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Health and Safety Strategies at Schools in the Covid-19 Outbreak: Country Examples

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 466 - 481, 26.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1052005

Öz

Schools are an important part of societies, and were closed all around the world to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. A total of 1.6 billion students continued their education through various methods in the world in this process, which caused deep inequalities among students such as increased child labor, inability to access distance education, and affecting the mental health negatively. Studies and the experiences of international organizations in this regard show that students are less likely to catch the Covid-19 pandemic at schools, they are less contagious to each other, and the disease is mild for them. Each country implemented health and safety strategies by taking public health measures to ensure the continuity of face-to-face education in schools and to protect all individuals at schools from the Covid-19 pandemic, such as reducing the number of students in classes, wearing masks, social distancing, hand hygiene, fever measurement and symptom monitoring, vaccination application, quarantine application, ventilation, crowded environment in line with its own conditions. International organizations have recommended that a school health team or a school nurse be involved in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic in schools. Review Covid-19 outbreaks in closing schools for the reopening of the school health and safety and continuity strategies applied in the development of countries/United States of America from all over the world regardless of their level of immaturity, China, Denmark, Norway, Singapore, Taiwan, India and Turkey, the countries of Africa and the countries of the African continent to implement the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the African continent and thus selected a country from the Covid-19 outbreaks in schools health and safety strategies: the article titled country examples has been reviewed in accordance with the literature and is intended to contribute to the literature.

Kaynakça

  • ADEA, AU/CIEFFA and APHRC. (2021). School reopening in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.adeanet.org/sites/default/files/school_reopening_kix_observatory.pdf
  • Africa CDC. (2020). Africa centres for disease control and prevention COVID-19 guidance for educational settings. https://africacdc.org/download/covid-19-guidance-for-educational-settings/
  • Auger, K.A., Shah, S.S., Richardson, T., Hartley, D., Hall, M., Warniment, A, et al. (2020). Association between statewide school closure and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the US. JAMA, 324(9),859-70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.14348
  • BC Centre for Disease Control. (2021). Public health communicable disease guidance for K-12 schools. http://www.bccdc.ca/Health-Info Site/Documents/COVID_public_guidance/Guidance-k-12-schools.pdf
  • Castagnoli, R., Votto, M., Licari, A., Brambilla, I., Bruno, R., Perlini, S, et al. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr, 174(9), 882-889. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1467
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021b, October 15). Guidance for COVID-19 prevention in K-12 schools. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html
  • Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a, October 10). Schools and child care programs. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools childcare/index.html
  • Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, December 13). Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine overview and safety (also known as comirnaty). https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/Pfizer-BioNTech.html
  • Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. (2021d, November 02). CDC recommends pediatric COVID-19 vaccine for children 5 to 11 years. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s1102-PediatricCOVID-19Vaccine.html
  • Chu, V.T., Yousaf, A.R., Chang, K., Schwartz, N.G., McDaniel, C.J., Szablewski, C.M, et al. (2020, October). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from children and adolescents. Medrxiv, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.10.20210492v2
  • Donohue, J.M., & Miller, E. (2020). COVID-19 and school closures. JAMA, 324(9), 845-847. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13092
  • European Union. (2021). The school year 2020-2021 in denmark during the pandemic. Jrc125452_Edu_Covid_Denmark_Report_2021 (1).Pdf
  • Gandini, S., Rainisio, M., Iannuzzo, M.L., Bellerba, F., Cecconi, F., & Scorrano, L. (2021). A cross-sectional and prospective cohort study of the role of schools in the SARS-CoV-2 second wave in Italy. The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 5, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100092
  • Goverment of Canada. (2021, September 09). Covıd-19 guidance for schools Kindergarten to Grade 12. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/health-professionals/guidance-schools-childcare-programs.html
  • Grijalva, C.G., Rolfes, M.A., Zhu, Y., McLean, H.Q., Hanson, K.E., Belongia, E.A. et al. (2020). Transmission of SARS-COV-2 infections in households - tennessee and wisconsin, April–September 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 69(44), 1631-1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e1
  • Human Rights Watch. (2020, October 17). Impact of Covid-19 on children’s education in Africa. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/26/impact-covid-19-childrens-education-africa
  • Kaufman, B.G., Mahendraratnam, N., Nguyen, T.V., Benzing, L., Beliveau, J., Silcox, C, et al. (2021). Factors associated with initial public school reopening plans during the US COVID-19 pandemic: a Retrospective study. Journal of general internal Medicine, 36(3), 852-854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06470-1
  • Kedia, M. (2021, September 14). Singapore’s school management policy during COVID-19. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/singapores-school-management-policy-during-covid-19/
  • Koca, F. [@drfahrettinkoca]. (2020 September 16). Okullarda PCR testi. [Moment]. Twitter. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://twitter.com/drfahrettinkoca/status/1436363036592324616
  • Lo Moro, G., Sinigaglia, T., Bert, F., Savatteri, A., Gualano, M.R., & Siliquini, R. (2020). Reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: Overview and rapid systematic review of guidelines and recommendations on preventive measures and the management of cases. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(23), 1-22, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238839
  • MEB. (2021a). Okullarda Covıd-19 pozitif vaka çıkması durumunda yapılması gereken uygulamalar. 10163533_algoritma.pdf (meb.gov.tr)
  • MEB. (2021b). Covıd-19 salgınında okullarda alınması gereken önlemler. 01112425_MEB_Salgin_Brosur.pdf
  • Melnick, H., Darling-Hammond, L., Leung, M., Yun, C., Schachner, A., Plasencia, S., & Ondrasek, N. (2020, May 2020). Reopening schools in the context of COVID-19: Health and safety guidelines from other countries. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/product-files/Reopening_Schools_COVID-19_BRIEF.pdf
  • Ministry of Education Singapore. (2021, December 24). FAQs: COVID-19 related matters. https://www.moe.gov.sg/faqs-covid-19-infection
  • Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). (2021, October 29). News Updates. https://english.moe.gov.tw/lp-117-1-xCat-COVID19outbreak-1-15.html
  • National Association of School Nurses. (2020, December 17). Coronavirus disease 2019 resources. https://www.nasn.org/nasn/nasn-resources/practice-topics/covid19
  • National Portal of İndia. (2021). SOP/guidelines for health and safety protocols for reopening of schools and learning with physical/ social distancing. https://covid19.india.gov.in/document/sop-guidelines-for-health-and-safety-protocols-for-reopening-of-schools-and-learning-with-physical-social-distancing/
  • Norwegian Institute of Public Health. (NIPH). (2021, March 03). Advice and information for children and adolescents. https://www.fhi.no/en/op/novel-coronavirus-facts-advice/facts-and-general-advice/advice-and-information-for-children-and-adolescents/
  • Otte Im Kampe, E., Lehfeld, A.S., Buda, S., Buchholz, U., & Haas, W. (2020). Surveillance of COVID-19 school outbreaks, Germany, March to August 2020. Euro Surveill, 25(38), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.38.2001645
  • Psacharopoulos, G., Patrinos, H.A., Collis, V., & Vegas, E. (2020, April 30). The COVID19 cost of school closures. https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/covid-19-cost-school-closures
  • Sharma, D., & BAMS, P.J. (2021). Reopening schools in India during the Covid-19 pandemic, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 67(2), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmab033
  • Sheikh, A., Sheikh, A., Sheikh, Z., & Dhami, S. (2020). Reopening schools after the COVID-19 lockdown.  Journal of Global Health,  10(1), 010376. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010376
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2021a, October 7). Children and COVID-19: State-level data report. https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2021b, September 12). Children and COVID-19: State data report. https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/
  • United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021a, October 15). COVID-19 impact on education. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021b, August 3). School closures and regional policies to mitigate learning loss due to COVID-19: A focus on the Asia-Pacific. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378429
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (2020a). Guidance for COVID-19 preventıon and control in schools. https://www.unicef.org/media/66036/file/Key%20Messages%20and%20Actions%20for%20COVID19%20Prevention%20and%20Control%20in%20Schools_March%202020.pdf
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2020b, May 04). Schools remain locked for more than 127 million children in Eastern and Southern Africa. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/schools-remain-locked-more-127-million-children-eastern-and-southern-africa
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2020c). Wash Covıd-19 response. https://siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/20200701_Mapping-WASH-COVID-19_Key-remarks_v6_clean-Aug-10-.pdf
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2021a, August 30). All schools in Europe & Central Asia should remain open and made safer from COVID-19, say WHO and UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/all-schools-europe-central-asia-should-remain-open-and-made-safer-covid-19-say-who
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2021b, March 10). COVID-19: Schools for more than 168 million children globally have been completely closed for almost a full year, says UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/india/press-releases/covid-19-schools-more-168-million-children-globally-have-been-completely-closed
  • Wallace, M., Woodworth, K.R., Gargano, J.W., Scobie, H.M., Blain, A.E., Moulia, D, et al. (2021). The advisory committee on immunization practices' interim recommendation for use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents aged 12-15 years - united states. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70(20), 749-52. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7020e1
  • World Bank Group. (2020). Response to COVID-19: Preparing for school re-opening the case of China East Asia and Pacific education briefing note. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/743891587996521873/pdf/Response-to-COVID-19-Preparing-for-School-Re-Opening-The-Case-of-China.pdf
  • World Health Organization. (2021a). Schooling during COVID-19. Schooling during the COVID-19. Recommendations from the European Technical Advisory Group for schooling during COVID-19 (who.int)

Covid-19 Salgınında Okullarda Sağlık ve Güvenlik Stratejileri: Ülke Örnekleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 466 - 481, 26.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1052005

Öz

Okullar toplumların önemli bir parçasıdır. Covid-19 salgının yayılımını azaltmak için dünya genelinde okullar kapatılmıştır. Bu süreçte dünyada 1.6 milyar öğrenci eğitimi çeşitli yöntemlerle devam etmiştir. Bu durum öğrenciler arasında çocuk işçiliğinde artış, uzaktan eğitime ulaşamama ve ruh sağlıklarının olumsuz etkilenmesi gibi derin sorunlara neden olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalar ve uluslararası örgütlerin deneyimleri okullarda öğrencilerin Covid-19 salgınına yakalanma olasılıklarının düşük olduğunu, birbirlerine bulaştırıcılığının daha az ve hastalığı hafif geçirdiklerini göstermiştir. Her ülke kendi şartlarına uygun olarak okullarda yüz yüze eğitimin devamlılığını sağlamak ve okuldaki tüm bireylerin Covid-19 salgınından korumak için maske, sosyal mesafe, el hijyeni, ateş ölçümü ve semptom takibi, aşı uygulaması, karantina uygulaması, sınıf mevcudunun azaltılması, havalandırma, kalabalık ortamın azaltılması gibi halk sağlığı önlemleri alarak sağlık ve güvenlik stratejileri oluşturmuştur. Uluslararası kuruluşlar Covid-19 salgını ile mücadelede, okullarda okul sağlığı ekibi veya her okulda bir okul hemşiresinin görev almasını önermiştir. Derlemede Covid-19 salgınında kapanan okulların tekrar açılması ve devamlılığı için okullarda uygulanan sağlık ve güvenlik stratejileri ülkelerin gelişmişlik/gelişmemişlik düzeylerine bakılmaksızın dünya genelinden başta Amerika Birleşik devletleri, Çin, Danimarka, Norveç, Singapur, Tayvan, Hindistan ve Türkiye ülkeleri ve Afrika kıtası ülkeleri ise Afrika hastalık kontrol ve önleme merkezi tavsiyelerini uyguladıkları için Afrika kıtasından ülke seçilmeyerek Covid-19 salgınında okullarda sağlık ve güvenlik stratejileri: ülke örnekleri başlıklı makale literatür doğrultusunda incelenmiş ve alanyazıya katkı sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ADEA, AU/CIEFFA and APHRC. (2021). School reopening in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.adeanet.org/sites/default/files/school_reopening_kix_observatory.pdf
  • Africa CDC. (2020). Africa centres for disease control and prevention COVID-19 guidance for educational settings. https://africacdc.org/download/covid-19-guidance-for-educational-settings/
  • Auger, K.A., Shah, S.S., Richardson, T., Hartley, D., Hall, M., Warniment, A, et al. (2020). Association between statewide school closure and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the US. JAMA, 324(9),859-70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.14348
  • BC Centre for Disease Control. (2021). Public health communicable disease guidance for K-12 schools. http://www.bccdc.ca/Health-Info Site/Documents/COVID_public_guidance/Guidance-k-12-schools.pdf
  • Castagnoli, R., Votto, M., Licari, A., Brambilla, I., Bruno, R., Perlini, S, et al. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr, 174(9), 882-889. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1467
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021b, October 15). Guidance for COVID-19 prevention in K-12 schools. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-guidance.html
  • Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a, October 10). Schools and child care programs. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools childcare/index.html
  • Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c, December 13). Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine overview and safety (also known as comirnaty). https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/Pfizer-BioNTech.html
  • Centers For Disease Control and Prevention. (2021d, November 02). CDC recommends pediatric COVID-19 vaccine for children 5 to 11 years. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/s1102-PediatricCOVID-19Vaccine.html
  • Chu, V.T., Yousaf, A.R., Chang, K., Schwartz, N.G., McDaniel, C.J., Szablewski, C.M, et al. (2020, October). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from children and adolescents. Medrxiv, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.10.20210492v2
  • Donohue, J.M., & Miller, E. (2020). COVID-19 and school closures. JAMA, 324(9), 845-847. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.13092
  • European Union. (2021). The school year 2020-2021 in denmark during the pandemic. Jrc125452_Edu_Covid_Denmark_Report_2021 (1).Pdf
  • Gandini, S., Rainisio, M., Iannuzzo, M.L., Bellerba, F., Cecconi, F., & Scorrano, L. (2021). A cross-sectional and prospective cohort study of the role of schools in the SARS-CoV-2 second wave in Italy. The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 5, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100092
  • Goverment of Canada. (2021, September 09). Covıd-19 guidance for schools Kindergarten to Grade 12. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/health-professionals/guidance-schools-childcare-programs.html
  • Grijalva, C.G., Rolfes, M.A., Zhu, Y., McLean, H.Q., Hanson, K.E., Belongia, E.A. et al. (2020). Transmission of SARS-COV-2 infections in households - tennessee and wisconsin, April–September 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 69(44), 1631-1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e1
  • Human Rights Watch. (2020, October 17). Impact of Covid-19 on children’s education in Africa. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/26/impact-covid-19-childrens-education-africa
  • Kaufman, B.G., Mahendraratnam, N., Nguyen, T.V., Benzing, L., Beliveau, J., Silcox, C, et al. (2021). Factors associated with initial public school reopening plans during the US COVID-19 pandemic: a Retrospective study. Journal of general internal Medicine, 36(3), 852-854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-06470-1
  • Kedia, M. (2021, September 14). Singapore’s school management policy during COVID-19. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/singapores-school-management-policy-during-covid-19/
  • Koca, F. [@drfahrettinkoca]. (2020 September 16). Okullarda PCR testi. [Moment]. Twitter. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://twitter.com/drfahrettinkoca/status/1436363036592324616
  • Lo Moro, G., Sinigaglia, T., Bert, F., Savatteri, A., Gualano, M.R., & Siliquini, R. (2020). Reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: Overview and rapid systematic review of guidelines and recommendations on preventive measures and the management of cases. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(23), 1-22, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238839
  • MEB. (2021a). Okullarda Covıd-19 pozitif vaka çıkması durumunda yapılması gereken uygulamalar. 10163533_algoritma.pdf (meb.gov.tr)
  • MEB. (2021b). Covıd-19 salgınında okullarda alınması gereken önlemler. 01112425_MEB_Salgin_Brosur.pdf
  • Melnick, H., Darling-Hammond, L., Leung, M., Yun, C., Schachner, A., Plasencia, S., & Ondrasek, N. (2020, May 2020). Reopening schools in the context of COVID-19: Health and safety guidelines from other countries. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/product-files/Reopening_Schools_COVID-19_BRIEF.pdf
  • Ministry of Education Singapore. (2021, December 24). FAQs: COVID-19 related matters. https://www.moe.gov.sg/faqs-covid-19-infection
  • Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). (2021, October 29). News Updates. https://english.moe.gov.tw/lp-117-1-xCat-COVID19outbreak-1-15.html
  • National Association of School Nurses. (2020, December 17). Coronavirus disease 2019 resources. https://www.nasn.org/nasn/nasn-resources/practice-topics/covid19
  • National Portal of İndia. (2021). SOP/guidelines for health and safety protocols for reopening of schools and learning with physical/ social distancing. https://covid19.india.gov.in/document/sop-guidelines-for-health-and-safety-protocols-for-reopening-of-schools-and-learning-with-physical-social-distancing/
  • Norwegian Institute of Public Health. (NIPH). (2021, March 03). Advice and information for children and adolescents. https://www.fhi.no/en/op/novel-coronavirus-facts-advice/facts-and-general-advice/advice-and-information-for-children-and-adolescents/
  • Otte Im Kampe, E., Lehfeld, A.S., Buda, S., Buchholz, U., & Haas, W. (2020). Surveillance of COVID-19 school outbreaks, Germany, March to August 2020. Euro Surveill, 25(38), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.38.2001645
  • Psacharopoulos, G., Patrinos, H.A., Collis, V., & Vegas, E. (2020, April 30). The COVID19 cost of school closures. https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/covid-19-cost-school-closures
  • Sharma, D., & BAMS, P.J. (2021). Reopening schools in India during the Covid-19 pandemic, Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 67(2), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmab033
  • Sheikh, A., Sheikh, A., Sheikh, Z., & Dhami, S. (2020). Reopening schools after the COVID-19 lockdown.  Journal of Global Health,  10(1), 010376. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010376
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2021a, October 7). Children and COVID-19: State-level data report. https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). (2021b, September 12). Children and COVID-19: State data report. https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/
  • United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021a, October 15). COVID-19 impact on education. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021b, August 3). School closures and regional policies to mitigate learning loss due to COVID-19: A focus on the Asia-Pacific. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378429
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (2020a). Guidance for COVID-19 preventıon and control in schools. https://www.unicef.org/media/66036/file/Key%20Messages%20and%20Actions%20for%20COVID19%20Prevention%20and%20Control%20in%20Schools_March%202020.pdf
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2020b, May 04). Schools remain locked for more than 127 million children in Eastern and Southern Africa. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/schools-remain-locked-more-127-million-children-eastern-and-southern-africa
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2020c). Wash Covıd-19 response. https://siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/20200701_Mapping-WASH-COVID-19_Key-remarks_v6_clean-Aug-10-.pdf
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2021a, August 30). All schools in Europe & Central Asia should remain open and made safer from COVID-19, say WHO and UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/all-schools-europe-central-asia-should-remain-open-and-made-safer-covid-19-say-who
  • United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. (2021b, March 10). COVID-19: Schools for more than 168 million children globally have been completely closed for almost a full year, says UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/india/press-releases/covid-19-schools-more-168-million-children-globally-have-been-completely-closed
  • Wallace, M., Woodworth, K.R., Gargano, J.W., Scobie, H.M., Blain, A.E., Moulia, D, et al. (2021). The advisory committee on immunization practices' interim recommendation for use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents aged 12-15 years - united states. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70(20), 749-52. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7020e1
  • World Bank Group. (2020). Response to COVID-19: Preparing for school re-opening the case of China East Asia and Pacific education briefing note. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/743891587996521873/pdf/Response-to-COVID-19-Preparing-for-School-Re-Opening-The-Case-of-China.pdf
  • World Health Organization. (2021a). Schooling during COVID-19. Schooling during the COVID-19. Recommendations from the European Technical Advisory Group for schooling during COVID-19 (who.int)
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Aynur Uysal Toraman 0000-0001-8176-4042

Ökkeş Kısa 0000-0003-4933-0943

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uysal Toraman, A., & Kısa, Ö. (2022). Covid-19 Salgınında Okullarda Sağlık ve Güvenlik Stratejileri: Ülke Örnekleri. Humanistic Perspective, 4(2), 466-481. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.1052005


Humanistic Perspective - 2019


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