of Covid-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2020;49(3):155-60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/32200399/
  • Taştan C, Tekin HH, Çetinöz E, Demirden A. Kovid-19 salgını ve sonrası psikolojik ve sosyolojik değerlendirmeler [Polis Akademisi Yayınları-Rapor]. Ankara, 2020.
  • Yalçın İ. COVID-19 korkusu ile ruh sağlığı değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkide koruyucu ve risk faktörlerinin moderatör etkisi [Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu, Proje numarası: 20Y0901009]. Ankara, 2020.
  • Bonanno CA, Horencyzyk RP, Noll J. Coping flexibility and trauma: the Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2011;3(2):117-29. https:// psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0020921
  • Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3740. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32466251/
  • Bendau A, Petzold MB, Pyrkosch L, Mascarell Maricic L, Betzler F, Rogoll J, et al. Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;271(2):283-91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/34272977/
  • Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325383/
  • Tükel DR. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde ruh sağlığı [Türk Tabipleri Birliği, COVID-19 pandemisi altıncı ay değerlendirme raporu]. 617-28.
  • Tönbül Ö. Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını sonrası 20-60 yaş arası bireylerin psikolojik dayanıklılıklarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective. 2020;2(2):159-64. https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hp/issue/54982/730460
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  • Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Khursheed M, Gupta K, et al. Depression, anxiety and stress among Indians in times of Covid-19 Lockdown. Community Ment Health J. 2021;57(1):42-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7309680/
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  • Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;28:1-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/32837421/
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  • Ari E, Soysal G. Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı Ölçeğinin (TBÇA) Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi. 2019;3(1):17-25. https://www.ejmanager.com/ mnstemps/12/12-1552823849.pdf?t=1561147668
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COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 87 - 94, 31.01.2023

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 sırasında yaşanan travma ile başa çıkabilme algısı ve ilişkili bazı değişkenlerin incelenmesiydi.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı tipte epidemiyolojik bir araştırmaydı. Veriler, Google Formlarda oluşturulan bir anket aracılığıyla Aralık 2020-Mart 2021 tarihleri arasında toplandı. Araştırmanın evreni sosyal medya aracılığı ile ulaşılabilmesi mümkün olan 18 yaş ve üstü tüm bireyler şeklinde tanımlandı. Çalışmaya toplamda 986 kişi dahil edildi. Çalışmada COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği, Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği, Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı Ölçeği (TBÇA) ve sosyo-demografik bir bilgi formu kullanıldı. Veriler SPSS 22.0 programında tek yönlü varyans analizi, post-hoc testleri, bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve korelasyonlar kullanılarak analiz edildi. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 kabul edildi.

Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaklaşık dörtte üçü (%72,8) kadındı ve %85,1’i 18-27 yıl yaş aralığındaydı. Katılımcıların TBÇA toplam puan ortalamaları 88,06±24,42 olarak bulundu. Erkeklerin (92,5±26,81), kadınlara (86,4±23,28) göre TBÇA toplam puan ortalamaları anlamlı biçimde yüksek bulundu (p=0,006). COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği ve Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği toplam puanları ile TBÇA toplam puan arasında anlamlı, düşük ve negatif yönde bir ilişki belirlendi (sırasıyla, p<0,001, r: -0,156; p<0,001, r: -0,113).

Sonuç: Katılımcıların TBÇA toplam ve alt boyut puanları düşük bulundu. Cinsiyet, algılanan sağlık durumu, COVID-19 korkusu ve koronavirüs anksiyetesi travma ile başa çıkabilme algısı ile ilişkili değişkenlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Akcan G. Travma sonrası büyüme: bir gözden geçirme. Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;3(3):61-70. https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/buefd/issue/41874/505156
  • Aykut S, Aykut SS. KOVID-19 pandemisi ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu temelinde sosyal hizmetin önemi. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi. 2020;1(1):56-66. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpd/ issue/54902/764078
  • İlhan ÜD. Covid-19 ile mücadelede insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamalarında ihtiyaç duyulan aksiyonların belirlenmesine yönelik örgütsel müdahale yöntemi önerisi. GAUN-JSS. 2020;Special Issue:288-307. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jss/issue/55011/782458
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Pandemi [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66494/pandemi. html#:~:text=Bir%20hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%20veya%20 enfeksiyon%20etkeninin,geni%C5%9F%20bir%20alanda%20 yay%C4%B1l%C4%B1m%20g%C3%B6stermesi.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/
  • Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020- 2012-7
  • World Health Organization. What is a pandemic? [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/ disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/.
  • TÜBA. COVID-19 küresel salgın değerlendirme raporu 2020 [Internet]. [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: http://www.tuba.gov.tr/files/ images/2020/kovidraporu/T%C3%9CBA%20Covid-19%20Raporu%20 6.%20G%C3%BCncelleme.pdf.
  • Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7042881/
  • Takieddine H, Tabbah SA. Coronavirus pandemic: coping with the psychological outcomes, mental changes, and the “new normal” during and after COVID-19. Open J Depress Anxiety. 2020;2:7-19. https://doi. org/10.36811/ojda.2020.110005
  • Ho CS, Chee CY, Ho RC. Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of Covid-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2020;49(3):155-60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/32200399/
  • Taştan C, Tekin HH, Çetinöz E, Demirden A. Kovid-19 salgını ve sonrası psikolojik ve sosyolojik değerlendirmeler [Polis Akademisi Yayınları-Rapor]. Ankara, 2020.
  • Yalçın İ. COVID-19 korkusu ile ruh sağlığı değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkide koruyucu ve risk faktörlerinin moderatör etkisi [Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu, Proje numarası: 20Y0901009]. Ankara, 2020.
  • Bonanno CA, Horencyzyk RP, Noll J. Coping flexibility and trauma: the Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2011;3(2):117-29. https:// psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0020921
  • Choi EPH, Hui BPH, Wan EYF. Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3740. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32466251/
  • Bendau A, Petzold MB, Pyrkosch L, Mascarell Maricic L, Betzler F, Rogoll J, et al. Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;271(2):283-91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/34272977/
  • Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325383/
  • Tükel DR. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde ruh sağlığı [Türk Tabipleri Birliği, COVID-19 pandemisi altıncı ay değerlendirme raporu]. 617-28.
  • Tönbül Ö. Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını sonrası 20-60 yaş arası bireylerin psikolojik dayanıklılıklarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective. 2020;2(2):159-64. https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hp/issue/54982/730460
  • Lotfi S, Başcıllar M. Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve sosyal hizmet. IGUSABDER. 2017;3:275-86. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/ article-file/395775
  • Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Khursheed M, Gupta K, et al. Depression, anxiety and stress among Indians in times of Covid-19 Lockdown. Community Ment Health J. 2021;57(1):42-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7309680/
  • Wang S, Wang BY, Peng C, Song CP, Zhang HX, Sun DJ, et al. Awareness on SARS and public health emergencies among general publics. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2006;27(6):503-7. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152511/
  • Lang M. The use of web-based international surveys in information systems research. Business Information Systems (Conference Papers). 2002;1-12. http://hdl.handle.net/10379/266
  • Dillman DA. Mail and Internet Surveys. Second Edition. Canada: Wiley Press; 2007, p 207.
  • Sekaran U, Bougie R. Research Methods for Business. Seventh Edition. United Kingdom: Wiley Press; 2016, p. 264-265.
  • Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;27:1-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC7100496/
  • Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;28:1-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/32837421/
  • Lee SA. Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Stud. 2020;44(7):393-401 .https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32837421/
  • Evren C, Evren B, Dalbudak E, Topcu M, Kutlu N. Measuring anxiety related to COVID-19: A Turkish validation study of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Death Stud. 2020:1-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32490730/
  • Ari E, Soysal G. Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı Ölçeğinin (TBÇA) Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi. 2019;3(1):17-25. https://www.ejmanager.com/ mnstemps/12/12-1552823849.pdf?t=1561147668
  • Hayran M. Sağlık Araştırmaları İçin Temel İstatistik. Ankara: Omega Araştırma; 2011.
  • World Health Organization. General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: https://www.who.int/director-general/ speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
  • Venkatesh A, Edirappuli S. Social distancing in covid-19: what are the mental health implications? BMJ. 2020;369:m1379. https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32253182/
  • Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC7162753/
  • Usher K, Bhullar N, Jackson D. Life in the pandemic: social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(15-16):2756-7. https://doi. org/10.1111/jocn.15290
  • Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  • Kucuk A, Vatansev H, Gica S, Demir S, Cure E. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on psychological condition and disease severity in patients with Behçet’s Disease. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2020;10(4):168-77. https://www.bibliomed.org/ mnsfulltext/8/8-1599665165.pdf?1672394777
  • Gıca Ş, Akkubak Y, Aksoy ZK, Küçük A, Cüre E. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychology and disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51:1631-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33773523/
  • Bayram S, Duman RN, Demirtaş B. Üç insan, bir olay, üç farklı travmatik deneyim süreci. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi. 2018;1(1):165-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bpd/issue/31051/372906
  • Menzies RE, Menzies RG. Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: theoretical explanations and clinical implications. Cogn Behav Therap. 2020;13(e19):1-11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34191938/
  • Bridgland VME, Moeck EK, Green DM, Swain TL, Nayda DM, Matson LA, et al. Why the COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor. PLOS ONE. 2021;1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240146
  • Agarwal R, Gopinath GA. Proposal to end the COVID-19 pandemic. [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 October 15] Available from: file:///C:/Users/ USER/Downloads/SDNEA2021004%20(1).pdf
  • Ouimette P, Cronkite R, Henson BR, Prins A, Gima K, Moos RH. Posttraumatic stress disorder and health status among female and male medical patients. J Trauma Stress. 2004;17(1):1-9. https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/15027787/
  • Crum-Cianflone NF, Jacobson I. Gender differences of postdeployment post-traumatic stress disorder among service members and veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan C-conflicts. Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36(1):5-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt005
  • Farhood L, Fares S, Hamady C. PTSD and gender: could gender differences in war trauma types, symptom clusters and risk factors predict gender differences in PTSD prevalence? Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018;21:725-33. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s00737-018-0849-7
  • Alshehri FS, Alatawi Y, Alghamdi BS, Alhifany AA, Alharbi A. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(12):1666-73. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33424259/
  • Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112921. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240896/
  • Tu Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhao Q, Bi Y, Lu X. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in COVID-19 survivors: a self-report and brain imaging follow-up study. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;1-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01223-w
  • Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Mclntyre RS, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:40-48. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153528/
  • Bekaroğlu E, Yılmaz T. COVID-19 ve psikolojik etkileri: Klinik psikoloji perspektifinden bir derleme. Nesne. 2020;8(18):573-84. https:// nesnedergisi.com/makale/pdf/1600420887.pdf
  • Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020;2(1):58-63. https://concurrentdisorders.ca/2020/04/03/the-fear-of-covid-19-and-its-role-in-preventive-behaviors
  • Killgore WDS, Taylor EC, Cloonan SA, Dailey NS. Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
  • Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Pantaleón Y, Dios I, Falla D. Fear of COVID-19, stress, and anxiety in university undergraduate students: a predictive model for depression. Front Psychol. 2020;5;11:591797. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7674167/
  • Urcos WHC, Urcos CNC, Ruales EAB, Urcos JFC. Stress, anguish, anxiety and resilience of university teachers in the face of Covid-19. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana. 2020;25(7):453-64. https://www. redalyc.org/journal/279/27964362053/html/
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Salih Doğru 0000-0002-8426-7620

Aysun Güzel 0000-0002-7071-3511

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğru, S., & Güzel, A. (2023). COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 87-94.
AMA Doğru S, Güzel A. COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler. İKÇÜSBFD. Ocak 2023;8(1):87-94.
Chicago Doğru, Salih, ve Aysun Güzel. “COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma Ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı Ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Ocak 2023): 87-94.
EndNote Doğru S, Güzel A (01 Ocak 2023) COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8 1 87–94.
IEEE S. Doğru ve A. Güzel, “COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler”, İKÇÜSBFD, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 87–94, 2023.
ISNAD Doğru, Salih - Güzel, Aysun. “COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma Ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı Ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8/1 (Ocak 2023), 87-94.
JAMA Doğru S, Güzel A. COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8:87–94.
MLA Doğru, Salih ve Aysun Güzel. “COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma Ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı Ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 87-94.
Vancouver Doğru S, Güzel A. COVID-19 Sırasında Yaşanan Travma ile Başa Çıkabilme Algısı ve İlişkili Bazı Değişkenler. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8(1):87-94.