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The Effect of Exercises with Cognitive Task on Cognitive Functions, Emotional Status and Quality of Life on Healthy Young Individuals

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 12, 340 - 356, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.753667

Öz

Aim: Nowadays, with the increasing technology, there is a deterioration in cognitive states, changes in emotional states and a decrease in quality of life in healthy young individuals due to the decrease in physical activity levels. Exercises with cognitive tasks improve the health conditions of individuals. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of aerobic and balance exercises with the cognitive task on cognition, mood and quality of life in healthy young adults.
Methods: Fifty healthy young adults between the aged 18-30 who meet the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Individuals were randomly divided into 2 groups as exercise with the cognitive tasks (Group 1) (n=25) and exercise only (Group 2) (n=25). Exercises were performed 1 session daily, 3 days a week over 6 weeks. Aerobic and balance exercises with the cognitive tasks were performed in Group 1. Only aerobic and balance exercises were performed in Group 2. Individuals were evaluated for cognition (Stroop Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Number Range Test), mood (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)) and quality of life (Short Form 36 (SF-36)) before and after the exercises.
Results: A statistically significant difference was found in all cognitive tests and SF-36 mental health sub-parameter in Group 1 and in all cognitive tests and DASS depression sub-parameter in Group 2 within-group evaluations (p<0,05). Between-groups evaluations, it was found that a statistically significant difference in the Verbal Fluency Test and SF-36 mental health sub-parameter in favor of Group 1 (p<0,05).
Conclusion: In healthy young adults, both exercises and exercises with the cognitive tasks were found to be effective on cognitive functions. It was concluded that aerobic and balance exercises with cognitive tasks are effective on healthy young adults' cognition and quality of life. It is thought that objective studies are needed in order to better understand the effects of exercises on cognition and mood in healthy young adults.

Kaynakça

  • Barnett, LM, Van Beurden E, Morgan PJ, Brooks LO, Beard JR. Childhood motor skill proficiency as a predictor of adolescent physical activity. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009;44(3):252-259. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.004.
  • Matthews CE, Chen KY, Freedson PS, et al. Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in the United States, 2003–2004. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;167(7):875-881. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm390.
  • Mutikainen S, Föhr T, Karhunen L, et al. Predictors of increase in physical activity during a 6-month follow-up period among overweight and physically inactive healthy young adults. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness. 2015;13(2):63-71. doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2015.05.001.
  • Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet. 2012;380(9838):247-257. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1.
  • Heffernan KS, Tarzia BJ, Kasprowicz AG, Lefferts WK, Hatanaka M, Jae SY. Self-reported sitting time is associated with higher pressure from wave reflections independent of physical activity levels in healthy young adults. American Journal of Hypertension. 2013;26(8):1017-1023. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpt053.
  • Pereira SMP, Li L, Power C. Lifetime risk factors for leisure-time physical inactivity in mid-adulthood. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2018;11:23-30. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.05.005.
  • Kato K, Iwamoto K, Kawano N, Noda Y, Ozaki N, Noda A. Differential effects of physical activity and sleep duration on cognitive function in young adults. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2018;7(2):227-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.01.005.
  • Stenling A, Moylan A, Fulton E, Machado L. Effects of a brief stair-climbing intervention on cognitive performance and mood states in healthy young adults. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:2300-2312.
  • Lauenroth A, Ioannidis AE, Teichmann B. Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review. BMC Geriatrics. 2016;16(1):141-156. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnv549.11.
  • Prasertsakul T, Kaimuk P, Chinjenpradit W, Limroongreungrat W, Charoensuk W. The effect of virtual reality-based balance training on motor learning and postural control in healthy adults: a randomized preliminary study. Biomedical Engineering Online. 2018;17(1):124-141. doi: 10.1186/s12938-018-0550-0.
  • Rogge AK, Röder B, Zech A, et al. Balance training improves memory and spatial cognition in healthy adults. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):1-10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06071-9.
  • Heisz JJ, Clark IB, Bonin K, et al. The effects of physical exercise and cognitive training on memory and neurotrophic factors. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2017;29(11):1895-1907. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01164.
  • Heisz JJ, Gould M, McIntosh AR. Age-related shift in neural complexity related to task performance and physical activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2015;27(3):605-613. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00725.
  • World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health.https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44399/9789241599979_eng.pdf?sequence=1. Yayınlanma Tarihi 2010. Erişim Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2020.
  • MacLeod CM. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin. 1991;109(2):163-203. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163.
  • Piatt AL, Fields JA, Paolo AM, Tröster AI. Action (verb naming) fluency as an executive function measure: convergent and divergent evidence of validity. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37(13):1499-1503. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00066-4.
  • Kurt P, Yener G, Oguz M. Impaired digit span can predict further cognitive decline in older people with subjective memory complaint: a preliminary result. Aging & Mental Health. 2011;15(3):364-369. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2010.536133.
  • Akin A, Çetin B. The depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS): the study of validity and reliability. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 2007;7(1):241-268. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2016.041202.
  • Brazier JE, Harper R, Jones NM, et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care. Bmj. 1992;305(6846):160-164. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6846.160.
  • González K, Fuentes J, Márquez, JL. Physical inactivity, sedentary behavior and chronic diseases. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 2017;38(3):111-115. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.111.
  • Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, et al. Sedentary behavior research network (SBRN)–terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2017;14(1):75-92. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8.
  • Owen N, Healy GN, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW. Too much sitting: the population-health science of sedentary behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2010;38(3):105-113. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2.
  • Thivel D, Tremblay A, Genin PM, Panahi S, Rivière D, Duclos M. Physical activity, inactivity, and sedentary behaviors: definitions and implications in occupational health. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018;6:288-293. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00288.
  • Booth FW, Lees SJ. Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases. Physiological Genomics. 2007;28(2):146-157. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00174.2006.
  • Patel AV, Bernstein L, Deka A, et al. Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172:419–29. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq155
  • Kashdan TB, Rottenberg J. Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010;30(7):865-878. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001.
  • Ramaci T, Bellini D, Presti G, Santisi G. Psychological flexibility and mindfulness as predictors of individual outcomes in hospital health workers. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:1302-1314. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01302.
  • Jia H, Zack MM, Gottesman II, Thompson WW. Associations of smoking, physical inactivity, heavy drinking, and obesity with quality-adjusted life expectancy among US adults with depression. Value in Health. 2018;21(3):364-371. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.002.
  • Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Sinha R. The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine. 2014;44(1):81-121. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5.
  • Stenling A, Moylan A, Fulton E, Machado L. Effects of a brief stair-climbing intervention on cognitive performance and mood states in healthy young adults. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:2300-2312. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02300.
  • Ludyga S, Gerber M, Brand S, Holsboer‐Trachsler E, Pühse U. Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta‐analysis. Psychophysiology. 2016;53(11):1611-1626. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12736.
  • Berger BG, Darby LA, Zhang Y, Owen DR, Tobar DA. Mood alteration after 15 minutes of preferred intensity exercise: Examining heart rate, perceived exertion, and enjoyment. J. Sport Behav. 2016;39(1):3-21.
  • Reed J, Ones DS. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on positive activated affect: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2006;7(5):477-514. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.11.003.
  • Loy BD, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK. The effect of a single bout of exercise on energy and fatigue states: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. 2013;1(4):223-242. doi: 10.1080/21641846.2013.843266.
  • Fabel K, Wolf S, Ehninger D, Babu H, Galicia P, Kempermann G. Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2009;3:1-7. doi: 10.3389/neuro.22.002.2009.
  • Olsen RK, Moses SN, Riggs L, Ryan JD. The hippocampus supports multiple cognitive processes through relational binding and comparison. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2012;6:146-159. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00146.
  • Goghari VM, Krzyzanowski D, Yoon S, Dai Y, Toews D. Attitudes and beliefs toward computerized cognitive training in the general population. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00503.
  • DeRosse P, Nitzburg GC, Blair M, Malhotra AK. Dimensional symptom severity and global cognitive function predict subjective quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and healthy adults. Schizophrenia Research. 2018;195:385-390. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.018.
  • Mendoza-Ruvalcaba NM, Arias-Merino ED. “I am active”: effects of a program to promote active aging. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2015;10:829-837.

Sağlıklı Genç Bireylerde Kognitif Görevle Yapılan Egzersizlerin Kognitif Fonksiyonlara, Duygu Durumuna ve Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 12, 340 - 356, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.753667

Öz

Amaç: Günümüzde artan teknolojiyle birlikte sağlıklı genç bireylerde, fiziksel aktivite düzeylerindeki azalmadan kaynaklı, kognitif durumlarında bozulma, duygu durumlarında değişiklikler ve yaşam kalitelerinde azalma görülmektedir. Kognitif görevle yapılan egzersizler bireylerin sağlık koşullarını iyileştirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlıklı genç bireylerde kognitif görevle yapılan denge egzersizlerinin, kognitif durum, duygu durumu ve yaşam kalitesine etkilerini incelemektir. 
Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya dâhil edilme kriterlerini sağlayan 18-30 yaş aralığındaki 50 sağlıklı genç birey dâhil edildi. Bireyler randomize olarak kognitif görevli egzersiz (Grup 1) (n=25) ve sadece egzersiz (Grup 2) (n=25) grubuna ayrıldı. Bireylere günde 1 seans, haftada 3 gün olmak üzere 6 hafta boyunca egzersiz verildi. Grup 1’e aerobik egzersiz ve denge egzersizlerine ilaveten kognitif görev verildi. Grup 2’deki bireylere sadece aerobik egzersiz ve denge egzersizleri yaptırıldı. Bireyler uygulama öncesinde ve bitiminde kognitif durum (Stroop Testi, Sözel Akıcılık Testi, Sayı Menzili Testi), duygu durumu (Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği (DASÖ)) ve yaşam kalitesi (Kısa Form 36 (SF-36)) değerlendirildi. 
Bulgular: Egzersiz sonrası değerlendirmelerde Grup 1’de tüm kognitif testlerde ve SF-36 mental sağlık alt parametresinde, Grup 2’de tüm kognitif testlerde ve DASÖ depresyon alt parametresinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p<0,05). Gruplar arası değerlendirmede kognitif testlerden sözel akıcılık testinde ve SF-36 mental sağlık alt parametresinde Grup 1 lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (p<0,05). 
Sonuç: Sağlıklı genç bireylerde, hem sadece egzersiz hem de kognitif görevle yapılan egzersizlerin kognitif fonksiyonlar üzerinde etkili olduğu görüldü. Kognitif görevle yapılan egzersizlerin sağlıklı genç bireylerin kognitif durum ve yaşam kaliteleri üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşıldı. Uygulanan egzersizlerin sağlıklı genç bireylerde özellikle kognisyon ve duygu durumu üzerine etkisinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için, objektif nitelikteki çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu düşünülmektedir. 

Kaynakça

  • Barnett, LM, Van Beurden E, Morgan PJ, Brooks LO, Beard JR. Childhood motor skill proficiency as a predictor of adolescent physical activity. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009;44(3):252-259. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.004.
  • Matthews CE, Chen KY, Freedson PS, et al. Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in the United States, 2003–2004. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;167(7):875-881. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm390.
  • Mutikainen S, Föhr T, Karhunen L, et al. Predictors of increase in physical activity during a 6-month follow-up period among overweight and physically inactive healthy young adults. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness. 2015;13(2):63-71. doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2015.05.001.
  • Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet. 2012;380(9838):247-257. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1.
  • Heffernan KS, Tarzia BJ, Kasprowicz AG, Lefferts WK, Hatanaka M, Jae SY. Self-reported sitting time is associated with higher pressure from wave reflections independent of physical activity levels in healthy young adults. American Journal of Hypertension. 2013;26(8):1017-1023. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpt053.
  • Pereira SMP, Li L, Power C. Lifetime risk factors for leisure-time physical inactivity in mid-adulthood. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2018;11:23-30. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.05.005.
  • Kato K, Iwamoto K, Kawano N, Noda Y, Ozaki N, Noda A. Differential effects of physical activity and sleep duration on cognitive function in young adults. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2018;7(2):227-236. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.01.005.
  • Stenling A, Moylan A, Fulton E, Machado L. Effects of a brief stair-climbing intervention on cognitive performance and mood states in healthy young adults. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:2300-2312.
  • Lauenroth A, Ioannidis AE, Teichmann B. Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: a systematic review. BMC Geriatrics. 2016;16(1):141-156. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnv549.11.
  • Prasertsakul T, Kaimuk P, Chinjenpradit W, Limroongreungrat W, Charoensuk W. The effect of virtual reality-based balance training on motor learning and postural control in healthy adults: a randomized preliminary study. Biomedical Engineering Online. 2018;17(1):124-141. doi: 10.1186/s12938-018-0550-0.
  • Rogge AK, Röder B, Zech A, et al. Balance training improves memory and spatial cognition in healthy adults. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):1-10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06071-9.
  • Heisz JJ, Clark IB, Bonin K, et al. The effects of physical exercise and cognitive training on memory and neurotrophic factors. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2017;29(11):1895-1907. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01164.
  • Heisz JJ, Gould M, McIntosh AR. Age-related shift in neural complexity related to task performance and physical activity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2015;27(3):605-613. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00725.
  • World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health.https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44399/9789241599979_eng.pdf?sequence=1. Yayınlanma Tarihi 2010. Erişim Tarihi 27 Mayıs 2020.
  • MacLeod CM. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin. 1991;109(2):163-203. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163.
  • Piatt AL, Fields JA, Paolo AM, Tröster AI. Action (verb naming) fluency as an executive function measure: convergent and divergent evidence of validity. Neuropsychologia. 1999;37(13):1499-1503. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00066-4.
  • Kurt P, Yener G, Oguz M. Impaired digit span can predict further cognitive decline in older people with subjective memory complaint: a preliminary result. Aging & Mental Health. 2011;15(3):364-369. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2010.536133.
  • Akin A, Çetin B. The depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS): the study of validity and reliability. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 2007;7(1):241-268. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2016.041202.
  • Brazier JE, Harper R, Jones NM, et al. Validating the SF-36 health survey questionnaire: new outcome measure for primary care. Bmj. 1992;305(6846):160-164. doi: 10.1136/bmj.305.6846.160.
  • González K, Fuentes J, Márquez, JL. Physical inactivity, sedentary behavior and chronic diseases. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 2017;38(3):111-115. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2017.38.3.111.
  • Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, et al. Sedentary behavior research network (SBRN)–terminology consensus project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2017;14(1):75-92. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8.
  • Owen N, Healy GN, Matthews CE, Dunstan DW. Too much sitting: the population-health science of sedentary behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2010;38(3):105-113. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181e373a2.
  • Thivel D, Tremblay A, Genin PM, Panahi S, Rivière D, Duclos M. Physical activity, inactivity, and sedentary behaviors: definitions and implications in occupational health. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018;6:288-293. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00288.
  • Booth FW, Lees SJ. Fundamental questions about genes, inactivity, and chronic diseases. Physiological Genomics. 2007;28(2):146-157. doi: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00174.2006.
  • Patel AV, Bernstein L, Deka A, et al. Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172:419–29. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq155
  • Kashdan TB, Rottenberg J. Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review. 2010;30(7):865-878. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001.
  • Ramaci T, Bellini D, Presti G, Santisi G. Psychological flexibility and mindfulness as predictors of individual outcomes in hospital health workers. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:1302-1314. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01302.
  • Jia H, Zack MM, Gottesman II, Thompson WW. Associations of smoking, physical inactivity, heavy drinking, and obesity with quality-adjusted life expectancy among US adults with depression. Value in Health. 2018;21(3):364-371. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.002.
  • Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Sinha R. The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine. 2014;44(1):81-121. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5.
  • Stenling A, Moylan A, Fulton E, Machado L. Effects of a brief stair-climbing intervention on cognitive performance and mood states in healthy young adults. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019;10:2300-2312. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02300.
  • Ludyga S, Gerber M, Brand S, Holsboer‐Trachsler E, Pühse U. Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta‐analysis. Psychophysiology. 2016;53(11):1611-1626. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12736.
  • Berger BG, Darby LA, Zhang Y, Owen DR, Tobar DA. Mood alteration after 15 minutes of preferred intensity exercise: Examining heart rate, perceived exertion, and enjoyment. J. Sport Behav. 2016;39(1):3-21.
  • Reed J, Ones DS. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on positive activated affect: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2006;7(5):477-514. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.11.003.
  • Loy BD, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK. The effect of a single bout of exercise on energy and fatigue states: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health & Behavior. 2013;1(4):223-242. doi: 10.1080/21641846.2013.843266.
  • Fabel K, Wolf S, Ehninger D, Babu H, Galicia P, Kempermann G. Additive effects of physical exercise and environmental enrichment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2009;3:1-7. doi: 10.3389/neuro.22.002.2009.
  • Olsen RK, Moses SN, Riggs L, Ryan JD. The hippocampus supports multiple cognitive processes through relational binding and comparison. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2012;6:146-159. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00146.
  • Goghari VM, Krzyzanowski D, Yoon S, Dai Y, Toews D. Attitudes and beliefs toward computerized cognitive training in the general population. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00503.
  • DeRosse P, Nitzburg GC, Blair M, Malhotra AK. Dimensional symptom severity and global cognitive function predict subjective quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and healthy adults. Schizophrenia Research. 2018;195:385-390. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.018.
  • Mendoza-Ruvalcaba NM, Arias-Merino ED. “I am active”: effects of a program to promote active aging. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2015;10:829-837.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fatma Eda Yeniçeri 0000-0002-5989-9589

Miray Budak 0000-0003-0552-8464

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 16 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

JAMA Yeniçeri FE, Budak M. Sağlıklı Genç Bireylerde Kognitif Görevle Yapılan Egzersizlerin Kognitif Fonksiyonlara, Duygu Durumuna ve Yaşam Kalitesine Etkisi. IGUSABDER. 2020;:340–356.

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