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HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 5, 913 - 923, 15.10.2023

Nevriye Kurt Ebru Aydın Gülcan Özkan

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23067

Öz

Avocado leaves, typically considered as pruning residues, possess a significant amount of bioactive compounds. This research aimed to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds from Hass avocado leaves using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and response surface method (RSM). The extraction yield and total phenolic content (TPC) were maximized by determining the optimal process conditions, which were found to be 47°C for 5 minutes and a solid/solvent ratio of 1.13 g dry leaf/100 mL, respectively. The predicted values of all models were found to be statistically significant (p <0.001). The aqueous extracts' antidiabetic and antioxidant activities were 64.59% and 235.6 mg TE/100 g, respectively. The amount of TPC was 591.76 μg GAE/g extract, and chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic component. These results indicated that MAE proved efficient with low energy consumption, yielding phenolic-rich avocado leaf extracts, which possess high antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Keywords: Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) microwave-assisted extraction response surface method (RSM) antidiabetic pruning wastes

Destekleyen Kurum

Suleyman Demirel University Scientific Research Projects Unit

Proje Numarası

FAB-2021-8258

Teşekkür

We acknowledge the Suleyman Demirel University Scientific Research Projects Unit for funding this research.

Kaynakça

  • Adelusi, T. I., Oboh, G., Akinyemi, A. J., Ajani, R. A., Temitope Isaac, A., Ganiyu, O., Akinyemi, A. J., Bakare, Olanrewaju, O. (2014). Avocado Pear Fruits and Leaves Aqueous Extracts Inhibit Α-Amylase, Α-Glucosidase and Snp Induced Lipid Peroxidation-An Insight into Mechanisms Involve in Management of Type 2 Diabetes Erectile dysfunction View project Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic waves. International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 3: 21–34.
  • Ainsworth, E. A., Gillespie, K. M. (2007). Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protocols, 2(4): 875–877, https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.102.
  • Castro-López, C., Bautista-Hernández, I., González-Hernández, M. D., Martínez-Ávila, G. C. G., Rojas, R., Gutiérrez-Díez, A., Medina-Herrera, N., Aguirre-Arzola, V. E. (2019). Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Purified Hydroalcoholic Extracts from Seven Mexican Persea americana Cultivars. Molecules, 24(1): 173, https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules24010173.
  • Che-Galicia, G., Váquiro-Herrera, H. A., Sampieri, Á., Corona-Jiménez, E. (2020). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia): Optimization and modeling. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 18(7): 20200023, https://doi.org/ 10.1515/IJCRE-2020-0023/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS.
  • Dailey, A., Vuong, Q. V. (2015). Effect of extraction solvents on recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) skin waste. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 1(1): 1115646, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1115646.
  • Delazar, A., Nahar, L., Hamedeyazdan, S., Sarker, S. D. (2012). Microwave-Assisted Extraction in Natural Products Isolation. Methods in Molecular Biology, 864: 89–115, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-624-1_5.
  • Delil, S. O. S., Özkan, G., Karacabey, E. (2022). Phenolic Transition from Olive Fruits at Different Ripening Stages to Olive Oil: Process Optimization and Determination by Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods. Food Analytical Methods, 15(12):3297–3310, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02364-6.
  • Dorman, H. J. D., Peltoketo, A., Hiltunen, R., Tikkanen, M. J. (2003). Characterization of the antioxidant properties of deodourised aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chemistry, 8(2): 255–262, https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00088-8.
  • FAOSTAT. (2021). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Agriculture Database. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
  • Gopalan, N. N. V. K., Tyug, T. A. N. S. (2021). Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenolic Content and Colour Parameters in the Aqueous Extracts of Avocado, Banana and Papaya Leaves. Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences/Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 19(1): 137-142, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.17576/JSKM-2021-1901-15.
  • Guaracho, V. V., Kaminari, N. M. S., Ponte, M. J. J. S., Ponte, H. A. (2009). Central Composite experimental design applied to removal of lead and nickel from sand. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172(2–3): 1087–1092, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.100.
  • Gümüştepe, L., Aydin, E., Ozkan, G. (2022). Avokadonun biyoaktif bileşenleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(1): 341–359, https://doi.org/ 10.21923/jesd.1005610.
  • Gumustepe, L., Kurt, N., Aydın, E., Ozkan, G. (2023). Comparison of ohmic heating‐and microwave‐assisted extraction techniques for avocado leaves valorization: Optimization and impact on the phenolic compounds and bioactivities. Food Science & Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3556.
  • Hefzalrahman, T., Morsi, M. K. S., Morsy, N. F. S., Hammad, K. S. M. (2022). Application of Enzyme and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols From Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) Peel As Natural Antioxidants. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria, 21(2): 129–138, https://doi.org/10.17306/ J.AFS.2022.0980.
  • Hughes, K. J., Mayne, S. T., Blumberg, J. B., Ribaya-Mercado, J. D., Johnson, E. J., Cartmel, B. (2009). Plasma Carotenoids and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with prior Head and Neck Cancer. Biomarker Insights, 4(4): 17–26, https://doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s2192.
  • Kamagate, M., Koffi, E., Kadja, A. B., Camille, K., Balayssac, E., Daubrey-Potey, T., N’zoue, K. S., Die-Kacou, H. M. (2016). Acute toxicity and hypoglycaemic activity of the leaf extracts of Persea americana Mill.(Lauraceae) in Wistar rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 10(33): 690–698, https://doi.org/10.5897/ AJPP2016.4617.
  • Kavaz, D., Ogbonna, C. (2019). Comparative study of biological activity and chemical composition of methanolic and ethanolic plant extracts of Persea americana leaves in-vitro. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 17: 261–270, https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.599475.
  • Monzón, L., Becerra, G., Aguirre, E., Rodríguez, G., Villanueva, E., Monzón, L., Becerra, G., Aguirre, E., Rodríguez, G., Villanueva, E. (2021). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from avocado residues: Modeling and optimization using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks. Scientia Agropecuaria, 12(1): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.17268/ SCI.AGROPECU.2021.004.
  • Murathan, Z. T., Kaya, A. (2020). Alanya ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen Hass ve Fuerte avokado çeşitlerinin bazı fitokimyasal içerikleri ile antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(6): 1435-1440, https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.674647.
  • Nam Han Cho. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2019. In International Diabetes Federation. Available at: http://www.diabetesatlas.org. https://doi.org/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8.
  • Noorul, H., Nesar, A., Zafar, K., Khalid, M., Zeeshan, A., Vartika, S. (2016). Health benefits and pharmacology of Persea americana mill.(Avocado). Int. J. Res. Pharmacol. Pharmacother, 5(2): 132-141.
  • Nyambe-Silavwe, H., Villa-Rodriguez, J. A., Ifie, I., Holmes, M., Aydin, E., Jensen, J. M., Williamson, G. (2015). Inhibition of human α-amylase by dietary polyphenols. Journal of Functional Foods, 19(A): 723–732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.003.
  • Owolabi, M. A., Coker, H. A. B., Jaja, S. I. (2010). Bioactivity of the phytoconstituents of the leaves of Persea americana. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(12): 1130-1135, https://doi.org/ 10.5897/JMPR09.429.
  • Polat Kose, L., Bingol, Z., Kaya, R., Goren, A. C., Akincioglu, H., Durmaz, L., Koksal, E., Alwasel, S. H., Gülçin, İ. (2020). Anticholinergic and antioxidant activities of avocado (Folium perseae) leaves–phytochemical content by LC-MS/MS analysis. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1): 878–893, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10942912.2020.1761829.
  • Radojković, M., Zeković, Z., Sudar, R., Jokić, S., Cvetanović, A. (2013). Optimization of solid-liquid extraction of antioxidants and saccharides from black mulberry fruit by response surface methodology. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 52(3): 146–155.
  • Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Heiss, C., Borges, G., Crozier, A. (2014). Berry (poly)phenols and cardiovascular health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(18): 3842-3851 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403757g.
  • Sahena, F., Zaidul, I. S. M., Jinap, S., Karim, A. A., Abbas, K. A., Norulaini, N. A. N., Omar, A. K. M. (2009). Application of supercritical CO2 in lipid extraction – A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(2): 240–253, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.06.026.
  • Salar Bashi, D., Mortazavi, S. A., Rezaei, K., Rajaei, A., Karimkhani, M. M., Ahmadi, A. (2011). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds. Clinical Biochemistry, 44(13): 354, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.clinbiochem.2011.08.889.
  • Sparr Eskilsson, C., Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography, 902(1): 227–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00921-3.
  • TUIK. (2015). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. (Accessed: 16 February 2022).
  • Unsal Pinar, Aydın Ebru, Ozkan Gulcan. (2019). Review of traditionally consumed antidiabetic fruits in the diet. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 3(0): 58–76, https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.650160.
  • Xing, S., He, Y., Zhu, H., Wang, X. (2017). An approach to sample selection from big data for classification. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Conference Proceedings, 902: 2928–2935, https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2016.7844685.

HASS AVOKADO YAPRAĞI: MİKRODALGA DESTEKLİ EKSTRAKSİYON PARAMETRELERİ, FENOLİK BİLEŞİKLER, ANTİOKSİDAN VE ANTİDİYABETİK AKTİVİTELERİN OPTİMİZASYONU

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 5, 913 - 923, 15.10.2023

Nevriye Kurt Ebru Aydın Gülcan Özkan

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23067

Öz

Budama atığı olan avokadonun yaprakları biyoaktif bileşenler bakımından zengindir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hass çeşidi avokado yapraklarından fenolik bileşiklerin mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon (MAE) ile ekstraksiyon parametrelerini yanıt yüzey yöntemi (RSM) ile optimize etmektir. Ekstraksiyon verimi ve toplam fenolik madde miktarı (TPC) için optimum proses koşulları sırasıyla 47°C'de 5 dakika ve 1.13 g kuru yaprak/100 mL olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm modellerin tahmin edilen değerleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p <0.001). Sulu ekstraktların antidiyabetik ve antioksidan aktiviteleri sırasıyla % 64.59 ve 235.6 mg TE/100g olarak belirlenmiştir. TPC miktarı 591.76 μg GAE/g ekstrakt olup ana fenolik bileşen klorojenik asittir. Bu sonuçlar, MAE'nin düşük enerji tüketimi ile yüksek antioksidan ve antidiyabetik aktivitelere sahip fenolik bakımından zengin avokado yaprağı ekstreleri vererek etkili olduğunu kanıtladı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avokado (Persea americana Mill.) Mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon Yanıt yüzey yöntemi (RSM) antidiyabetik budama atığı

Proje Numarası

FAB-2021-8258

Kaynakça

  • Adelusi, T. I., Oboh, G., Akinyemi, A. J., Ajani, R. A., Temitope Isaac, A., Ganiyu, O., Akinyemi, A. J., Bakare, Olanrewaju, O. (2014). Avocado Pear Fruits and Leaves Aqueous Extracts Inhibit Α-Amylase, Α-Glucosidase and Snp Induced Lipid Peroxidation-An Insight into Mechanisms Involve in Management of Type 2 Diabetes Erectile dysfunction View project Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic waves. International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 3: 21–34.
  • Ainsworth, E. A., Gillespie, K. M. (2007). Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Nature Protocols, 2(4): 875–877, https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2007.102.
  • Castro-López, C., Bautista-Hernández, I., González-Hernández, M. D., Martínez-Ávila, G. C. G., Rojas, R., Gutiérrez-Díez, A., Medina-Herrera, N., Aguirre-Arzola, V. E. (2019). Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Purified Hydroalcoholic Extracts from Seven Mexican Persea americana Cultivars. Molecules, 24(1): 173, https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules24010173.
  • Che-Galicia, G., Váquiro-Herrera, H. A., Sampieri, Á., Corona-Jiménez, E. (2020). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia): Optimization and modeling. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 18(7): 20200023, https://doi.org/ 10.1515/IJCRE-2020-0023/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS.
  • Dailey, A., Vuong, Q. V. (2015). Effect of extraction solvents on recovery of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties from macadamia (Macadamia tetraphylla) skin waste. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 1(1): 1115646, https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2015.1115646.
  • Delazar, A., Nahar, L., Hamedeyazdan, S., Sarker, S. D. (2012). Microwave-Assisted Extraction in Natural Products Isolation. Methods in Molecular Biology, 864: 89–115, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-624-1_5.
  • Delil, S. O. S., Özkan, G., Karacabey, E. (2022). Phenolic Transition from Olive Fruits at Different Ripening Stages to Olive Oil: Process Optimization and Determination by Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods. Food Analytical Methods, 15(12):3297–3310, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-022-02364-6.
  • Dorman, H. J. D., Peltoketo, A., Hiltunen, R., Tikkanen, M. J. (2003). Characterization of the antioxidant properties of deodourised aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chemistry, 8(2): 255–262, https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00088-8.
  • FAOSTAT. (2021). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Agriculture Database. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
  • Gopalan, N. N. V. K., Tyug, T. A. N. S. (2021). Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenolic Content and Colour Parameters in the Aqueous Extracts of Avocado, Banana and Papaya Leaves. Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences/Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 19(1): 137-142, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.17576/JSKM-2021-1901-15.
  • Guaracho, V. V., Kaminari, N. M. S., Ponte, M. J. J. S., Ponte, H. A. (2009). Central Composite experimental design applied to removal of lead and nickel from sand. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172(2–3): 1087–1092, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.100.
  • Gümüştepe, L., Aydin, E., Ozkan, G. (2022). Avokadonun biyoaktif bileşenleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 10(1): 341–359, https://doi.org/ 10.21923/jesd.1005610.
  • Gumustepe, L., Kurt, N., Aydın, E., Ozkan, G. (2023). Comparison of ohmic heating‐and microwave‐assisted extraction techniques for avocado leaves valorization: Optimization and impact on the phenolic compounds and bioactivities. Food Science & Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3556.
  • Hefzalrahman, T., Morsi, M. K. S., Morsy, N. F. S., Hammad, K. S. M. (2022). Application of Enzyme and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols From Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) Peel As Natural Antioxidants. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria, 21(2): 129–138, https://doi.org/10.17306/ J.AFS.2022.0980.
  • Hughes, K. J., Mayne, S. T., Blumberg, J. B., Ribaya-Mercado, J. D., Johnson, E. J., Cartmel, B. (2009). Plasma Carotenoids and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with prior Head and Neck Cancer. Biomarker Insights, 4(4): 17–26, https://doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s2192.
  • Kamagate, M., Koffi, E., Kadja, A. B., Camille, K., Balayssac, E., Daubrey-Potey, T., N’zoue, K. S., Die-Kacou, H. M. (2016). Acute toxicity and hypoglycaemic activity of the leaf extracts of Persea americana Mill.(Lauraceae) in Wistar rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 10(33): 690–698, https://doi.org/10.5897/ AJPP2016.4617.
  • Kavaz, D., Ogbonna, C. (2019). Comparative study of biological activity and chemical composition of methanolic and ethanolic plant extracts of Persea americana leaves in-vitro. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 17: 261–270, https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.599475.
  • Monzón, L., Becerra, G., Aguirre, E., Rodríguez, G., Villanueva, E., Monzón, L., Becerra, G., Aguirre, E., Rodríguez, G., Villanueva, E. (2021). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from avocado residues: Modeling and optimization using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks. Scientia Agropecuaria, 12(1): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.17268/ SCI.AGROPECU.2021.004.
  • Murathan, Z. T., Kaya, A. (2020). Alanya ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen Hass ve Fuerte avokado çeşitlerinin bazı fitokimyasal içerikleri ile antioksidan aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(6): 1435-1440, https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.674647.
  • Nam Han Cho. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2019. In International Diabetes Federation. Available at: http://www.diabetesatlas.org. https://doi.org/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8.
  • Noorul, H., Nesar, A., Zafar, K., Khalid, M., Zeeshan, A., Vartika, S. (2016). Health benefits and pharmacology of Persea americana mill.(Avocado). Int. J. Res. Pharmacol. Pharmacother, 5(2): 132-141.
  • Nyambe-Silavwe, H., Villa-Rodriguez, J. A., Ifie, I., Holmes, M., Aydin, E., Jensen, J. M., Williamson, G. (2015). Inhibition of human α-amylase by dietary polyphenols. Journal of Functional Foods, 19(A): 723–732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.003.
  • Owolabi, M. A., Coker, H. A. B., Jaja, S. I. (2010). Bioactivity of the phytoconstituents of the leaves of Persea americana. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(12): 1130-1135, https://doi.org/ 10.5897/JMPR09.429.
  • Polat Kose, L., Bingol, Z., Kaya, R., Goren, A. C., Akincioglu, H., Durmaz, L., Koksal, E., Alwasel, S. H., Gülçin, İ. (2020). Anticholinergic and antioxidant activities of avocado (Folium perseae) leaves–phytochemical content by LC-MS/MS analysis. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1): 878–893, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10942912.2020.1761829.
  • Radojković, M., Zeković, Z., Sudar, R., Jokić, S., Cvetanović, A. (2013). Optimization of solid-liquid extraction of antioxidants and saccharides from black mulberry fruit by response surface methodology. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 52(3): 146–155.
  • Rodriguez-Mateos, A., Heiss, C., Borges, G., Crozier, A. (2014). Berry (poly)phenols and cardiovascular health. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(18): 3842-3851 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf403757g.
  • Sahena, F., Zaidul, I. S. M., Jinap, S., Karim, A. A., Abbas, K. A., Norulaini, N. A. N., Omar, A. K. M. (2009). Application of supercritical CO2 in lipid extraction – A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(2): 240–253, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.06.026.
  • Salar Bashi, D., Mortazavi, S. A., Rezaei, K., Rajaei, A., Karimkhani, M. M., Ahmadi, A. (2011). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds. Clinical Biochemistry, 44(13): 354, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.clinbiochem.2011.08.889.
  • Sparr Eskilsson, C., Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography, 902(1): 227–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00921-3.
  • TUIK. (2015). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr. (Accessed: 16 February 2022).
  • Unsal Pinar, Aydın Ebru, Ozkan Gulcan. (2019). Review of traditionally consumed antidiabetic fruits in the diet. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 3(0): 58–76, https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.650160.
  • Xing, S., He, Y., Zhu, H., Wang, X. (2017). An approach to sample selection from big data for classification. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Conference Proceedings, 902: 2928–2935, https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2016.7844685.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nevriye Kurt Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3426-9254

Ebru Aydın 0000-0002-5625-040X

Gülcan Özkan 0000-0002-3333-7537

Proje Numarası FAB-2021-8258
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurt, N., Aydın, E., & Özkan, G. (2023). HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES. Gıda, 48(5), 913-923. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23067
AMA Kurt N, Aydın E, Özkan G. HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES. GIDA. Ekim 2023;48(5):913-923. doi:10.15237/gida.GD23067
Chicago Kurt, Nevriye, Ebru Aydın, ve Gülcan Özkan. “HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES”. Gıda 48, sy. 5 (Ekim 2023): 913-23. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23067.
EndNote Kurt N, Aydın E, Özkan G (01 Ekim 2023) HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES. Gıda 48 5 913–923.
IEEE N. Kurt, E. Aydın, ve G. Özkan, “HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES”, GIDA, c. 48, sy. 5, ss. 913–923, 2023, doi: 10.15237/gida.GD23067.
ISNAD Kurt, Nevriye vd. “HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES”. Gıda 48/5 (Ekim 2023), 913-923. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD23067.
JAMA Kurt N, Aydın E, Özkan G. HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES. GIDA. 2023;48:913–923.
MLA Kurt, Nevriye vd. “HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES”. Gıda, c. 48, sy. 5, 2023, ss. 913-2, doi:10.15237/gida.GD23067.
Vancouver Kurt N, Aydın E, Özkan G. HASS AVOCADO LEAVES: OPTIMIZATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION PARAMETERS, PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITIES. GIDA. 2023;48(5):913-2.
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