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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 53 - 63, 26.02.2021

Yeşim İşgüzar Sidika Bulduk

Öz

Kaynakça

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  • An, H. M., Park, S. Y., Lee, D. K., Kim, J. R., Cha, M. K., Lee, S. W., ... & Ha, N. J. (2011). Antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of Bifidobacterium spp. in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Lipids in health and disease, 10(1), 116.
  • Anastasiou, C. A., Karfopoulou, E., & Yannakoulia, M. (2015). Weight regaining: from statistics and behaviors to physiology and metabolism. Metabolism, 64(11), 1395-1407.
  • Arslan, N. (2014). Obezite ile Barsak Mikrobiyotası İlişkisi ve Obezitede Prebiyotikler ve Probiyotiklerin Kullanımı. [ Relationship Between Obesity and Intestinal Microbiota and Pre-and Probiotics Usage in Obesity] Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 42(2), 148-153.
  • Awney, H. A. (2011). The effects of Bifidobacteria on the lipid profile and oxidative stress biomarkers of male rats fed thermally oxidized soybean oil. Biomarkers, 16(5), 445-452.
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  • Bäumler, A. J., & Sperandio, V. (2016). Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut. Nature, 535(7610), 85-93.
  • Bomhof, M. R., Saha, D. C., Reid, D. T., Paul, H. A., & Reimer, R. A. (2014). Combined effects of oligofructose and Bifidobacterium animalis on gut microbiota and glycemia in obese rats. Obesity, 22(3), 763-771.
  • Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., ... & Waget, A. (2007). Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes, 56(7), 1761-1772.
  • Cao, S. Y., Zhao, C. N., Xu, X. Y., Tang, G. Y., Corke, H., Gan, R. Y., & Li, H. B. (2019). Dietary plants, gut microbiota, and obesity: Effects and mechanisms. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 92, 194-204.
  • Carvalho, B. M., & Abdalla Saad, M. J. (2013). Influence of gut microbiota on subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance. Mediators of inflammation, 2013.
  • Chakraborti, C. K. (2015). New-found link between microbiota and obesity. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 6(4), 110.
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  • Chang, B. J., Park, S. U., Jang, Y. S., Ko, S. H., Joo, N. M., Kim, S. I., ... & Chang, D. K. (2011). Effect of functional yogurt NY-YP901 in improving the trait of metabolic syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(11), 1250-1255.
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  • Dahiya, D. K., Puniya, M., Shandilya, U. K., Dhewa, T., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., ... & Shukla, P. (2017). Gut microbiota modulation and its relationship with obesity using prebiotic fibers and probiotics: a review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 563.
  • Den Besten, G., van Eunen, K., Groen, A. K., Venema, K., Reijngoud, D. J., & Bakker, B. M. (2013). The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. Journal of Lipid Research, 54(9), 2325-2340.
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Effects of Gut Microbiota and Probiotics on Obesity

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 53 - 63, 26.02.2021

Yeşim İşgüzar Sidika Bulduk

Öz

Intestinal microbiota having important effects on energy homeostasis is associated with obesity and many metabolic diseases. The presence of "dysbiosis" seen with the imbalance of the ratio between the dominant bacterial phyla making up the microbiota plays a role in the pathogenesis of obesity. In the case of dysbiosis, the permeability of the intestinal barrier increases and the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids with significant metabolic effects decreases. Glucose and lipid metabolism is disrupted in the host organism, the susceptibility to inflammation increases and the metabolic endotoxemia results in obesity with these physiological changes in dysbiosis. Therefore, the use of probiotics has come to the forefront in recent years to protect the functional integrity of the intestinal microbiota and to prevent dysbiosis. As the result of various experimental and clinical studies conducted in probiotic applications, the mechanisms that can have an effect on energy metabolism and obesity development have been revealed. Accordingly, it has been reported that Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. strains, which are the main components of probiotics and nutritional supplements, have beneficial effects on obesity or metabolic complications (abnormal lipid profile and high glucose level) in animal studies. The effect of probiotics on weight control is not only a direct effect but also an indirect effect against harmful bacteria in the gut. The general limitations of all these studies are stated as small sample sizes and not having longer follow-ups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Probiotic Gut microbiota, Body weight, Energy

Kaynakça

  • Aagaard, K., Ma, J., Antony, K. M., Ganu, R., Petrosino, J., & Versalovic, J. (2014). The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Science Translational Medicine, 6(237), 237ra65-237ra65.
  • Agustina, R., Bovee-Oudenhoven, I. M., Lukito, W., Fahmida, U., Van De Rest, O., Zimmermann, M. B., ... & Kok, F. J. (2013). Probiotics Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 modestly increase growth, but not iron and zinc status, among Indonesian children aged 1–6 years. The Journal of Nutrition, 143(7), 1184-1193.
  • Al-Assal, K., Martinez, A. C., Torrinhas, R. S., Cardinelli, C., & Waitzberg, D. (2018). Gut microbiota and obesity. Clinical Nutrition Experimental, 20, 60-64.
  • Alcock, J., Maley, C. C., & Aktipis, C. A. (2014). Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms. Bioessays, 36(10), 940-949.
  • An, H. M., Park, S. Y., Lee, D. K., Kim, J. R., Cha, M. K., Lee, S. W., ... & Ha, N. J. (2011). Antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of Bifidobacterium spp. in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Lipids in health and disease, 10(1), 116.
  • Anastasiou, C. A., Karfopoulou, E., & Yannakoulia, M. (2015). Weight regaining: from statistics and behaviors to physiology and metabolism. Metabolism, 64(11), 1395-1407.
  • Arslan, N. (2014). Obezite ile Barsak Mikrobiyotası İlişkisi ve Obezitede Prebiyotikler ve Probiyotiklerin Kullanımı. [ Relationship Between Obesity and Intestinal Microbiota and Pre-and Probiotics Usage in Obesity] Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 42(2), 148-153.
  • Awney, H. A. (2011). The effects of Bifidobacteria on the lipid profile and oxidative stress biomarkers of male rats fed thermally oxidized soybean oil. Biomarkers, 16(5), 445-452.
  • Azad, M., Kalam, A., Sarker, M., Li, T., & Yin, J. (2018). Probiotic species in the modulation of gut microbiota: an overview. BioMed research international, 2018.
  • Bäckhed, F., Ding, H., Wang, T., Hooper, L. V., Koh, G. Y., Nagy, A., ... & Gordon, J. I. (2004). The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 101(44), 15718-15723.
  • Bäckhed, F., Manchester, J. K., Semenkovich, C. F., & Gordon, J. I. (2007). Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(3), 979-984.
  • Bakker, G. J., Zhao, J., Herrema, H., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2015). Gut microbiota and energy expenditure in health and obesity. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 49, S13-S19.
  • Balamurugan, R., George, G., Kabeerdoss, J., Hepsiba, J., Chandragunasekaran, A. M., & Ramakrishna, B. S. (2010). Quantitative differences in intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in obese Indian children. British journal of nutrition, 103(3), 335-338.
  • Bäumler, A. J., & Sperandio, V. (2016). Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut. Nature, 535(7610), 85-93.
  • Bomhof, M. R., Saha, D. C., Reid, D. T., Paul, H. A., & Reimer, R. A. (2014). Combined effects of oligofructose and Bifidobacterium animalis on gut microbiota and glycemia in obese rats. Obesity, 22(3), 763-771.
  • Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., ... & Waget, A. (2007). Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes, 56(7), 1761-1772.
  • Cao, S. Y., Zhao, C. N., Xu, X. Y., Tang, G. Y., Corke, H., Gan, R. Y., & Li, H. B. (2019). Dietary plants, gut microbiota, and obesity: Effects and mechanisms. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 92, 194-204.
  • Carvalho, B. M., & Abdalla Saad, M. J. (2013). Influence of gut microbiota on subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance. Mediators of inflammation, 2013.
  • Chakraborti, C. K. (2015). New-found link between microbiota and obesity. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 6(4), 110.
  • Chang, B. J., Park, S. U., Jang, Y. S., Ko, S. H., Joo, N. M., Kim, S. I., ... & Chang, D. K. (2011). Effect of functional yogurt NY-YP901 in improving the trait of metabolic syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(11), 1250-1255.
  • Chang, B. J., Park, S. U., Jang, Y. S., Ko, S. H., Joo, N. M., Kim, S. I., ... & Chang, D. K. (2011). Effect of functional yogurt NY-YP901 in improving the trait of metabolic syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(11), 1250-1255.
  • Chaudhri, O. B., Salem, V., Murphy, K. G., & Bloom, S. R. (2008). Gastrointestinal satiety signals. Annual Review of Physiology, 70, 239-255.
  • Clemente, J. C., Ursell, L. K., Parfrey, L. W., & Knight, R. (2012). The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell, 148(6), 1258-1270.
  • Dahiya, D. K., Puniya, M., Shandilya, U. K., Dhewa, T., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., ... & Shukla, P. (2017). Gut microbiota modulation and its relationship with obesity using prebiotic fibers and probiotics: a review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 563.
  • Den Besten, G., van Eunen, K., Groen, A. K., Venema, K., Reijngoud, D. J., & Bakker, B. M. (2013). The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. Journal of Lipid Research, 54(9), 2325-2340.
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  • Gérard, P. (2016). Gut microbiota and obesity. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 73(1), 147-162.
  • Gøbel, R. J., Larsen, N., Jakobsen, M., Mølgaard, C., & Michaelsen, K. F. (2012). Probiotics to adolescents with obesity: effects on inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 55(6), 673-678.
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  • Ivey, K. L., Hodgson, J. M., Kerr, D. A., Lewis, J. R., Thompson, P. L., & Prince, R. L. (2014). The effects of probiotic bacteria on glycaemic control in overweight men and women: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(4), 447-452.
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  • Jeung, W. H., Nam, W., Kim, H. J., Kim, J. Y., Nam, B., Jang, S. S., ... & Park, S. D. (2019). Oral Administration of Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 with Cinnamomi Ramulus Extract Reduces Diet-Induced Obesity and Modulates Gut Microbiota. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 24(2), 136.
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  • Kadooka, Y., Sato, M., Imaizumi, K., Ogawa, A., Ikuyama, K., Akai, Y., ... & Tsuchida, T. (2010). Regulation of abdominal adiposity by probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055) in adults with obese tendencies in a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64(6), 636-643.
  • Karlsson, C. L., Molin, G., Fåk, F., Hagslätt, M. L. J., Jakesevic, M., Håkansson, Å., ... & Ahrné, S. (2011). Effects on weight gain and gut microbiota in rats given bacterial supplements and a high-energy-dense diet from fetal life through to 6 months of age. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(6), 887-895.
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  • Kim, K. A., Jeong, J. J., & Kim, D. H. (2015). Lactobacillus brevis OK56 ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by inhibiting NF-κB activation and gut microbial LPS production. Journal of Functional Foods, 13, 183-191.
  • Kobyliak, N., Conte, C., Cammarota, G., Haley, A. P., Styriak, I., Gaspar, L., ... & Kruzliak, P. (2016). Probiotics in prevention and treatment of obesity: a critical view. Nutrition & Metabolism, 13(1), 14.
  • Koenig, J. E., Spor, A., Scalfone, N., Fricker, A. D., Stombaugh, J., Knight, R., ... & Ley, R. E. (2011). Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(Supplement 1), 4578-4585.
  • Koliwad, S. K., Kuo, T., Shipp, L. E., Gray, N. E., Backhed, F., So, A. Y. L., ... & Wang, J. C. (2009). Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4, fasting-induced adipose factor) is a direct glucocorticoid receptor target and participates in glucocorticoid-regulated triglyceride metabolism. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(38), 25593-25601.
  • Kondo, S., Xiao, J. Z., Satoh, T., Odamaki, T., Takahashi, S., Sugahara, H., ... & Abe, K. (2010). Antiobesity effects of Bifidobacterium breve strain B-3 supplementation in a mouse model with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 74(8), 1656-1661.
  • Kootte, R. S., Vrieze, A., Holleman, F., Dallinga‐Thie, G. M., Zoetendal, E. G., de Vos, W. M., ... & Nieuwdorp, M. (2012). The therapeutic potential of manipulating gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 14(2), 112-120.
  • Le Chatelier, E., Nielsen, T., Qin, J., Prifti, E., Hildebrand, F., Falony, G., ... & Leonard, P. (2013). Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature, 500(7464), 541-546.
  • Lee, K., Paek, K., Lee, H. Y., Park, J. H., & Lee, Y. (2007). Antiobesity effect of trans‐10, cis‐12‐conjugated linoleic acid‐producing Lactobacillus plantarum PL62 on diet‐induced obese mice. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(4), 1140-1146.
  • Lin, H. V., Frassetto, A., Kowalik Jr, E. J., Nawrocki, A. R., Lu, M. M., Kosinski, J. R., ... & Marsh, D. J. (2012). Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PloS One, 7(4), e35240.
  • Luoto, R., Kalliomäki, M., Laitinen, K., & Isolauri, E. (2010). The impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on the development of overweight and obesity: follow-up study from birth to 10 years. International Journal of Obesity, 34(10), 1531-1537.
  • Mandard, S., Zandbergen, F., Tan, N. S., Escher, P., Patsouris, D., Koenig, W., ... & Müller, M. (2004). The direct peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor target fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF/PGAR/ANGPTL4) is present in blood plasma as a truncated protein that is increased by fenofibrate treatment. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(33), 34411-34420.
  • Mathur, R., & Barlow, G. M. (2015). Obesity and the microbiome. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 9(8), 1087-1099.
  • Mazloom, K., Siddiqi, I., & Covasna, M. (2019). Probiotics: How Effective Are They in the Fight against Obesity? Nutrients, 11, 258.
  • Million, M., Angelakis, E., Paul, M., Armougom, F., Leibovici, L., & Raoult, D. (2012). Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals. Microbial Pathogenesis, 53(2), 100-108.
  • Minami, J., Iwabuchi, N., Tanaka, M., Yamauchi, K., Xiao, J. Z., Abe, F., & Sakane, N. (2018). Effects of Bifidobacterium breve B-3 on body fat reductions in pre-obese adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health, 18-001.
  • Miyoshi, M., Ogawa, A., Higurashi, S., & Kadooka, Y. (2014). Anti-obesity effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 accompanied by inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene expression in the visceral adipose tissue in diet-induced obese mice. European Journal of Nutrition, 53(2), 599-606.
  • Naito, E., Yoshida, Y., Makino, K., Kounoshi, Y., Kunihiro, S., Takahashi, R., ... & Ishikawa, F. (2011). Beneficial effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on insulin resistance in diet‐induced obesity mice. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 110(3), 650-657.
  • Natividad, J. M., & Verdu, E. F. (2013). Modulation of intestinal barrier by intestinal microbiota: pathological and therapeutic implications. Pharmacological Research, 69(1), 42-51.
  • Nieuwdorp, M., Gilijamse, P. W., Pai, N., & Kaplan, L. M. (2014). Role of the microbiome in energy regulation and metabolism. Gastroenterology, 146(6), 1525-1533.
  • Park, D. Y., Ahn, Y. T., Park, S. H., Huh, C. S., Yoo, S. R., Yu, R., ... & Choi, M. S. (2013). Supplementation of Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 in diet-induced obese mice is associated with gut microbial changes and reduction in obesity. PloS One, 8(3), e59470.
  • Pedret, A., Valls, R. M., Calderón-Pérez, L., Llauradó, E., Companys, J., Pla-Pagà, L., ... & Caimari, A. (2019). Effects of daily consumption of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CECT 8145 on anthropometric adiposity biomarkers in abdominally obese subjects: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity, 43(9), 1863-1868.
  • Rajkumar, H., Mahmood, N., Kumar, M., Varikuti, S. R., Challa, H. R., & Myakala, S. P. (2014). Effect of probiotic (VSL# 3) and omega-3 on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory markers, and gut colonization in overweight adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Mediators of Inflammation, 2014.
  • Roselli, M., Finamore, A., Brasili, E., Rami, R., Nobili, F., Orsi, C., ... & Mengheri, E. (2018). Beneficial effects of a selected probiotic mixture administered to high fat-fed mice before and after the development of obesity. Journal of Functional Foods, 45, 321-329.
  • Sanchez, M., Darimont, C., Drapeau, V., Emady-Azar, S., Lepage, M., Rezzonico, E., ... & Leone, P. (2014). Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1. 3724 supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(8), 1507-1519.
  • Sanchis-Chordà, J., Del Pulgar, E. M. G., Carrasco-Luna, J., Benítez-Páez, A., Sanz, Y., & Codoñer-Franch, P. (2019). Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 supplementation improves inflammatory status in insulin-resistant obese children. European Journal of Nutrition, 58(7), 2789-2800.
  • Sayin, S. I., Wahlström, A., Felin, J., Jäntti, S., Marschall, H. U., Bamberg, K., ... & Bäckhed, F. (2013). Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist. Cell Metabolism, 17(2), 225-235.
  • Schwiertz, A., Taras, D., Schäfer, K., Beijer, S., Bos, N. A., Donus, C., & Hardt, P. D. (2010). Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity, 18(1), 190-195.
  • Štšepetova, J., Sepp, E., Kolk, H., Loivukene, K., Songisepp, E., & Mikelsaar, M. (2011). Diversity and metabolic impact of intestinal Lactobacillus species in healthy adults and the elderly. British Journal of Nutrition, 105(8), 1235-1244.
  • Sweeney, T. E., & Morton, J. M. (2013). The human gut microbiome: a review of the effect of obesity and surgically induced weight loss. JAMA Surgery, 148(6), 563-569.
  • Takemura, N., Okubo, T., & Sonoyama, K. (2010). Lactobacillus plantarum strain No. 14 reduces adipocyte size in mice fed high-fat diet. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 235(7), 849-856.
  • Thursby, E., & Juge, N. (2017). Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochemical Journal, 474(11), 1823-1836.
  • Turnbaugh, P. J., Hamady, M., Yatsunenko, T., Cantarel, B. L., Duncan, A., Ley, R. E., ... & Egholm, M. (2009). A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature, 457(7228), 480-484.
  • Vendt, N., Grünberg, H., Tuure, T., Malminiemi, O., Wuolijoki, E., Tillmann, V., ... & Korpela, R. (2006). Growth during the first 6 months of life in infants using formula enriched with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: double‐blind, randomized trial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 19(1), 51-58.
  • Wang, M., Zhang, B., Hu, J., Nie, S., Xiong, T., & Xie, M. (2020). Intervention of five strains of Lactobacillus on obesity in mice induced by high-fat diet. Journal of Functional Foods, 72, 104078.
  • Wardle, J., Griffith, J., Johnson, F., & Rapoport, L. (2000). Intentional weight control and food choice habits in a national representative sample of adults in the UK. International Journal of Obesity, 24(5), 534-540.
  • Yadav, H., Lee, J. H., Lloyd, J., Walter, P., & Rane, S. G. (2013). Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(35), 25088-25097.
  • Yin, Y. N., Yu, Q. F., Fu, N., Liu, X. W., & Lu, F. G. (2010). Effects of four Bifidobacteria on obesity in high-fat diet induced rats. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 16(27), 3394.
  • Yoo, S. R., Kim, Y. J., Park, D. Y., Jung, U. J., Jeon, S. M., Ahn, Y. T., ... & Choi, M. S. (2013). Probiotics L. plantarum and L. curvatus in combination alter hepatic lipid metabolism and suppress diet‐Induced obesity. Obesity, 21(12), 2571-2578.
  • Zarrati, M., Shidfar, F., Nourijelyani, K., Mofid, V., Hossein zadeh‐Attar, M. J., Bidad, K., ... & Salehi, E. (2013). Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium BB12, and Lactobacillus casei DN001 modulate gene expression of subset specific transcription factors and cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of obese and overweight people. Biofactors, 39(6), 633-643.
  • Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., & Fei, X. (2016). Effect of probiotics on body weight and body-mass index: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. International Journal of Food Sciences And Nutrition.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beslenme ve Diyetetik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yeşim İşgüzar 0000-0003-1616-0263

Sidika Bulduk 0000-0002-1461-5909

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA İşgüzar, Y., & Bulduk, S. (2021). Effects of Gut Microbiota and Probiotics on Obesity. Journal of Gazi University Health Sciences Institute, 2(3), 53-63.
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