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THE IMPORTANCE OF SOMATIC CELLS AND THEIR ENDOGENOUS ENZYMES IN DAIRY TECHNOLOGY

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 6, 763 - 772, 15.12.2017

Elif Özer Ayşe Sibel Akalın Harun Kesenkaş Gülfem Ünal

Öz

Somatic cells, which are
predominant cell type in raw milk, consist of four main types as macrophages,
polymorphonuclear neutrophils cells, leucocytes, and epithelial cells. Somatic
cell count in milk is used as an indicator for mammary health and milk quality.
High somatic cell count in milk is considered as a negative factor for some
dairy products like yoghurt and cheese, so can reduce the quality of the
end-product. But in recent years, it has been shown that they have positive
effects on the technological properties of dairy products especially cheese and
improve the final product quality by their endogenous enzymes. Cathepsin B, D,
and G, and elastase are important somatic cell derived proteases that exhibit
activity against casein.  The activities
of these enzymes increase due to the increase in the number of somatic cells.
Some isolation and concentration methods have been developed in order to
investigate the effects of somatic cells and their endogenous enzymes on dairy
products independent from mastitis factors. It has been determined that somatic
cells added to the milk obtained from healthy animals did not affect
technological parameters negatively in cheese and increase proteolysis via
their endogenous enzymes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Somatic cell endogenous enzymes cheese proteolysis

Kaynakça

  • Albenzio, M., Caroprese, M., Santillo, A., Marino, R., Taibi, L., Sevi, A. (2004). Effects of somatic cell count and stage of lactation on the plasmin activity and cheese making properties of ewe milk. J Dairy Sci, 87(3): 533-542, doi: 103168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73194-X
  • Albenzio, M., Santillo, A., Caroprese, M., D’Angelo F., Marino, R., Sevi, A. (2009). Role of endogenous enzymes in proteolysis of sheep milk. J Dairy Sci, 92(1): 79–86, doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1439.
  • Albenzio, M., Santillo, A., Caroprese, M., Ruggieri, D., Ciliberti, M., Sevi, A. (2012). Immune competence of the mammary gland as affected by somatic cell and pathogenic bacteria in ewes with subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 95(7): 3877-3887. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5357.
  • Albenzio, M., Santillo, A., Kelly, A.L., Caroprese, M., Marino, R., Sevi, A. (2015). Activities of indigenous proteolytic enzymes in caprine milk of different somatic cell counts. J Dairy Sci, 98: 7587-7594, doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9762.
  • Bobbo, T., Cipolat-Gotet, C., Bitante, G., Ceccihinato, A. (2015). The nonlinear effect of somatic cell count on milk composition, coagulation properties, curd firmness modeling, cheese yield and curd nutrient recovery. J Dairy Sci, 99(7): 5104-5119, doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10512.
  • Boland, F., O’Grady, L., More, S.J. (2013). Investigating a dilution effect between somatic cell count and milk yield and estimating milk production losses in Irish Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci, 96(3): 1477-1484. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6025.
  • Bonfatti, V., Tuzzato, M., Chiarot, G., Carnier, P. (2014). Variation in milk coagulation properties does not effect cheese yield and composition of model cheese. Int Dairy J, 39(1): 139-145. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.06.004.
  • Caroprese, M., Marzano, A., Schena, L., Marino, R., Santillo, A., Albenzio, M. (2007). Contribution of macrophages to proteolysis and plasmin activity in ewe bulk milk. J Dairy Sci, 90(6): 2767–2772. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-691.
  • Damm, M., Holm, C., Blaabjerg, M., Bro, N.M., Schhwarz, D. (2017). Differential somatic cell count- A novel method for routine mastitis screening in the frame of Dairy Herd improvement testing programs. J Dairy Sci, 100(6): 4926-4940. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-12409.
  • Deb, R., Kumar, A., Chakraborty, S., Verma, A.K., Tiwari, R., Dhama, K. (2013). Trends in diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis: A review, Pak J Biol Sci, 16(23): 1653-1661.
  • Geary, U.N., Lopez-Villalobos, B., O’Brien, D., Garrick, J., Shalloo, L. (2013). Meta-analyses to investigate relationships between somatic cell count and raw milk composition, cheddar cheese processing characteristics and cheese composition. Ir J Agric Food Res, 52(2): 119-133. stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23631025
  • Geary, U.N., Lopez-Villalobos, B., O’Brien, D., Garrick, J., Shalloo, L. (2014). Estimating the impact of somatic cell count on the value of milk utilising parameters obtained from the publishing literature. J Dairy Res, 81(2): 223-232. doi: 10.1017/S0022029914000053.
  • Hachana, Y., Paape, M.J. (2012). Physical and chemical characteristics of yoghurt produced from whole milk with different level of somatic cell count. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 63(3): 303-309. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2011.627839.
  • Hunt, K.M., Williams, J.E., Shafii, B., Hunt, M.K., Mehre, R., Ting, R., McGuire, M.K., McGuire, M.A. (2013). Mastitis is associated with increased free fatty acids, somatic cell count, and interleukin-8 concentrationsin human milk. Breastfeed Med, 8(1):105-110. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0141.
  • Jimenez-Granado, R., Sanchez-Rodriguez, M., Arce, C., Rodriguez-Estevez, V. (2014). Factors affecting somatic cell count in dairy goats: a review. Span J Agric Res, 12(1):133-150. doi: 10.5424/sjar/2014121-3803.
  • Kelly, A.L., Fox, P.F. (2006). Indigenous enzymes in milk: a synopsis of future research requirements. Int Dairy J, 16(6): 707–715. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.018.
  • Kumar, P., Sharma, N., Ranjan, R., Kumar, S., Bhat, Z.F., Jeong, D.K. (2013). Perspective of membrane technology in dairy industry: a review. Asian-Autralas J Anim Sci, 26(9): 1347-1358. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13082.
  • Larsen, L.B., Wium, H., Benfeldt, C., Heegaard, C.W., Ardo, Y., Qvist, K.B., Petersen, T.E., (2000). Bovine milk procathepsin D: presence and activity in heated milk and in extracts of rennet-free UF-Feta cheese. Int Dairy J, 10(1-2): 67–73. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(00)00020-0.
  • Leitner, G., Lavon, Y., Matzrafi, Z., Benun, O., Bezman, D., Merin ,U. (2016). Somatic cell counts, chemical composition and coagulation properties of goat and sheep bulk tank milk. Int Dairy J, 58:9-13. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.11.004
  • Le Marechal, C., Thierry, R., Vautor, E., Le Loir, Y. (2011). Mastitis impact on technological properties of milk and quality of milk products. A review. Dairy Sci Technol, 91(3): 247-282. doi: 10.1007/s13594-011-0009-6.
  • Le Roux, Y., Francois, L., Fatima, M., (2003). Polymorphonuclear proteolytic activity and milk composition change. Vet Res, 34(5): 629–645. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2003021
  • Li, N., Richoux, R., Boutinaud, M., Martin, P., Gagnaire, V. (2014). Role of somatic cells on dairy processes and products: a review. Dairy Sci. Technol, 94(6): 517-538. doi: 10.1007/s13594-014-0176-3.
  • Li, N., Richoux, R., Perruchot, M.H., Boutinoud, M., Mayol, J.F., Gagnaire, V. (2015). Flow cytometry approach to quantify the viability of milk somatic cell counts after various physico-chemical treatments. pLOs One, 10(12): e0146071. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146071.
  • Li, N., Richoux, R., Leconte, N., Bevialcqua, C., Maillard, M.B., Parayre, S., Frogearis, L.A., Warlouzel, J., Leclair, E.M., Denis, C., Martin, P., Gagnaire, V. (2017). Somatic cell recovery by microfiltration technologies: A novel strategy to studt the actual impact of somatic cells on cheese matrix. Int Dairy Sci, 65: 5-13. doi: 10.1016/jidairyj.2016.09.003.
  • Lippolis, J.D., Reinhardt, T.A. (2005). Proteomic survey of bovine neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 103(1-2):53-65. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.08.019.
  • Liu, H., Wei, F., Wei, Y., Dong, J., Cao, C. (2012). Effects of somatic cell count on low-fat Mozerella cheese structure. Adv Mater Res, 393-395: 692-695. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.393-395.692.
  • Marino, R., Considine, T., Sevi, A., McSweeney, P.L.H., Kelly, A.L. (2005). Contribution of proteolytic activity associated with somatic cells in milk to cheese ripening. Int Dairy J, 15(10): 1026–1033. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.10.006.
  • Murphy, S.C., Martin, N.H., Barbano, D.M., Wiedmann, M. (2016). Influence of raw milk quality on processed dairy products: How do raw milk quality test results relate to product quality and yield? J Dairy Sci, 99(12): 10128-10149. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11172.
  • Nyman, A.K., Persson Waller, K., Bennedsgaard, T.W., Larsen, T., Emanuelson, U. (2014). Associations of udder-health indicators with cow factors and with intramammary infection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 97(9): 5459-5473. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7885.
  • More, S.J., Clegg, T.A., Lynch, P.J., O’Grady, L. (2013). The effect of somatic cell count data adjustment and interpretation, as outlined in European Union legislation, on herd eligibility to supply raw milk for processing of dairy products. J Dairy Sci, 96(6):3671-3681. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6182.
  • Oikonomou, G., Bicalho, M.L., Meria, E., Rossi, R.E., Foditsch, C., Machado, V.S. (2014). Microbiota of cow’s milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters. PLOs One, 9(1): e85904. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085904.
  • Olechnowicz, J., Jaskowski, J.M. (2012). Somatic cell count in cow’s bulk tank milk. J Vet Med Sci, 74(6): 681-686. doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0506.
  • Oliveira, C.A.F., Fernandes, A.M., Neto, O.C.C., Fonseca, L.F.L., Silva, E.O.T., Balian, S.C. (2002). Composition and sensory evaluation of whole yogurt produced from milk of different somatic cell counts. Aust J Dairy Technol, 57(3): 192-196.
  • Olumee-Shabon, Z., Swain, T., Smith, E.A., Tall, E., Boehmer, H. (2013). Proteomic analyses of differentially expressed proteins in caprine milk during experimentally induced endotoxin mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 96:2903-2912. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5956.
  • Pilla, R., Malvisi, M., Snel, G., Schwarz, G., König, S., Czerny, C.P., Piccinini, R. (2013). Differential cell count as an alternative method to diagnose dairy cow mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 96(3):1653-1660. doi:10.3168jds.2012-6298.
  • Pilla, R., Schwarz, D., König, S., Piccinini, R. (2012). Microscopic differential cell counting to identify inflammatory reactions in dairy cow quarter milk samples. J Dairy Sci, 95(8):4410-4420. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5331.
  • Pretto, D., De Marchi, M., Penasa, M., Cassandro, M. (2013). Effect of milk composition and coagulation traits on Grana Padano cheese yield under field conditions. J Dairy Res, 80(1): 1-5. doi: 10.1017/S0022029912000453.
  • Reshi, A.A., Husain, I., Bhat, S.A., Rehman, M.U., Razak, R., Bilal, S., Mir, M.R. (2015). Bovine mastitis as an evolving disease and its impact on the dairy industry. Int J Curr Res Rev, 7(5): 48-55.
  • Rovai, M., Caja, G., Quevedo, J.M., Manuelien, C.L., Saldo, J., Salama, A.A.K. (2015a). Effect of subclinical intramammary infection in dairy sheep: II. Maturated pressed cheese (Manchego) produced from milk of uninfected and infected glands and from their blends. Small Ruminant Res, 126: 59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.03.002
  • Rovai, M., Rusek, N., Caja, G., Saldo, J., Leitner, G. (2015b). Effect of subclinical intramammary infection on milk quality in dairy sheep: I. Fresh-soft cheese produced from milk of uninfected and infected glands and from their blends. Small Ruminant Res. 125:127-136. doi: 10.1016/jsmallrumres.2015.02.019.
  • Sanchez-Macias, D., Morales-dela Nuez, A., Torres, A., Hernandez-Castellano, L.E., Jiménez-Flores, R., Castro, N., Arguello, A. (2013). Effects of addition of somatic cells to caprine milk on cheese quality. Int Dairy J, 29(2): 61–67. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.10.010.
  • Sert, D., Mercan, E., Aydemir, S., Civelek, M. (2016). Effects of milk somatic cell counts on some physicochemical and functional characteristics of skim and whole milk powders. J Dairy Sci, 99(7): 5254-5264. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-10860.
  • Souza, F.N., Blagitz, M.G., Penna, C.F.A.M., la Libera, A.M.M.P., Heinemann, M.B., Cerqueira, M.M.O.P. (2012). Somatic cell count in small ruminants: friend or foe? Small Ruminant Res, 107: 65–75. doi: 10.1016/jsmallrumres.2012.04.005.
  • Sserunkuma, P., McGaw, L.J., Nsahlavi, I.V., Van Staden, J. (2017). Selected southern African medicinal plants with low cytotoxicity and good activity against bovine mastitis pathogens. S Afr J Bot, 111: 242-247. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.03.032.
  • Sundekilde, U.K., Poulsen, N.A., Larsen, L.B., Bertram, H.C. (2012). Nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomics reveals strong association between milk metabolites and somatic cell count in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci, 96: 290-299. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5819.
  • Summer, A., Franceshi, P., Formaggioni, P., Malacarne, M. (2015). Influence of milk somatic cell content on Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese yield. J Dairy Res, 82(2): 222-227. doi: 10.1017/S0022029915000102.
  • Troendle, J.A., Tauer, L.W., Gröhn, Y.T. (2016). Optimally achieving milk bulk tank somatic cell count thresholds. J Dairy Sci, 100:731-738. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11578.
  • Tiwari, J.G., Babra, C., Tiwari, H.K., Williams, V., De Wet, S., Gibson, J., Paxman, A., Morgan, E., Costantino, P., Sunagar, R., Isloor, S., Mukkur, T. (2013). Trends in therapeutic and prevention strategies for management of bovine mastitis : an overview. J Vaccines Vaccin, 4: 1000176.1.1-1000176.11.
  • Ubaldo, J.C.S.R., Carvalho, A.H., Fonseca, L.M., Gloria, M.B.A. (2015). Bioactive amines in Mozzarella cheese from milk with varying somatic cell count. Food Chem. 178:229-235. doi:2015.01.084.0308-8146.
  • Vianna, P.C.B., Mazal, G., Santos, M.V., Bolini, H.M.A., Gigante, M.L. (2008). Microbial and sensory changes throughout the ripening period of Prato cheese made from milk with different levels of somatic cells. J Dairy Sci, 91(5): 1743-1750. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0639.

SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 6, 763 - 772, 15.12.2017

Elif Özer Ayşe Sibel Akalın Harun Kesenkaş Gülfem Ünal

Öz

Çiğ sütte baskın hücre tipi olarak yer alan somatik
hücreler makrofajlar, polimorfonükleer nötrofil hücreleri, lenfositler ve
epitel hücreler olmak üzere dört temel hücre çeşidinden oluşurlar. Sütte
bulunan somatik hücre sayısı meme sağlığı ve süt kalitesinin belirlenmesinde
önemli bir gösterge olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek somatik hücre sayısının
peynir, yoğurt gibi süt ürünlerinde etkisi olumsuz olarak tanımlanmakta ve
ürünlerin kalitesini düşürdüğü belirtilmektedir. Ancak son yıllarda somatik
hücrelerin süt ürünlerinin özellikle peynirin teknolojik özelliklerine olumlu
etkileri de olabileceği gösterilmiş, son ürün kalitesini endojen enzimleri
aracılığıyla iyileştirdikleri belirlenmiştir. Katepsin B, D, G ve elastaz
kazeine karşı aktivite gösteren somatik hücre kaynaklı önemli proteazlardır. Bu
enzimlerin aktiviteleri somatik hücre sayısının artışına bağlı olarak
artmaktadır. Bu hücrelerin ve endojen enzimlerinin süt ürünleri üzerindeki
etkisini mastitis etmenlerinden bağımsız olarak araştırmak amacıyla somatik
hücrelerin sütten izolasyonunu ve konsantrasyonunu sağlayan çeşitli yöntemler
geliştirilmiştir. Sağlıklı hayvandan elde edilen süte katılan somatik
hücrelerin peynirde teknolojik parametreleri olumsuz etkilemediği ve endojen
enzimleri vasıtasıyla proteolizi artırdığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Somatik hücre endojen enzimler peynir proteoliz

Kaynakça

  • Albenzio, M., Caroprese, M., Santillo, A., Marino, R., Taibi, L., Sevi, A. (2004). Effects of somatic cell count and stage of lactation on the plasmin activity and cheese making properties of ewe milk. J Dairy Sci, 87(3): 533-542, doi: 103168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73194-X
  • Albenzio, M., Santillo, A., Caroprese, M., D’Angelo F., Marino, R., Sevi, A. (2009). Role of endogenous enzymes in proteolysis of sheep milk. J Dairy Sci, 92(1): 79–86, doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1439.
  • Albenzio, M., Santillo, A., Caroprese, M., Ruggieri, D., Ciliberti, M., Sevi, A. (2012). Immune competence of the mammary gland as affected by somatic cell and pathogenic bacteria in ewes with subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 95(7): 3877-3887. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5357.
  • Albenzio, M., Santillo, A., Kelly, A.L., Caroprese, M., Marino, R., Sevi, A. (2015). Activities of indigenous proteolytic enzymes in caprine milk of different somatic cell counts. J Dairy Sci, 98: 7587-7594, doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9762.
  • Bobbo, T., Cipolat-Gotet, C., Bitante, G., Ceccihinato, A. (2015). The nonlinear effect of somatic cell count on milk composition, coagulation properties, curd firmness modeling, cheese yield and curd nutrient recovery. J Dairy Sci, 99(7): 5104-5119, doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10512.
  • Boland, F., O’Grady, L., More, S.J. (2013). Investigating a dilution effect between somatic cell count and milk yield and estimating milk production losses in Irish Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci, 96(3): 1477-1484. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6025.
  • Bonfatti, V., Tuzzato, M., Chiarot, G., Carnier, P. (2014). Variation in milk coagulation properties does not effect cheese yield and composition of model cheese. Int Dairy J, 39(1): 139-145. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.06.004.
  • Caroprese, M., Marzano, A., Schena, L., Marino, R., Santillo, A., Albenzio, M. (2007). Contribution of macrophages to proteolysis and plasmin activity in ewe bulk milk. J Dairy Sci, 90(6): 2767–2772. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-691.
  • Damm, M., Holm, C., Blaabjerg, M., Bro, N.M., Schhwarz, D. (2017). Differential somatic cell count- A novel method for routine mastitis screening in the frame of Dairy Herd improvement testing programs. J Dairy Sci, 100(6): 4926-4940. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-12409.
  • Deb, R., Kumar, A., Chakraborty, S., Verma, A.K., Tiwari, R., Dhama, K. (2013). Trends in diagnosis and control of bovine mastitis: A review, Pak J Biol Sci, 16(23): 1653-1661.
  • Geary, U.N., Lopez-Villalobos, B., O’Brien, D., Garrick, J., Shalloo, L. (2013). Meta-analyses to investigate relationships between somatic cell count and raw milk composition, cheddar cheese processing characteristics and cheese composition. Ir J Agric Food Res, 52(2): 119-133. stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23631025
  • Geary, U.N., Lopez-Villalobos, B., O’Brien, D., Garrick, J., Shalloo, L. (2014). Estimating the impact of somatic cell count on the value of milk utilising parameters obtained from the publishing literature. J Dairy Res, 81(2): 223-232. doi: 10.1017/S0022029914000053.
  • Hachana, Y., Paape, M.J. (2012). Physical and chemical characteristics of yoghurt produced from whole milk with different level of somatic cell count. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 63(3): 303-309. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2011.627839.
  • Hunt, K.M., Williams, J.E., Shafii, B., Hunt, M.K., Mehre, R., Ting, R., McGuire, M.K., McGuire, M.A. (2013). Mastitis is associated with increased free fatty acids, somatic cell count, and interleukin-8 concentrationsin human milk. Breastfeed Med, 8(1):105-110. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0141.
  • Jimenez-Granado, R., Sanchez-Rodriguez, M., Arce, C., Rodriguez-Estevez, V. (2014). Factors affecting somatic cell count in dairy goats: a review. Span J Agric Res, 12(1):133-150. doi: 10.5424/sjar/2014121-3803.
  • Kelly, A.L., Fox, P.F. (2006). Indigenous enzymes in milk: a synopsis of future research requirements. Int Dairy J, 16(6): 707–715. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.10.018.
  • Kumar, P., Sharma, N., Ranjan, R., Kumar, S., Bhat, Z.F., Jeong, D.K. (2013). Perspective of membrane technology in dairy industry: a review. Asian-Autralas J Anim Sci, 26(9): 1347-1358. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13082.
  • Larsen, L.B., Wium, H., Benfeldt, C., Heegaard, C.W., Ardo, Y., Qvist, K.B., Petersen, T.E., (2000). Bovine milk procathepsin D: presence and activity in heated milk and in extracts of rennet-free UF-Feta cheese. Int Dairy J, 10(1-2): 67–73. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(00)00020-0.
  • Leitner, G., Lavon, Y., Matzrafi, Z., Benun, O., Bezman, D., Merin ,U. (2016). Somatic cell counts, chemical composition and coagulation properties of goat and sheep bulk tank milk. Int Dairy J, 58:9-13. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.11.004
  • Le Marechal, C., Thierry, R., Vautor, E., Le Loir, Y. (2011). Mastitis impact on technological properties of milk and quality of milk products. A review. Dairy Sci Technol, 91(3): 247-282. doi: 10.1007/s13594-011-0009-6.
  • Le Roux, Y., Francois, L., Fatima, M., (2003). Polymorphonuclear proteolytic activity and milk composition change. Vet Res, 34(5): 629–645. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2003021
  • Li, N., Richoux, R., Boutinaud, M., Martin, P., Gagnaire, V. (2014). Role of somatic cells on dairy processes and products: a review. Dairy Sci. Technol, 94(6): 517-538. doi: 10.1007/s13594-014-0176-3.
  • Li, N., Richoux, R., Perruchot, M.H., Boutinoud, M., Mayol, J.F., Gagnaire, V. (2015). Flow cytometry approach to quantify the viability of milk somatic cell counts after various physico-chemical treatments. pLOs One, 10(12): e0146071. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146071.
  • Li, N., Richoux, R., Leconte, N., Bevialcqua, C., Maillard, M.B., Parayre, S., Frogearis, L.A., Warlouzel, J., Leclair, E.M., Denis, C., Martin, P., Gagnaire, V. (2017). Somatic cell recovery by microfiltration technologies: A novel strategy to studt the actual impact of somatic cells on cheese matrix. Int Dairy Sci, 65: 5-13. doi: 10.1016/jidairyj.2016.09.003.
  • Lippolis, J.D., Reinhardt, T.A. (2005). Proteomic survey of bovine neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 103(1-2):53-65. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.08.019.
  • Liu, H., Wei, F., Wei, Y., Dong, J., Cao, C. (2012). Effects of somatic cell count on low-fat Mozerella cheese structure. Adv Mater Res, 393-395: 692-695. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.393-395.692.
  • Marino, R., Considine, T., Sevi, A., McSweeney, P.L.H., Kelly, A.L. (2005). Contribution of proteolytic activity associated with somatic cells in milk to cheese ripening. Int Dairy J, 15(10): 1026–1033. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.10.006.
  • Murphy, S.C., Martin, N.H., Barbano, D.M., Wiedmann, M. (2016). Influence of raw milk quality on processed dairy products: How do raw milk quality test results relate to product quality and yield? J Dairy Sci, 99(12): 10128-10149. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11172.
  • Nyman, A.K., Persson Waller, K., Bennedsgaard, T.W., Larsen, T., Emanuelson, U. (2014). Associations of udder-health indicators with cow factors and with intramammary infection in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 97(9): 5459-5473. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7885.
  • More, S.J., Clegg, T.A., Lynch, P.J., O’Grady, L. (2013). The effect of somatic cell count data adjustment and interpretation, as outlined in European Union legislation, on herd eligibility to supply raw milk for processing of dairy products. J Dairy Sci, 96(6):3671-3681. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6182.
  • Oikonomou, G., Bicalho, M.L., Meria, E., Rossi, R.E., Foditsch, C., Machado, V.S. (2014). Microbiota of cow’s milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters. PLOs One, 9(1): e85904. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085904.
  • Olechnowicz, J., Jaskowski, J.M. (2012). Somatic cell count in cow’s bulk tank milk. J Vet Med Sci, 74(6): 681-686. doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0506.
  • Oliveira, C.A.F., Fernandes, A.M., Neto, O.C.C., Fonseca, L.F.L., Silva, E.O.T., Balian, S.C. (2002). Composition and sensory evaluation of whole yogurt produced from milk of different somatic cell counts. Aust J Dairy Technol, 57(3): 192-196.
  • Olumee-Shabon, Z., Swain, T., Smith, E.A., Tall, E., Boehmer, H. (2013). Proteomic analyses of differentially expressed proteins in caprine milk during experimentally induced endotoxin mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 96:2903-2912. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5956.
  • Pilla, R., Malvisi, M., Snel, G., Schwarz, G., König, S., Czerny, C.P., Piccinini, R. (2013). Differential cell count as an alternative method to diagnose dairy cow mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 96(3):1653-1660. doi:10.3168jds.2012-6298.
  • Pilla, R., Schwarz, D., König, S., Piccinini, R. (2012). Microscopic differential cell counting to identify inflammatory reactions in dairy cow quarter milk samples. J Dairy Sci, 95(8):4410-4420. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5331.
  • Pretto, D., De Marchi, M., Penasa, M., Cassandro, M. (2013). Effect of milk composition and coagulation traits on Grana Padano cheese yield under field conditions. J Dairy Res, 80(1): 1-5. doi: 10.1017/S0022029912000453.
  • Reshi, A.A., Husain, I., Bhat, S.A., Rehman, M.U., Razak, R., Bilal, S., Mir, M.R. (2015). Bovine mastitis as an evolving disease and its impact on the dairy industry. Int J Curr Res Rev, 7(5): 48-55.
  • Rovai, M., Caja, G., Quevedo, J.M., Manuelien, C.L., Saldo, J., Salama, A.A.K. (2015a). Effect of subclinical intramammary infection in dairy sheep: II. Maturated pressed cheese (Manchego) produced from milk of uninfected and infected glands and from their blends. Small Ruminant Res, 126: 59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.03.002
  • Rovai, M., Rusek, N., Caja, G., Saldo, J., Leitner, G. (2015b). Effect of subclinical intramammary infection on milk quality in dairy sheep: I. Fresh-soft cheese produced from milk of uninfected and infected glands and from their blends. Small Ruminant Res. 125:127-136. doi: 10.1016/jsmallrumres.2015.02.019.
  • Sanchez-Macias, D., Morales-dela Nuez, A., Torres, A., Hernandez-Castellano, L.E., Jiménez-Flores, R., Castro, N., Arguello, A. (2013). Effects of addition of somatic cells to caprine milk on cheese quality. Int Dairy J, 29(2): 61–67. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.10.010.
  • Sert, D., Mercan, E., Aydemir, S., Civelek, M. (2016). Effects of milk somatic cell counts on some physicochemical and functional characteristics of skim and whole milk powders. J Dairy Sci, 99(7): 5254-5264. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-10860.
  • Souza, F.N., Blagitz, M.G., Penna, C.F.A.M., la Libera, A.M.M.P., Heinemann, M.B., Cerqueira, M.M.O.P. (2012). Somatic cell count in small ruminants: friend or foe? Small Ruminant Res, 107: 65–75. doi: 10.1016/jsmallrumres.2012.04.005.
  • Sserunkuma, P., McGaw, L.J., Nsahlavi, I.V., Van Staden, J. (2017). Selected southern African medicinal plants with low cytotoxicity and good activity against bovine mastitis pathogens. S Afr J Bot, 111: 242-247. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.03.032.
  • Sundekilde, U.K., Poulsen, N.A., Larsen, L.B., Bertram, H.C. (2012). Nuclear magnetic resonance metabonomics reveals strong association between milk metabolites and somatic cell count in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci, 96: 290-299. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5819.
  • Summer, A., Franceshi, P., Formaggioni, P., Malacarne, M. (2015). Influence of milk somatic cell content on Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese yield. J Dairy Res, 82(2): 222-227. doi: 10.1017/S0022029915000102.
  • Troendle, J.A., Tauer, L.W., Gröhn, Y.T. (2016). Optimally achieving milk bulk tank somatic cell count thresholds. J Dairy Sci, 100:731-738. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11578.
  • Tiwari, J.G., Babra, C., Tiwari, H.K., Williams, V., De Wet, S., Gibson, J., Paxman, A., Morgan, E., Costantino, P., Sunagar, R., Isloor, S., Mukkur, T. (2013). Trends in therapeutic and prevention strategies for management of bovine mastitis : an overview. J Vaccines Vaccin, 4: 1000176.1.1-1000176.11.
  • Ubaldo, J.C.S.R., Carvalho, A.H., Fonseca, L.M., Gloria, M.B.A. (2015). Bioactive amines in Mozzarella cheese from milk with varying somatic cell count. Food Chem. 178:229-235. doi:2015.01.084.0308-8146.
  • Vianna, P.C.B., Mazal, G., Santos, M.V., Bolini, H.M.A., Gigante, M.L. (2008). Microbial and sensory changes throughout the ripening period of Prato cheese made from milk with different levels of somatic cells. J Dairy Sci, 91(5): 1743-1750. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0639.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID GD17072
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Özer

Ayşe Sibel Akalın

Harun Kesenkaş

Gülfem Ünal

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Özer, E., Akalın, A. S., Kesenkaş, H., Ünal, G. (2017). SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ. Gıda, 42(6), 763-772.
AMA Özer E, Akalın AS, Kesenkaş H, Ünal G. SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ. GIDA. Aralık 2017;42(6):763-772.
Chicago Özer, Elif, Ayşe Sibel Akalın, Harun Kesenkaş, ve Gülfem Ünal. “SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ”. Gıda 42, sy. 6 (Aralık 2017): 763-72.
EndNote Özer E, Akalın AS, Kesenkaş H, Ünal G (01 Aralık 2017) SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ. Gıda 42 6 763–772.
IEEE E. Özer, A. S. Akalın, H. Kesenkaş, ve G. Ünal, “SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ”, GIDA, c. 42, sy. 6, ss. 763–772, 2017.
ISNAD Özer, Elif vd. “SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ”. Gıda 42/6 (Aralık 2017), 763-772.
JAMA Özer E, Akalın AS, Kesenkaş H, Ünal G. SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ. GIDA. 2017;42:763–772.
MLA Özer, Elif vd. “SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ”. Gıda, c. 42, sy. 6, 2017, ss. 763-72.
Vancouver Özer E, Akalın AS, Kesenkaş H, Ünal G. SOMATİK HÜCRELER VE ENDOJEN ENZİMLERİNİN SÜT TEKNOLOJİSİNDEKİ ÖNEMİ. GIDA. 2017;42(6):763-72.
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