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WHEN EUROPEANS TRAVEL: CREATION OF A POST-NATIONAL IDENTITY THROUGH TOURISM

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 - Uluslararası Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 37 - 46, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.1274205

Öz

By deriving from the case of the European Union, this study aims to understand how tourism contributes to the post-national identity-making process. The European Union is selected as a case of this study because European integration represents an unprecedentedly institutionalized form of inter-state collaboration in the European continent which establishes a post-national identity. As integration evolved, attachment to a common European identity became important in ensuring support for the future of integration. Tourism due to its relation to culture, heritage, and identity-making, relates to the political objective of the European Union for promoting European identity. The study adopts a qualitative research approach with a case study to reach an extensive and in-depth description of the social phenomenon of post-national identity-making. The study finds out two major roles of tourism: tourism as a fertile ground for seeding the ideas of integration, and tourism as a context for experiencing European identity.

Kaynakça

  • Barroso, J. M. D. (2013). Speech by President Barroso: A new narrative for Europe. European Commission. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-357_en.htm.
  • Burke, J. P.. & Stets, E. J (2009). Identity Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ceretta, M. & Curli, B. (2017) Introduction: Rescuing Europe from its rhetoric. In Ceretta M. & Curli B. (Ed), Discourses and counter discourses on Europe (p.1-14). London:Routledge,
  • Cini, M. & Borragán, N. P. (2013). Introduction. In Ed. Cini M. & Borragán N. P. (Ed). European Union Politics (p. 1-11). Oxford University Press:Oxford.
  • Cooper, C. & Hall, M.C. (2008). Contemporary Tourism: An International Approach. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC medical research methodology, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100.
  • Davies, N. (1997). Europe: A history. London: Pimlico.
  • Dredge, D. & Hales, R. (2012). Community case study research. In Dwyer, L., Gill, A., Seetaram, N. (Ed.), Handbook of Research Methods in Tourism: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (417-442), Edward Elgar: Glos.
  • Ejnavarzala, H. (2019) Epistemology–Ontology Relations in Social Research: A Review. Sociological Bulletin, 68(1), 94–104.
  • Eylemer S., Söylemez N. (2020). Policy Versus Praxis: Has the European Union Failed to Respond to the Refugee Crisis?, World Affairs, 315- 342.
  • Eurobarometer (2017). Eurobarometer interactive. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Chart/index (Accessed on 11.01.2018).
  • Eurobarometer (2023). Standard Eurobarometer 98 - Winter 2022-2023 - February 2023. European Commission. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2872 .
  • European Commission (2006). A renewed EU tourism policy: towards a stronger partnership for European Tourism. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0134&from=EN.
  • European Commission (2008). Nature and biodiversity. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm.
  • European Commission (2013). Tourism's robust and resilient performance expected to continue in 2013. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-200_en.htm.
  • European Commission (2016). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe a global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
  • European Commission (2018a). Non-governmental organisations. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=330.
  • European Commission (2018b). Enhancing what European tourism has to offer. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/tourism/offer_en.
  • European Commission (2018c). Visitors’ centre. https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/visit-european-commission/visitors-centre_en#about-the-visitors-centre (Accessed on 02.02.2018).
  • European Commission (2023). Cultural heritage. https://culture.ec.europa.eu/policies/selected-themes/cultural-heritage.
  • European Parliament (2015). Tourism and the European Union. URL:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/568343/EPRS_IDA568343_EN.pdf.
  • Eurostat (2018a). Tourism trips of Europeans. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_trips_of_Europeans.
  • Eurostat (2018b). Tourism statistics. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics.
  • Eurostat (2021a). Tourism trips - introduction and key figures. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_trips_-_introduction_and_key_figures. Eurostat (2021b). Tourism statistics - intra-EU tourism flows. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_statistics_-_intra-EU_tourism_flows.
  • Eylemer, S. & Söylemez, N. (2014). Policy Versus Praxis: Has the European Union Failed to Respond to the Refugee Crisis?. World Affairs, 183, 4, 288-429.
  • Franklin, A. (2003). Tourism: An introduction, London:Sage Publication.
  • Furlong, P. & Marsh, D. (2010). A skin not a sweater: ontology and epistemology in political science. In Marsh, D. & Stoker, G. (Ed.), Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 184-211), 3rd edition, Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Gerring, J. (2004). What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for? The American Political Science Review, 98(2), 341–354.
  • Gürsoy, T. İ. (2017). Single market for services and the case of tourism policy. In. Santagostino, A. (Ed.), Single European Market and Trade Policy (p. 100-125). New Castle: Cambridge Scholars.
  • Hooghe, L. & Marks, G. (2005). Calculation, community and cues public opinion on European integration. European Union Politics, 6(4), 419-443.
  • Ivic, S. (2016). European identity and citizenship: Between modernity and postmodernity. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kühnhardt, L. (2009). European integration: Success through crises. In Kühnhardt, L. (Ed.), Crises in European integration challenges and responses 1945-2005 (p. 1-17). New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Marsh, D. & Furlong, P. (2002). A skin, not a sweater: Ontology and epistemology in political sciences. In Marsh, D. & Stoker, G. (Ed), Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 17-41). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Palmer, C. (1999). Tourism and the symbols of identity, Tourism Management, 20, 313-321.
  • Pollack, M. (2003). The engines of European integration: Delegation, agency, and agenda setting in the EU. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Reddit (2018). The perfect European. https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/9hxwfo/the_perfect_european/.
  • Rosamond, B. (2000). Theories of European Integration. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Seidel, Anne (16 February 2018). How perfect European should be like.#MuseumEuropäischerKulturen. [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/zajdelova/status/964493682887061504/photo/1.
  • Shaw J. (2001) Postnational constitutionalism in the European Union. In Christiansen, T., Jørgensen, K. E. & Wiener, A. (Ed.), The Social Construction of Europe (p. 66-84). Sage Publications: London.
  • Stets J. E. & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224-237.
  • Şemşit, S. (2014). Avrupa Birliği’nde Turistik Ürün Politikası. Alp Timur (Ed), Turistik Ürün Politikası (p. 319-338). Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Treaty on the European Union, 92/C 191 /01https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:11992M/TXT&from=EN.
  • Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007, OJ C 306, 17.12.2007, p. 1–271 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT.
  • UNESCO (n.d). Heritage. https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/cdis/heritage_dimension.pdf .
  • UNWTO (2021). Tourism and Covid-19 – Unprecedented Economic Impacts. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-covid-19-unprecedented-economic-impacts.
  • UNWTO (2023a). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. https://www.unwto.org/unwto-world-tourism-barometer-data.
  • UNWTO (2023b). Impact Assessment of The Covid-19 Outbreak on International Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism.
  • Vignoles, V. L, Schwartz, S. J. & Luyckx, K. (2011). Introduction: Toward an integrative view of identity. In Schwartz, S. J., Luyckx, K. and Vignoles, V. L. (Ed), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research (p. 1-27). London: Springer.
  • Vromen, A. (2010). Debating Methods: Rediscovering Qualitative Approaches. In March, D & Stoker, G (Ed.). Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 249-266). Palgrave: Hampshire.
  • Waterton, E.& Watson, S. (2015). Heritage as a Focus of Research: Past, Present and New Directions. In: Waterton, E., Watson, S. (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research (1-17). Palgrave Macmillan: London.
  • Welcomeurope (2013). Tourism: The " Europe – Whenever You’re Ready" Campaign. http://www.welcomeurope.com/news-europe/tourism-europe-re-ready-campaign-15716+15616.html.
  • Wendt, S. (2014). The image of European identities- The European Union and instagram, MA Thesis, Lund University, Sweden.
  • Wiener, A. (2004). Citizenship. In Cini, M. (Ed.). European Union Politics (p.397-414). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Williams, A.M. & Shaw, G. (1998). Tourism and economic development European experiences. New York: John Wiley&Sons.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 - Uluslararası Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 37 - 46, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.1274205

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barroso, J. M. D. (2013). Speech by President Barroso: A new narrative for Europe. European Commission. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-357_en.htm.
  • Burke, J. P.. & Stets, E. J (2009). Identity Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ceretta, M. & Curli, B. (2017) Introduction: Rescuing Europe from its rhetoric. In Ceretta M. & Curli B. (Ed), Discourses and counter discourses on Europe (p.1-14). London:Routledge,
  • Cini, M. & Borragán, N. P. (2013). Introduction. In Ed. Cini M. & Borragán N. P. (Ed). European Union Politics (p. 1-11). Oxford University Press:Oxford.
  • Cooper, C. & Hall, M.C. (2008). Contemporary Tourism: An International Approach. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Crowe, S., Cresswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2011). The case study approach. BMC medical research methodology, 11, 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-100.
  • Davies, N. (1997). Europe: A history. London: Pimlico.
  • Dredge, D. & Hales, R. (2012). Community case study research. In Dwyer, L., Gill, A., Seetaram, N. (Ed.), Handbook of Research Methods in Tourism: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches (417-442), Edward Elgar: Glos.
  • Ejnavarzala, H. (2019) Epistemology–Ontology Relations in Social Research: A Review. Sociological Bulletin, 68(1), 94–104.
  • Eylemer S., Söylemez N. (2020). Policy Versus Praxis: Has the European Union Failed to Respond to the Refugee Crisis?, World Affairs, 315- 342.
  • Eurobarometer (2017). Eurobarometer interactive. European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Chart/index (Accessed on 11.01.2018).
  • Eurobarometer (2023). Standard Eurobarometer 98 - Winter 2022-2023 - February 2023. European Commission. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2872 .
  • European Commission (2006). A renewed EU tourism policy: towards a stronger partnership for European Tourism. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0134&from=EN.
  • European Commission (2008). Nature and biodiversity. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm.
  • European Commission (2013). Tourism's robust and resilient performance expected to continue in 2013. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-200_en.htm.
  • European Commission (2016). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe a global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
  • European Commission (2018a). Non-governmental organisations. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=330.
  • European Commission (2018b). Enhancing what European tourism has to offer. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/tourism/offer_en.
  • European Commission (2018c). Visitors’ centre. https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/visit-european-commission/visitors-centre_en#about-the-visitors-centre (Accessed on 02.02.2018).
  • European Commission (2023). Cultural heritage. https://culture.ec.europa.eu/policies/selected-themes/cultural-heritage.
  • European Parliament (2015). Tourism and the European Union. URL:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/568343/EPRS_IDA568343_EN.pdf.
  • Eurostat (2018a). Tourism trips of Europeans. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_trips_of_Europeans.
  • Eurostat (2018b). Tourism statistics. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Tourism_statistics.
  • Eurostat (2021a). Tourism trips - introduction and key figures. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_trips_-_introduction_and_key_figures. Eurostat (2021b). Tourism statistics - intra-EU tourism flows. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Tourism_statistics_-_intra-EU_tourism_flows.
  • Eylemer, S. & Söylemez, N. (2014). Policy Versus Praxis: Has the European Union Failed to Respond to the Refugee Crisis?. World Affairs, 183, 4, 288-429.
  • Franklin, A. (2003). Tourism: An introduction, London:Sage Publication.
  • Furlong, P. & Marsh, D. (2010). A skin not a sweater: ontology and epistemology in political science. In Marsh, D. & Stoker, G. (Ed.), Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 184-211), 3rd edition, Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Gerring, J. (2004). What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for? The American Political Science Review, 98(2), 341–354.
  • Gürsoy, T. İ. (2017). Single market for services and the case of tourism policy. In. Santagostino, A. (Ed.), Single European Market and Trade Policy (p. 100-125). New Castle: Cambridge Scholars.
  • Hooghe, L. & Marks, G. (2005). Calculation, community and cues public opinion on European integration. European Union Politics, 6(4), 419-443.
  • Ivic, S. (2016). European identity and citizenship: Between modernity and postmodernity. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kühnhardt, L. (2009). European integration: Success through crises. In Kühnhardt, L. (Ed.), Crises in European integration challenges and responses 1945-2005 (p. 1-17). New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Marsh, D. & Furlong, P. (2002). A skin, not a sweater: Ontology and epistemology in political sciences. In Marsh, D. & Stoker, G. (Ed), Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 17-41). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Palmer, C. (1999). Tourism and the symbols of identity, Tourism Management, 20, 313-321.
  • Pollack, M. (2003). The engines of European integration: Delegation, agency, and agenda setting in the EU. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Reddit (2018). The perfect European. https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/9hxwfo/the_perfect_european/.
  • Rosamond, B. (2000). Theories of European Integration. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Seidel, Anne (16 February 2018). How perfect European should be like.#MuseumEuropäischerKulturen. [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/zajdelova/status/964493682887061504/photo/1.
  • Shaw J. (2001) Postnational constitutionalism in the European Union. In Christiansen, T., Jørgensen, K. E. & Wiener, A. (Ed.), The Social Construction of Europe (p. 66-84). Sage Publications: London.
  • Stets J. E. & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224-237.
  • Şemşit, S. (2014). Avrupa Birliği’nde Turistik Ürün Politikası. Alp Timur (Ed), Turistik Ürün Politikası (p. 319-338). Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Treaty on the European Union, 92/C 191 /01https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:11992M/TXT&from=EN.
  • Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007, OJ C 306, 17.12.2007, p. 1–271 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT.
  • UNESCO (n.d). Heritage. https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/cdis/heritage_dimension.pdf .
  • UNWTO (2021). Tourism and Covid-19 – Unprecedented Economic Impacts. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-covid-19-unprecedented-economic-impacts.
  • UNWTO (2023a). UNWTO World Tourism Barometer. https://www.unwto.org/unwto-world-tourism-barometer-data.
  • UNWTO (2023b). Impact Assessment of The Covid-19 Outbreak on International Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism.
  • Vignoles, V. L, Schwartz, S. J. & Luyckx, K. (2011). Introduction: Toward an integrative view of identity. In Schwartz, S. J., Luyckx, K. and Vignoles, V. L. (Ed), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research (p. 1-27). London: Springer.
  • Vromen, A. (2010). Debating Methods: Rediscovering Qualitative Approaches. In March, D & Stoker, G (Ed.). Theory and Methods in Political Science (p. 249-266). Palgrave: Hampshire.
  • Waterton, E.& Watson, S. (2015). Heritage as a Focus of Research: Past, Present and New Directions. In: Waterton, E., Watson, S. (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research (1-17). Palgrave Macmillan: London.
  • Welcomeurope (2013). Tourism: The " Europe – Whenever You’re Ready" Campaign. http://www.welcomeurope.com/news-europe/tourism-europe-re-ready-campaign-15716+15616.html.
  • Wendt, S. (2014). The image of European identities- The European Union and instagram, MA Thesis, Lund University, Sweden.
  • Wiener, A. (2004). Citizenship. In Cini, M. (Ed.). European Union Politics (p.397-414). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Williams, A.M. & Shaw, G. (1998). Tourism and economic development European experiences. New York: John Wiley&Sons.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Turizm Politikası, Turizm Planlaması, Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Özgün Bilimsel Makale
Yazarlar

İlkay Taş 0000-0001-7590-8177

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 - Uluslararası Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi

Kaynak Göster

APA Taş, İ. (2023). WHEN EUROPEANS TRAVEL: CREATION OF A POST-NATIONAL IDENTITY THROUGH TOURISM. International Journal of Contemporary Tourism Research, 7(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.1274205