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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 125 - 135, 31.12.2022

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Kaynakça

  • Abokyi, S., To, C. H., Lam, T. T., & Tse, D. Y. (2020). Central role of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration: evidence from a review of the molecular mechanisms and animal models. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 7901270. https://doi:10.1155/2020/7901270 Agrón, E., Mares, J., Clemons, T. E., Swaroop, A., Chew, E. Y., & Keenan, T. D. L. (2021). Dietary nutrient intake and progression to late age-related macular degeneration in the age-related eye disease studies 1 and 2. Ophthalmology, 128(3), 425-442. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.018
  • Al-Zamil, W. M., & Yassin, S. A. (2017). Recent developments in age-related macular degeneration: a review. Clinical Intervations in Aging, 12, 1313-1330. https://doi:10.2147/cia.S143508
  • Alexander, P., Thomson, H. A., Luff, A. J., & Lotery, A. J. (2015). Retinal pigment epithelium transplantation: concepts, challenges, and future prospects. Eye (London), 29(8), 992-1002. https://doi:10.1038/eye.2015.89
  • Arunkumar, R., Gorusupudi, A., & Bernstein, P. S. (2020). The macular carotenoids: A biochemical overview. Biochimica and Biophysica Acta Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, 1865(11), 158617. https://doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158617
  • Bergen, A. A., Arya, S., Koster, C., Pilgrim, M. G., Wiatrek-Moumoulidis, D., van der Spek, P. J., Lengyel, I. (2019). On the origin of proteins in human drusen: The meet, greet and stick hypothesis. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 70, 55-84. https://doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.003
  • Bhutto, I., & Lutty, G. (2012). Understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD): relationships between the photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch's membrane/choriocapillaris complex. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 33(4), 295-317. https://doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.04.005
  • Bird, A. C., Bressler, N. M., Bressler, S. B., Chisholm, I. H., Coscas, G., Davis, M. D., Vingerling, J. R. (1995). An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Survey of Ophthalmology, 39(5), 367-374. https://doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80092-x
  • Bowes Rickman, C., Farsiu, S., Toth, C. A., & Klingeborn, M. (2013). Dry age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and imaging. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 54(14), Orsf68-80. https://doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12757
  • Brown, D. M., Michels, M., Kaiser, P. K., Heier, J. S., Sy, J. P., & Ianchulev, T. (2009). Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Two-year results of the ANCHOR study. Ophthalmology, 116(1), 57-65.e55. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.018
  • Busik, J. V., Tikhonenko, M., Bhatwadekar, A., Opreanu, M., Yakubova, N., Caballero, S., Grant, M. B. (2009). Diabetic retinopathy is associated with bone marrow neuropathy and a depressed peripheral clock. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(13), 2897-2906. https://doi:10.1084/jem.20090889
  • Campochiaro, P. A., Soloway, P., Ryan, S. J., & Miller, J. W. (1999). The pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Molecular Vision, 5, 34.
  • Chakravarthy, U., Wong, T. Y., Fletcher, A., Piault, E., Evans, C., Zlateva, G., Mitchell, P. (2010). Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmology, 10, 31. https://doi:10.1186/1471-2415-10-31
  • Chen, L. J., Cheng, C. K., Yeung, L., Yang, C. H., & Chen, S. J. (2020). Management of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Experts consensus in Taiwan. Journal of Formosan Medical Association, 119(2), 569-576. https://doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.012
  • Clark, S. J., McHarg, S., Tilakaratna, V., Brace, N., & Bishop, P. N. (2017). Bruch's membrane compartmentalizes complement regulation in the eye with implications for therapeutic design in age-related macular degeneration. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1778. https://doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01778
  • Falavarjani, K. G., Modarres, M., Hashemi, M., Parvaresh, M. M., Naseripour, M., Zare-Moghaddam, A., & Nekoozadeh, S. (2013). Incidence of acute endophthalmitis after intravitreal bevacizumab injection in a single clinical center. Retina, 33(5), 971-974. https://doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31826f0675
  • Ferris III, F. L., Wilkinson, C. P., Bird, A., Chakravarthy, U., Chew, E., Csaky, K., & Sadda, S. R. (2013). Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 120(4), 844-851. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.036
  • Group, A. R. E. D. S. (2001). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archieves of Ophthalmology, 119(10), 1417-1436. https://doi:10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417
  • Grzybowski, A., Told, R., Sacu, S., Bandello, F., Moisseiev, E., Loewenstein, A., & Schmidt-Erfurth, U. (2018). 2018 Update on intravitreal injections: Euretina expert consensus recommendations. Ophthalmologica, 239(4), 181-193. https://doi:10.1159/000486145
  • Haines, J. L., Hauser, M. A., Schmidt, S., Scott, W. K., Olson, L. M., Gallins, P., Pericak-Vance, M. A. (2005). Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science, 308(5720), 419-421. https://doi:10.1126/science.1110359
  • Han, X., Chen, Y., Gordon, I., Safi, S., Lingham, G., Evans, J., He, M. (2022). A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 1-8. https://doi:10.1080/09286586.2022.2059812
  • Hartman, R. R., & Kompella, U. B. (2018). Intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal injections: evolution of microneedles for drug delivery. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 34(1-2), 141-153. https://doi:10.1089/jop.2017.0121
  • Heier, J. S., Kherani, S., Desai, S., Dugel, P., Kaushal, S., Cheng, S. H., Campochiaro, P. A. (2017). Intravitreous injection of AAV2-sFLT01 in patients with advanced neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a phase 1, open-label trial. Lancet, 390(10089), 50-61. https://doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30979-0
  • Humphries, J. M., & Khachik, F. (2003). Distribution of lutein, zeaxanthin, and related geometrical isomers in fruit, vegetables, wheat, and pasta products. Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry, 51(5), 1322-1327. https://doi:10.1021/jf026073e
  • Jager, R. D., Mieler, W. F., & Miller, J. W. (2008). Age-related macular degeneration. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(24), 2606-2617. https://doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801537
  • Kaiser, P. K., Boyer, D. S., Garcia, R., Hao, Y., Hughes, M. S., Jabbour, N. M., Strong, H. A. (2009). Verteporfin photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 116(4), 747-755, 755.e741. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.057
  • Kijlstra, A., & Berendschot, T. T. (2015). Age-related macular degeneration: a complementopathy? Ophthalmic Research, 54(2), 64-73. https://doi:10.1159/000432401
  • Lai, C. C., Wu, W. C., Chen, S. L., Sun, M. H., Xiao, X., Ma, L., Tsao, Y. P. (2005). Recombinant adeno-associated virus vector expressing angiostatin inhibits preretinal neovascularization in adult rats. Ophthalmic Research, 37(1), 50-56. https://doi:10.1159/000083040
  • Lai, L. J., Xiao, X., & Wu, J. H. (2007). Inhibition of corneal neovascularization with endostatin delivered by adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector in a mouse corneal injury model. Journal of Biomedical Science, 14(3), 313-322. https://doi:10.1007/s11373-007-9153-7
  • Li, E., Donati, S., Lindsley, K. B., Krzystolik, M. G., & Virgili, G. (2020). Treatment regimens for administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5), Cd012208. https://doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012208.pub2
  • Lim, T. H., Lai, T. Y. Y., Takahashi, K., Wong, T. Y., Chen, L. J., Ruamviboonsuk, P., Koh, A. (2020). Comparison of Ranibizumab with or without Verteporfin photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: The EVEREST II Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmology, 138(9), 935-942. https://doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.2443
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Age-related Macular Degeneration and Current Therapies

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 125 - 135, 31.12.2022

Öz

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is degenerative retinal eye disease that affects central vision. It is estimated that by 2040, approximately 288 million people in the world might be affected by AMD. Considering the rapidly aging world population, the need for understanding the mechanism of progressive degeneration and developing appropriate treatment methods are increasing. Retinal degeneration in AMD is directly associated with many factors such as smoking, cardiovascular diseases, nutritional and genetic factors, and genes regulating complement, lipid, angiogenic, and extracellular matrix pathways. Studies on therapy development have limitations due to lack of knowledge of pathophysiological mechanism, multifactorial effects and disease progression is different in different patients. Although some therapy studies promise in treating AMD, huge effort is still needed for future drug development. This review focuses on the classification of AMD, underlying pathological mechanism, currently available and developing new treatment opportunities.

Kaynakça

  • Abokyi, S., To, C. H., Lam, T. T., & Tse, D. Y. (2020). Central role of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration: evidence from a review of the molecular mechanisms and animal models. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 7901270. https://doi:10.1155/2020/7901270 Agrón, E., Mares, J., Clemons, T. E., Swaroop, A., Chew, E. Y., & Keenan, T. D. L. (2021). Dietary nutrient intake and progression to late age-related macular degeneration in the age-related eye disease studies 1 and 2. Ophthalmology, 128(3), 425-442. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.018
  • Al-Zamil, W. M., & Yassin, S. A. (2017). Recent developments in age-related macular degeneration: a review. Clinical Intervations in Aging, 12, 1313-1330. https://doi:10.2147/cia.S143508
  • Alexander, P., Thomson, H. A., Luff, A. J., & Lotery, A. J. (2015). Retinal pigment epithelium transplantation: concepts, challenges, and future prospects. Eye (London), 29(8), 992-1002. https://doi:10.1038/eye.2015.89
  • Arunkumar, R., Gorusupudi, A., & Bernstein, P. S. (2020). The macular carotenoids: A biochemical overview. Biochimica and Biophysica Acta Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, 1865(11), 158617. https://doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158617
  • Bergen, A. A., Arya, S., Koster, C., Pilgrim, M. G., Wiatrek-Moumoulidis, D., van der Spek, P. J., Lengyel, I. (2019). On the origin of proteins in human drusen: The meet, greet and stick hypothesis. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 70, 55-84. https://doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.003
  • Bhutto, I., & Lutty, G. (2012). Understanding age-related macular degeneration (AMD): relationships between the photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch's membrane/choriocapillaris complex. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 33(4), 295-317. https://doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.04.005
  • Bird, A. C., Bressler, N. M., Bressler, S. B., Chisholm, I. H., Coscas, G., Davis, M. D., Vingerling, J. R. (1995). An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Survey of Ophthalmology, 39(5), 367-374. https://doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(05)80092-x
  • Bowes Rickman, C., Farsiu, S., Toth, C. A., & Klingeborn, M. (2013). Dry age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and imaging. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 54(14), Orsf68-80. https://doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12757
  • Brown, D. M., Michels, M., Kaiser, P. K., Heier, J. S., Sy, J. P., & Ianchulev, T. (2009). Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Two-year results of the ANCHOR study. Ophthalmology, 116(1), 57-65.e55. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.018
  • Busik, J. V., Tikhonenko, M., Bhatwadekar, A., Opreanu, M., Yakubova, N., Caballero, S., Grant, M. B. (2009). Diabetic retinopathy is associated with bone marrow neuropathy and a depressed peripheral clock. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206(13), 2897-2906. https://doi:10.1084/jem.20090889
  • Campochiaro, P. A., Soloway, P., Ryan, S. J., & Miller, J. W. (1999). The pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Molecular Vision, 5, 34.
  • Chakravarthy, U., Wong, T. Y., Fletcher, A., Piault, E., Evans, C., Zlateva, G., Mitchell, P. (2010). Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmology, 10, 31. https://doi:10.1186/1471-2415-10-31
  • Chen, L. J., Cheng, C. K., Yeung, L., Yang, C. H., & Chen, S. J. (2020). Management of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: Experts consensus in Taiwan. Journal of Formosan Medical Association, 119(2), 569-576. https://doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.012
  • Clark, S. J., McHarg, S., Tilakaratna, V., Brace, N., & Bishop, P. N. (2017). Bruch's membrane compartmentalizes complement regulation in the eye with implications for therapeutic design in age-related macular degeneration. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 1778. https://doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01778
  • Falavarjani, K. G., Modarres, M., Hashemi, M., Parvaresh, M. M., Naseripour, M., Zare-Moghaddam, A., & Nekoozadeh, S. (2013). Incidence of acute endophthalmitis after intravitreal bevacizumab injection in a single clinical center. Retina, 33(5), 971-974. https://doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31826f0675
  • Ferris III, F. L., Wilkinson, C. P., Bird, A., Chakravarthy, U., Chew, E., Csaky, K., & Sadda, S. R. (2013). Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 120(4), 844-851. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.036
  • Group, A. R. E. D. S. (2001). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archieves of Ophthalmology, 119(10), 1417-1436. https://doi:10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417
  • Grzybowski, A., Told, R., Sacu, S., Bandello, F., Moisseiev, E., Loewenstein, A., & Schmidt-Erfurth, U. (2018). 2018 Update on intravitreal injections: Euretina expert consensus recommendations. Ophthalmologica, 239(4), 181-193. https://doi:10.1159/000486145
  • Haines, J. L., Hauser, M. A., Schmidt, S., Scott, W. K., Olson, L. M., Gallins, P., Pericak-Vance, M. A. (2005). Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science, 308(5720), 419-421. https://doi:10.1126/science.1110359
  • Han, X., Chen, Y., Gordon, I., Safi, S., Lingham, G., Evans, J., He, M. (2022). A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 1-8. https://doi:10.1080/09286586.2022.2059812
  • Hartman, R. R., & Kompella, U. B. (2018). Intravitreal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal injections: evolution of microneedles for drug delivery. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 34(1-2), 141-153. https://doi:10.1089/jop.2017.0121
  • Heier, J. S., Kherani, S., Desai, S., Dugel, P., Kaushal, S., Cheng, S. H., Campochiaro, P. A. (2017). Intravitreous injection of AAV2-sFLT01 in patients with advanced neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a phase 1, open-label trial. Lancet, 390(10089), 50-61. https://doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30979-0
  • Humphries, J. M., & Khachik, F. (2003). Distribution of lutein, zeaxanthin, and related geometrical isomers in fruit, vegetables, wheat, and pasta products. Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry, 51(5), 1322-1327. https://doi:10.1021/jf026073e
  • Jager, R. D., Mieler, W. F., & Miller, J. W. (2008). Age-related macular degeneration. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(24), 2606-2617. https://doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801537
  • Kaiser, P. K., Boyer, D. S., Garcia, R., Hao, Y., Hughes, M. S., Jabbour, N. M., Strong, H. A. (2009). Verteporfin photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 116(4), 747-755, 755.e741. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.057
  • Kijlstra, A., & Berendschot, T. T. (2015). Age-related macular degeneration: a complementopathy? Ophthalmic Research, 54(2), 64-73. https://doi:10.1159/000432401
  • Lai, C. C., Wu, W. C., Chen, S. L., Sun, M. H., Xiao, X., Ma, L., Tsao, Y. P. (2005). Recombinant adeno-associated virus vector expressing angiostatin inhibits preretinal neovascularization in adult rats. Ophthalmic Research, 37(1), 50-56. https://doi:10.1159/000083040
  • Lai, L. J., Xiao, X., & Wu, J. H. (2007). Inhibition of corneal neovascularization with endostatin delivered by adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector in a mouse corneal injury model. Journal of Biomedical Science, 14(3), 313-322. https://doi:10.1007/s11373-007-9153-7
  • Li, E., Donati, S., Lindsley, K. B., Krzystolik, M. G., & Virgili, G. (2020). Treatment regimens for administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5), Cd012208. https://doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012208.pub2
  • Lim, T. H., Lai, T. Y. Y., Takahashi, K., Wong, T. Y., Chen, L. J., Ruamviboonsuk, P., Koh, A. (2020). Comparison of Ranibizumab with or without Verteporfin photodynamic therapy for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: The EVEREST II Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Ophthalmology, 138(9), 935-942. https://doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.2443
  • Lu, Z. G., May, A., Dinh, B., Lin, V., Su, F., Tran, C., Shaw, P. X. (2021). The interplay of oxidative stress and ARMS2-HTRA1 genetic risk in neovascular AMD. Vessel Plus, 5. https://doi:10.20517/2574-1209.2020.48
  • MacLaren, R. E., Uppal, G. S., Balaggan, K. S., Tufail, A., Munro, P. M., Milliken, A. B., da Cruz, L. (2007). Autologous transplantation of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 114(3), 561-570. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.049
  • Maeda, T., Sugita, S., Kurimoto, Y., & Takahashi, M. (2021). Trends of stem cell therapies in age-related macular degeneration. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(8). https://doi:10.3390/jcm10081785
  • Merle, B. M. J., Silver, R. E., Rosner, B., & Seddon, J. M. (2017). Associations between vitamin D Intake and progression to incident advanced age-related macular degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 58(11), 4569-4578. https://doi:10.1167/iovs.17-21673
  • Özgür, M., & Aslı, U. (2018). Yaşa bağlı makular dejenerasyonu olan hastaların beslenme durumlarının değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 20-27. https://doi:10.22312/sdusbed.368758
  • Polat, O., İnan, S., Özcan, S., Doğan, M., Küsbeci, T., Yavaş, G. F., & İnan, Ü. Ü. (2017). Yaşa bağlı maküla dejenerasyonunda intravitreal anti-vasküler endotel büyüme faktörü tedavisine hastaların uyumunu etkileyen faktörler. Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology, 47, 205-210. https://doi:10.4274/tjo.28003
  • Rastogi, N., & Smith, R. T. (2016). Association of age-related macular degeneration and reticular macular disease with cardiovascular disease. Survey of Ophthalmology, 61(4), 422-433. https://doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.10.003
  • RetNet. (2022). Retinal information network: genes associated with complex forms of retinal disease Retrieved from https://sph.uth.edu/retnet/sum-dis.htm#C-complex
  • Schmidt-Erfurth, U., Chong, V., Loewenstein, A., Larsen, M., Souied, E., Schlingemann, R., Bandello, F. (2014). Guidelines for the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA). British Journal of Ophthalmology, 98(9), 1144-1167. https://doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305702
  • Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., Fleckenstein, M., Scholl, H. P., & Holz, F. G. (2009). Fundus autofluorescence and progression of age-related macular degeneration. Survey of Ophthalmology, 54(1), 96-117. https://doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.10.004
  • Schnurrbusch, U. E., Jochmann, C., Einbock, W., & Wolf, S. (2005). Complications after photodynamic therapy. Archives of Ophthalmology, 123(10), 1347-1350. https://doi:10.1001/archopht.123.10.1347
  • Schwartz, S. D., Hubschman, J. P., Heilwell, G., Franco-Cardenas, V., Pan, C. K., Ostrick, R. M., Lanza, R. (2012). Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report. Lancet, 379(9817), 713-720. https://doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60028-2
  • Scott, L. J., & Goa, K. L. (2000). Verteporfin. Drugs Aging, 16(2), 139-146; discussion 147-138. https://doi:10.2165/00002512-200016020-00005
  • Seddon, J. M., Gensler, G., & Rosner, B. (2010). C-reactive protein and CFH, ARMS2/HTRA1 gene variants are independently associated with risk of macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 117(8), 1560-1566. https://doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.11.020
  • Selim, A., Koçak, N., Aslankara, H., & Kaynak, S. (2014). Comparative study of photodynamic therapy monotherapy versus triple management in age-related macular degeneration. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 44(5), 889-895. https://doi:10.3906/sag-1104-54
  • Ünlü, N., Acar, M. A., Hazırolan, D., Acar, D. E., & Duman, S. (2010). Yaşa bağlı maküla dejeneresansına ikincil koroid neovaskülarizasyonlarının tedavisinde anti-VEBF uygulaması ile fotodinamik tedavi ile anti-VEBF kombinasyonunun etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması. Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology, 40(6). https://doi:10.4274/tjo.40.343
  • van den Bergh, H. (2001). Photodynamic therapy of age-related macular degeneration: History and principles. Seminars in Ophthalmology, 16(4), 181-200. https://doi:10.1076/soph.16.4.181.10299
  • Velilla, S., García-Medina, J. J., García-Layana, A., Dolz-Marco, R., Pons-Vázquez, S., Pinazo-Durán, M. D., Gallego-Pinazo, R. (2013). Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2013, 895147. https://doi:10.1155/2013/895147
  • Wang, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Nie, J., Zhang, M., Ma, L. (2016). The association between the lipids levels in blood and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nutrients, 8(10). https://doi:10.3390/nu8100663
  • Wong, K. H., Nam, H. Y., Lew, S. Y., Naidu, M., David, P., Kamalden, T. A., Lim, L. W. (2022). Discovering the potential of natural antioxidants in age-related macular degeneration: a review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 15(1). https://doi:10.3390/ph15010101
  • Wong, W. L., Su, X., Li, X., Cheung, C. M., Klein, R., Cheng, C. Y., & Wong, T. Y. (2014). Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Global Health, 2(2), e106-116. https://doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70145-1
  • Yin, X., He, T., Yang, S., Cui, H., & Jiang, W. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Anti-VEGF) in Treating Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Immunology Research, 2022, 6004047. https://doi:10.1155/2022/6004047
  • Ziemssen, F., Hammer, T., Grueb, M., Mueller, B., Berk, H., Gamulescu, M. A., Ocean Study, G. (2020). Reporting of Safety Events during Anti-VEGF Treatment: Pharmacovigilance in a Noninterventional Trial. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2020, 8652370. https://doi:10.1155/2020/8652370
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Pakize Nur Akkaya 0000-0001-9444-9463

Zohreh Hosseınzadeh 0000-0003-3407-7754

Çiğdem Elmas 0000-0002-8857-0918

Ayse Sahaboglu 0000-0003-3241-0672

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkaya, P. N., Hosseınzadeh, Z., Elmas, Ç., Sahaboglu, A. (2022). Age-related Macular Degeneration and Current Therapies. Journal of Gazi University Health Sciences Institute, 4(3), 125-135.