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2. and 4. Finger Ratio (2D:4D) and Sports

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 39 - 47, 31.12.2023

İlknur Çöllü Ozan Turamanlar

Öz

The length of the second and fourth fingers is closely related to prenatal genital hormones. It has been suggested that low second and fourth finger length ratios (2D:4D) in the fetus are associated with high testosterone and low estrogen levels, and vice versa. This is because there is a genetic basis between the level of exposure to sex steroids during fetal life and the length of these fingers. 2D:4D is one of the important anthropometric measurements to determine physical capacities, as high fetal androgen levels increase the development of cardiovascular systems, good visual-spatial abilities, physical endurance, speed and propensity for agile behaviors that can help in sports.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Index finger ring finger 2D:4D anthropometry

Kaynakça

  • Adamczyk, J., Safranow, K., Gajewski, A., Boguszewski, D., Sozański, H., Sołtyszewski, I., Pepłońska, B., Cięszczyk, P., Siewierski, M., & Żekanowski, C. (2021). The Second‐to‐Fourth Digit (2D:4D) Ratio of Male Combat Athletes is Associated with the Choice of Sport. Journal of Human Kinetics, 78, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0083
  • Alonso, J., Di Paolo, R., Ponti, G., & Sartarelli, M. (2018). Facts and Misconceptions about 2D:4D, Social and Risk Preferences. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00022
  • Beaton, A. A., Rudling, N., Kissling, C., Taurines, R., & Thome, J. (2011). Digit ratio (2D:4D), salivary testosterone, and handedness. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 16(2), 136-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500903410369
  • Crewther, B., Cook, C., Kilduff, L., & Manning, J. (2015). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and salivary testosterone, oestradiol and cortisol levels under challenge: Evidence for prenatal effects on adult endocrine responses. Early Human Development, 91(8), 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.011
  • Çelik A, Aksu F. , Tunar, M., Ada, E. N. D., & Topaçoğlu, H. (2010). Master Atletlerin Fiziksel Performans Düzeylerinin Eldeki Parmak Oranlarıyla İlişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 5-10 .
  • Eklund, E., Ekström, L., Thörngren, J.-O., Ericsson, M., Berglund, B., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2020). Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Physical Performance in Female Olympic Athletes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00292
  • Fink, B., Manning, J. T., & Neave, N. (2006). The 2nd–4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and neck circumference: Implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease. International Journal of Obesity, 30(4), 711-714. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803154
  • Frick, N. A., Hull, M. J., Manning, J. T., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2017). Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and basketball performance in Australian men. American Journal of Human Biology, 29(3), e22937. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22937
  • Hill, R., Simpson, B., Manning, J., & Kilduff, L. (2012). Right–left digit ratio (2D:4D) and maximal oxygen uptake. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.637947
  • Jamison, C. S., Meier, R. J., & Campbell, B. C. (1993). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and testosterone levels in normal males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330900205
  • Joyce, C. W., Kelly, J. C., Chan, J. C., Colgan, G., O’Briain, D., Mc Cabe, J. P., & Curtin, W. (2013). Second to fourth digit ratio confirms aggressive tendencies in patients with boxers fractures. Injury, 44(11), 1636-1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.018
  • Kilduff, L., Cook, C. J., Bennett, M., Crewther, B., Bracken, R. M., & Manning, J. (2013). Right–left digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts free testosterone levels associated with a physical challenge. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(6), 677-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.747690
  • Kim, Y., Kim, K., & Kim, T. H. (2014). Domain Specific Relationships of 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Risk Perception and Risk Behavior. The Journal of General Psychology, 141(4), 373-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2014.950188
  • Lenz, B., Müller, C. P., Stoessel, C., Sperling, W., Biermann, T., Hillemacher, T., Bleich, S., & Kornhuber, J. (2012). Sex hormone activity in alcohol addiction: Integrating organizational and activational effects. Progress in Neurobiology, 96(1), 136-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.11.001
  • Lombardo, M. P., & Otieno, S. (2021). The associations between digit ratio, aerobic fitness, physical skills, and overall physical fitness of elite youth distance runners. American Journal of Human Biology, 33(1), e23448. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23448
  • Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R., & Manning, J. T. (2004). 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early Human Development, 77(1-2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002
  • Malas, M. A., Dogan, S., Hilal Evcil, E., & Desdicioglu, K. (2006). Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D). Early Human Development, 82(7), 469-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.002
  • Manning, J., Kilduff, L., Cook, C., Crewther, B., & Fink, B. (2014). Digit Ratio (2D:4D): A Biomarker for Prenatal Sex Steroids and Adult Sex Steroids in Challenge Situations. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00009
  • Manning, J. T. (2002a). Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior, and Health. Rutgers University Press.
  • Manning, J. T. (2002b). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and performance in skiing. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42(4), 446-450.
  • Manning, J. T., Churchill, A. J. G., & Peters, M. (2007). The Effects of Sex, Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation on Self-Measured Digit Ratio (2D:4D). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9171-6
  • Manning, J. T., & Fink, B. (2018). Digit Ratio. Içinde T. K. Shackelford & V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science (ss. 1-12). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3829-1
  • Manning, J. T., & Hill, M. R. (2009). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sprinting speed in boys. American Journal of Human Biology, 21(2), 210-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20855
  • Manning, J. T., & Taylor, R. P. (2001). Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: Implications for sexual selection in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior: Official Journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, 22(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(00)00063-5
  • Mayhew, T. M., Gillam, L., McDonald, R., & Ebling, F. J. P. (2007). Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: Their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle. Journal of Anatomy, 211(5), 630-638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00801.x
  • Millet, K., & Buehler, F. (2018). A Context Dependent Interpretation of Inconsistencies in 2D:4D Findings: The Moderating Role of Status Relevance. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00254
  • Moffit, D. M., & Swanik, C. B. (2011). The Association between Athleticism, Prenatal Testosterone, and Finger Length. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(4), 1085-1088. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d4d409
  • Ozdogmus, O., Çakmak, Y. Ö., Coskun, M., Verimli, U., Cavdar, S., & Uzun, I. (2010). The high 2D:4D finger length ratio effects on atherosclerotic plaque development. Atherosclerosis, 209(1), 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.023
  • Özden Yurdakul, H., Özen, G., & Koç, H. (2018). The Relationship between Digit Ratio (2D:4D), Anaerobic Power and Athletic Ability of Young Athletes. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(12), 2913-2917. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.061226
  • Panda, K., Majumdar, P., Umesh, V., & Sudhakar, H. (2014). Ratio of second to fourth digit as a predictor of performance in elite Indian volley ball players. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2014.4.011020132
  • Peeters, M. W., & Claessens, A. L. (2012). The Left Hand Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Does Not Discriminate World-Class Female Gymnasts from Age Matched Sedentary Girls. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e40270. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040270
  • Peeters, M. W., & Claessens, A. L. (2013). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and competition level in world-class female gymnasts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(12), 1302-1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.779741
  • Reed, S., & Meggs, J. (2017). Examining the effect of prenatal testosterone and aggression on sporting choice and sporting longevity. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.022
  • Ribeiro, E., Neave, N., Morais, R. N., Kilduff, L., Taylor, S. R., Butovskaya, M., Fink, B., & Manning, J. T. (2016). Digit ratio (2D:4D), testosterone, cortisol, aggression, personality and hand-grip strength: Evidence for prenatal effects on strength. Early Human Development, 100, 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.04.003
  • Rico-Sanz, J., Rankinen, T., Joanisse, D. R., Leon, A. S., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., Rao, D. C., & Bouchard, C. (2003). Familial Resemblance for Muscle Phenotypes in the HERITAGE Family Study: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1360-1366. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000079031.22755.63
  • Robinson, S. (2000). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21(5), 333-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00052-0
  • Tamiya, R., Lee, S. Y., & Ohtake, F. (2012). Second to fourth digit ratio and the sporting success of sumo wrestlers. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(2), 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.07.003
  • Voracek, M., Reimer, B., & Dressler, S. G. (2010). Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts sporting success among female fencers independent from physical, experience, and personality factors: 2D:4D and fencing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(6), 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01031.x
  • Zheng, Z., & Cohn, M. J. (2011). Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(39), 16289-16294. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108312108

2. (İşaret) ve 4. (Yüzük) Parmak Oranı (2D:4D) ve Spor

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 39 - 47, 31.12.2023

İlknur Çöllü Ozan Turamanlar

Öz

İkinci ve dördüncü parmakların uzunluklarının doğum öncesi genital hormonlarla yakın ilişkisi vardır. Fetüste ikinci ve dördüncü parmakların uzunluk oranlarının (2D:4D) düşük olması, yüksek testosteron ve düşük östrojen seviyeleri ile ilişkili olduğunu ve bunun tam tersinin de geçerli olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bunun sebebi fetal yaşam sırasında seks steroidlerine maruz kalma seviyesi ve bu parmakların uzunluğu arasında genetik bir temel bulunmasından dolayıdır. Yüksek fetal androjen seviyeleri, kardiyovasküler sistemlerin gelişimini, iyi görsel-mekansal yetenekleri, fiziksel dayanıklılığı, hızı ve sporda yardımcı olabilecek atik davranışlara eğilimi arttırdığından 2D:4D, fiziki kapasitelerinin belirlenebilmesi için yapılan önemli antropometrik ölçümlerden biridir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İşaret parmak yüzük parmak 2D:4D antropometri

Kaynakça

  • Adamczyk, J., Safranow, K., Gajewski, A., Boguszewski, D., Sozański, H., Sołtyszewski, I., Pepłońska, B., Cięszczyk, P., Siewierski, M., & Żekanowski, C. (2021). The Second‐to‐Fourth Digit (2D:4D) Ratio of Male Combat Athletes is Associated with the Choice of Sport. Journal of Human Kinetics, 78, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0083
  • Alonso, J., Di Paolo, R., Ponti, G., & Sartarelli, M. (2018). Facts and Misconceptions about 2D:4D, Social and Risk Preferences. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00022
  • Beaton, A. A., Rudling, N., Kissling, C., Taurines, R., & Thome, J. (2011). Digit ratio (2D:4D), salivary testosterone, and handedness. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 16(2), 136-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500903410369
  • Crewther, B., Cook, C., Kilduff, L., & Manning, J. (2015). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and salivary testosterone, oestradiol and cortisol levels under challenge: Evidence for prenatal effects on adult endocrine responses. Early Human Development, 91(8), 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.011
  • Çelik A, Aksu F. , Tunar, M., Ada, E. N. D., & Topaçoğlu, H. (2010). Master Atletlerin Fiziksel Performans Düzeylerinin Eldeki Parmak Oranlarıyla İlişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 5-10 .
  • Eklund, E., Ekström, L., Thörngren, J.-O., Ericsson, M., Berglund, B., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2020). Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Physical Performance in Female Olympic Athletes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 11, 292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00292
  • Fink, B., Manning, J. T., & Neave, N. (2006). The 2nd–4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and neck circumference: Implications for risk factors in coronary heart disease. International Journal of Obesity, 30(4), 711-714. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803154
  • Frick, N. A., Hull, M. J., Manning, J. T., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2017). Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and basketball performance in Australian men. American Journal of Human Biology, 29(3), e22937. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22937
  • Hill, R., Simpson, B., Manning, J., & Kilduff, L. (2012). Right–left digit ratio (2D:4D) and maximal oxygen uptake. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.637947
  • Jamison, C. S., Meier, R. J., & Campbell, B. C. (1993). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and testosterone levels in normal males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330900205
  • Joyce, C. W., Kelly, J. C., Chan, J. C., Colgan, G., O’Briain, D., Mc Cabe, J. P., & Curtin, W. (2013). Second to fourth digit ratio confirms aggressive tendencies in patients with boxers fractures. Injury, 44(11), 1636-1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2013.07.018
  • Kilduff, L., Cook, C. J., Bennett, M., Crewther, B., Bracken, R. M., & Manning, J. (2013). Right–left digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts free testosterone levels associated with a physical challenge. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(6), 677-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.747690
  • Kim, Y., Kim, K., & Kim, T. H. (2014). Domain Specific Relationships of 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Risk Perception and Risk Behavior. The Journal of General Psychology, 141(4), 373-392. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2014.950188
  • Lenz, B., Müller, C. P., Stoessel, C., Sperling, W., Biermann, T., Hillemacher, T., Bleich, S., & Kornhuber, J. (2012). Sex hormone activity in alcohol addiction: Integrating organizational and activational effects. Progress in Neurobiology, 96(1), 136-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.11.001
  • Lombardo, M. P., & Otieno, S. (2021). The associations between digit ratio, aerobic fitness, physical skills, and overall physical fitness of elite youth distance runners. American Journal of Human Biology, 33(1), e23448. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23448
  • Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R., & Manning, J. T. (2004). 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early Human Development, 77(1-2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.12.002
  • Malas, M. A., Dogan, S., Hilal Evcil, E., & Desdicioglu, K. (2006). Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D). Early Human Development, 82(7), 469-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.002
  • Manning, J., Kilduff, L., Cook, C., Crewther, B., & Fink, B. (2014). Digit Ratio (2D:4D): A Biomarker for Prenatal Sex Steroids and Adult Sex Steroids in Challenge Situations. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00009
  • Manning, J. T. (2002a). Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behavior, and Health. Rutgers University Press.
  • Manning, J. T. (2002b). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and performance in skiing. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42(4), 446-450.
  • Manning, J. T., Churchill, A. J. G., & Peters, M. (2007). The Effects of Sex, Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation on Self-Measured Digit Ratio (2D:4D). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9171-6
  • Manning, J. T., & Fink, B. (2018). Digit Ratio. Içinde T. K. Shackelford & V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science (ss. 1-12). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3829-1
  • Manning, J. T., & Hill, M. R. (2009). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and sprinting speed in boys. American Journal of Human Biology, 21(2), 210-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20855
  • Manning, J. T., & Taylor, R. P. (2001). Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: Implications for sexual selection in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior: Official Journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, 22(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(00)00063-5
  • Mayhew, T. M., Gillam, L., McDonald, R., & Ebling, F. J. P. (2007). Human 2D (index) and 4D (ring) digit lengths: Their variation and relationships during the menstrual cycle. Journal of Anatomy, 211(5), 630-638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00801.x
  • Millet, K., & Buehler, F. (2018). A Context Dependent Interpretation of Inconsistencies in 2D:4D Findings: The Moderating Role of Status Relevance. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00254
  • Moffit, D. M., & Swanik, C. B. (2011). The Association between Athleticism, Prenatal Testosterone, and Finger Length. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(4), 1085-1088. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d4d409
  • Ozdogmus, O., Çakmak, Y. Ö., Coskun, M., Verimli, U., Cavdar, S., & Uzun, I. (2010). The high 2D:4D finger length ratio effects on atherosclerotic plaque development. Atherosclerosis, 209(1), 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.023
  • Özden Yurdakul, H., Özen, G., & Koç, H. (2018). The Relationship between Digit Ratio (2D:4D), Anaerobic Power and Athletic Ability of Young Athletes. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(12), 2913-2917. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.061226
  • Panda, K., Majumdar, P., Umesh, V., & Sudhakar, H. (2014). Ratio of second to fourth digit as a predictor of performance in elite Indian volley ball players. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(2), 106. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2014.4.011020132
  • Peeters, M. W., & Claessens, A. L. (2012). The Left Hand Second to Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Does Not Discriminate World-Class Female Gymnasts from Age Matched Sedentary Girls. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e40270. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040270
  • Peeters, M. W., & Claessens, A. L. (2013). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and competition level in world-class female gymnasts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(12), 1302-1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.779741
  • Reed, S., & Meggs, J. (2017). Examining the effect of prenatal testosterone and aggression on sporting choice and sporting longevity. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.022
  • Ribeiro, E., Neave, N., Morais, R. N., Kilduff, L., Taylor, S. R., Butovskaya, M., Fink, B., & Manning, J. T. (2016). Digit ratio (2D:4D), testosterone, cortisol, aggression, personality and hand-grip strength: Evidence for prenatal effects on strength. Early Human Development, 100, 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.04.003
  • Rico-Sanz, J., Rankinen, T., Joanisse, D. R., Leon, A. S., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., Rao, D. C., & Bouchard, C. (2003). Familial Resemblance for Muscle Phenotypes in the HERITAGE Family Study: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1360-1366. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000079031.22755.63
  • Robinson, S. (2000). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21(5), 333-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00052-0
  • Tamiya, R., Lee, S. Y., & Ohtake, F. (2012). Second to fourth digit ratio and the sporting success of sumo wrestlers. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(2), 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.07.003
  • Voracek, M., Reimer, B., & Dressler, S. G. (2010). Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts sporting success among female fencers independent from physical, experience, and personality factors: 2D:4D and fencing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(6), 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01031.x
  • Zheng, Z., & Cohn, M. J. (2011). Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(39), 16289-16294. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108312108
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Fiziksel Uygunluk
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

İlknur Çöllü 0000-0003-1605-6327

Ozan Turamanlar 0000-0002-0785-483X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Kasım 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çöllü, İ., & Turamanlar, O. (2023). 2. (İşaret) ve 4. (Yüzük) Parmak Oranı (2D:4D) ve Spor. Göbeklitepe Eğitim Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 39-47.
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